A solenoid valve is a combination of two basic functional units:
• A solenoid (electromagnet) with its core
• A valve body containing one or more orifices
Flow through an orifice is shut off or allowed by the movement of the core when the solenoid is energized or de-energized. ASCO valves have a solenoid mounted directly on the valve body. The core is enclosed in a sealed tube, providing a compact, leak-tight assembly.
This document discusses stress-strain relations during plastic flow. It presents the following key points:
1. Plastic flow occurs when stresses exceed the elastic limit and results in irreversible deformation. Stress-strain relations in plasticity relate differential strain increments rather than finite relations like in Hooke's law.
2. The Prandtl-Reuss equations and Saint Venant-von Mises equations describe the relationships between stress and plastic strain increments using assumptions about isotropic materials and proportionality between deviatoric stress and plastic strain.
3. For fully developed plastic deformation, the Saint Venant-von Mises equations simplify by ignoring elastic strains, relating plastic strain directly to deviatoric stress increments.
Tim Rau (3DEXCITE, Dassault Systeme): Engineered Excitement - From CAD to AR/...AugmentedWorldExpo
A talk from the Creators Track at AWE Europe 2017 - the largest conference for AR+VR in Munich, Germany October 19-20, 2017
Tim Rau (3DEXCITE, Dassault Systeme): Engineered Excitement - From CAD to AR/VR Experience
A deep dive into strategies, processes and tools to streamline the content creation from engineered product data into high performing and visual exciting product experiences in AR/VR.
Shedding a light on how to secure product correctness, deal with product updates and product logistics in enterprise environments.
Treads are designed for specific purposes like providing traction or clearing mud and snow. Tread features like lugs, voids, and sipes help the tire deform to maintain contact with the road surface. Wear indicators show when the tire needs replacement. Proper inflation is important for tire performance, safety, and wear. Underinflation can lead to overheating and tread issues while overinflation reduces comfort.
This document discusses how tyre overload and inflation pressure affect rolling loss (resistance) and fuel consumption in automobiles. Finite element analysis was conducted on tyre models from two cars, Skoda Rapid and Ford Classic, under different load and pressure conditions. The results show that rolling loss and stress on the tyre increase with overload, leading to greater fuel consumption. Properly inflated tyres can help optimize fuel use by reducing rolling resistance. The Ford tyres performed better in the overloaded condition compared to Skoda in terms of lower stresses and fuel consumption.
Effect of Tyre Overload and Inflation Pressure on Rolling Loss (resistance) a...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Tire tread wear is normal with use, but can occur irregularly due to factors like improper inflation pressure or wheel alignment issues. Checking tread depth regularly allows early detection of needed maintenance. The minimum tread depth is 2/32 of an inch, at which point tires should be replaced. Improper inflation can cause uneven wear, while alignment problems lead to specific wear patterns like heel-toe wear from misaligned toes. Maintaining proper pressure and checking alignment prevents early or irregular tire tread wear.
Fundamentals and Parameters Affecting the Performance of Tire down the RoadIRJET Journal
This document discusses the fundamentals and parameters that affect tire performance on the road. It begins by describing the basic components and construction of a tire, including the bead, body plies, belts, sidewalls, and tread. It then explains how under-inflated or overloaded tires must bend more at the contact patch, requiring more force to roll down the road and generating more heat. Properly inflated tires maintain an optimal round shape. The document calculates the coefficient of rolling friction for different vehicle tires and uses it to determine the force required to overcome friction at various vehicle weights and speeds. Maintaining proper tire inflation pressure improves vehicle handling, braking, fuel efficiency and tire life.
A solenoid valve is a combination of two basic functional units:
• A solenoid (electromagnet) with its core
• A valve body containing one or more orifices
Flow through an orifice is shut off or allowed by the movement of the core when the solenoid is energized or de-energized. ASCO valves have a solenoid mounted directly on the valve body. The core is enclosed in a sealed tube, providing a compact, leak-tight assembly.
This document discusses stress-strain relations during plastic flow. It presents the following key points:
1. Plastic flow occurs when stresses exceed the elastic limit and results in irreversible deformation. Stress-strain relations in plasticity relate differential strain increments rather than finite relations like in Hooke's law.
2. The Prandtl-Reuss equations and Saint Venant-von Mises equations describe the relationships between stress and plastic strain increments using assumptions about isotropic materials and proportionality between deviatoric stress and plastic strain.
3. For fully developed plastic deformation, the Saint Venant-von Mises equations simplify by ignoring elastic strains, relating plastic strain directly to deviatoric stress increments.
Tim Rau (3DEXCITE, Dassault Systeme): Engineered Excitement - From CAD to AR/...AugmentedWorldExpo
A talk from the Creators Track at AWE Europe 2017 - the largest conference for AR+VR in Munich, Germany October 19-20, 2017
Tim Rau (3DEXCITE, Dassault Systeme): Engineered Excitement - From CAD to AR/VR Experience
A deep dive into strategies, processes and tools to streamline the content creation from engineered product data into high performing and visual exciting product experiences in AR/VR.
Shedding a light on how to secure product correctness, deal with product updates and product logistics in enterprise environments.
Treads are designed for specific purposes like providing traction or clearing mud and snow. Tread features like lugs, voids, and sipes help the tire deform to maintain contact with the road surface. Wear indicators show when the tire needs replacement. Proper inflation is important for tire performance, safety, and wear. Underinflation can lead to overheating and tread issues while overinflation reduces comfort.
This document discusses how tyre overload and inflation pressure affect rolling loss (resistance) and fuel consumption in automobiles. Finite element analysis was conducted on tyre models from two cars, Skoda Rapid and Ford Classic, under different load and pressure conditions. The results show that rolling loss and stress on the tyre increase with overload, leading to greater fuel consumption. Properly inflated tyres can help optimize fuel use by reducing rolling resistance. The Ford tyres performed better in the overloaded condition compared to Skoda in terms of lower stresses and fuel consumption.
Effect of Tyre Overload and Inflation Pressure on Rolling Loss (resistance) a...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Tire tread wear is normal with use, but can occur irregularly due to factors like improper inflation pressure or wheel alignment issues. Checking tread depth regularly allows early detection of needed maintenance. The minimum tread depth is 2/32 of an inch, at which point tires should be replaced. Improper inflation can cause uneven wear, while alignment problems lead to specific wear patterns like heel-toe wear from misaligned toes. Maintaining proper pressure and checking alignment prevents early or irregular tire tread wear.
Fundamentals and Parameters Affecting the Performance of Tire down the RoadIRJET Journal
This document discusses the fundamentals and parameters that affect tire performance on the road. It begins by describing the basic components and construction of a tire, including the bead, body plies, belts, sidewalls, and tread. It then explains how under-inflated or overloaded tires must bend more at the contact patch, requiring more force to roll down the road and generating more heat. Properly inflated tires maintain an optimal round shape. The document calculates the coefficient of rolling friction for different vehicle tires and uses it to determine the force required to overcome friction at various vehicle weights and speeds. Maintaining proper tire inflation pressure improves vehicle handling, braking, fuel efficiency and tire life.
The document provides information about disc brake systems, including:
1) Disc brakes use pistons to squeeze brake pads against a rotating disc brake rotor to stop the wheel. Disc brakes have advantages over drum brakes like better resistance to fade.
2) The main parts of a disc brake system are the caliper, brake pads, rotor, and splash shield. Disc brake pads contain a friction material bonded or riveted to a steel backing plate and may have wear indicators.
3) While disc brakes perform better than drum brakes, they also have some disadvantages like producing more brake dust and less self-energizing than drum brakes.
There are several factors that can affect tyre life. Some factors are unavoidable like seasonal and climatic conditions or the type of work and roads. Other factors are avoidable through proper maintenance like wheel alignment, balancing, inflation pressure, and driving habits. Maintaining proper inflation pressure can improve tyre life significantly while under inflation reduces tyre life by up to 50%. Proper tyre fitment and avoidance of misalignment, irregular wear, and overloading can also extend tyre life.
Tyres are crucial components for heavy vehicles operating in opencast mines. Proper tyre maintenance is needed to maximize tyre life. Key aspects of tyre maintenance include proper inflation, tyre matching, rotation policies, alignment checks, and repair procedures. Machine maintenance like ensuring proper braking and suspension also impacts tyre life. Operating conditions like underfoot terrain, spillage, and overloading can shorten tyre lifespan. Adhering to best practices for tyre usage, storage, and developing site conditions can extend tyre service life.
Tyre safe-car-tyres-leaflet -hi-apr-08 detailsairlesstyre
Tyres are critical for vehicle safety and handling. It is important to maintain proper tyre pressure and tread, and only use tyres that are approved for the vehicle and match the original specifications. Replacing tyres requires expertise to avoid injury or damage.
Radial tire conditions_analysis_guide / Guia de Analisis de Condiciones en Ll...Juan Padron
This document provides an analysis guide for inspecting radial tire conditions and causes of failure. It begins with an introduction on the importance of failure analysis for fleet operators. The guide then provides details on how to inspect tires, including dividing them into seven areas and identifying damage. Key tire components are defined along with common tire failures and their causes. The guide is intended to help determine if tires can be retreaded, repaired or warranted, as well as identify problems to address.
The document is a project report on an automatic tire inflation system. It includes:
- An introduction describing the challenges of improperly inflated tires and benefits of automatic inflation.
- Sections on tire inflation basics, self-inflating systems, central tire inflation systems, and descriptions of the main components like the air compressor, pressure switch, non-return valve, and air seal.
- Details on the design of the student's model, which uses an air compressor, pressure switch, non-return valve, air seal and gauges to automatically inflate a tire to a preset pressure.
- Explanations of how the system works to inflate the tire when pressure drops and stop inflation once reached.
This document defines over 50 terms related to tires and wheels. It describes key components like the tread, sidewall, bead, and rim. It also explains important specifications such as tire size, load index, speed rating, and inflation pressure. Finally, it defines processes like balancing, rotating, and replacing tires based on tread wear.
This document provides an overview of self-inflating tires. It discusses how proper tire inflation improves fuel economy, braking, handling and tire life while under-inflation can lead to overheating and accidents. Approximately 3/4 of vehicles have at least one under-inflated tire due to natural leakage and temperature changes. A survey found 44% of tires were over-inflated and 34% under-inflated in India. Self-inflating tire systems aim to continuously maintain proper pressure by inflating tires when pressure drops below normal levels. Literature reviews have concluded these systems optimize performance and safety. The document then provides background on tire manufacturing and components.
This document summarizes a research paper on an automatic tire pressure inflation system. It discusses how underinflated tires can negatively impact fuel efficiency, braking distance, handling, and tire life. It then describes the key components of the proposed automatic system, including a compressor, storage tank, pressure switch, battery, and solenoid valve. The system would monitor tire pressure and automatically inflate tires using compressed air from the tank when pressure drops below the recommended level. The document provides background on the importance of proper tire inflation and the impacts of underinflation.
This presentation is to introduce you to the Ultimate Seal Tire Sealant product portfolio. We are able to protect from and stop leaks in ANY tire. We are more than a temporary fix, but a real SOLUTION to all of your tire needs.
This seminar discusses pneumatic and non-pneumatic tires. Pneumatic tires use pressurized air to provide cushioning, but they are prone to punctures and blowouts. Non-pneumatic or airless tires were developed by Michelin to overcome these issues. They use additive manufacturing to create a unique spoke structure that supports weight without needing air. This eliminates issues like blowouts but also provides benefits like consistent performance, durability, and reduced environmental impact from less tire wear. The seminar covers the technologies used in airless tire designs and concludes that while they have advantages, more development is still needed for manufacturing, performance, and feasibility optimizations.
The document provides information about tires, including:
1) John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires provide cushioning and friction to allow vehicles to move and steer while allowing brakes to stop the vehicle.
2) Tires are composed of many materials including rubber, steel, nylon, polyester and carbon black. Approximately 30% of a tire is rubber by weight.
3) Tires are made black by adding carbon black which absorbs harmful UV rays to protect the rubber. Tires have different parts including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, and liners.
4) There are different types of tire constructions including bias
Keeping tires at the manufacturer's recommended pressure is important. Under-inflated tires can cause handling issues, premature wear, and blowouts due to excess flexing and heat. They also reduce contact with the road surface. Over-inflated tires also reduce contact with the road, affecting handling and braking, while accelerating wear in parts of the tread. Drivers should check tire pressure monthly, including the spare, when tires are cold.
What are the Causes Behind the Blowout of Tire SidewallsMunich West
Tires are one of the most important parts of a car as they bear the brunt of bad surface and also play a crucial role in the safety of the occupants. Generally, tires are manufactured keeping in mind their durability. However, the sidewalls of a tire are the most vulnerable to wear & tear due to their thinness. This often leads to a tire blowout, which is a safety hazard and stalls your car. However, knowing the specific reasons behind it will help you deal with the issue properly. Go through the slide to know the reasons behind blowing out of tire sidewalls.
IRJET- Aerodynamics of High Performance VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the aerodynamics of high performance vehicles like racing cars. It explains that racing cars are designed to reduce drag and enhance downforce through careful aerodynamic design. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to analyze fluid flows and optimize aerodynamic design. Key forces on vehicles in aerodynamics are discussed, including lift, thrust, drag, downforce, and weight. Downforce is important for racing cars as it increases grip and stability, allowing higher cornering speeds. The document provides details on drag coefficient, downforce generation, and the importance of balancing aerodynamic forces across the vehicle.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of Aerodynamic Wings of Formula One Racing CarIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of aerodynamic wings for a Formula One racing car. It begins with introductions to aerodynamics concepts and how they apply specifically to automotive design. The document then details the design of airfoils used for the wings in Solidworks software. Simulations are run on the front and rear wing designs to analyze forces, pressures, temperatures, velocities and other parameters to evaluate wing performance in producing downforce and drag. The simulations indicate the front wing design produces over 1600N of downforce and around 600N of drag, while meeting other analysis criteria.
The document discusses using ultrasound to monitor plain bearings. It begins by introducing plain bearings and their advantages over rolling-contact bearings, such as withstanding shocks and damping vibration. It then discusses using ultrasound to monitor three failure modes in plain bearings: normal operation, hard contamination, and oil starvation. Ultrasound readings can detect these failures by analyzing static ultrasound data across multiple measurement points on the bearing and looking at time waveforms. Ultrasound is presented as an effective technique for condition monitoring of plain bearings.
This document discusses airless tires. It begins with an introduction to conventional tires and their functions. It then discusses the types of tires, including tubed, tubeless, and airless tires. Airless tires are described as having flexible threads and shear bands that deform temporarily over spokes and return to their initial shape. Airless tires are compared to other tire types, noting their lighter weight, lack of puncture risk, reduced maintenance needs, higher cost, and moderate handling and comfort. Advantages include less maintenance and puncture protection, while disadvantages are higher cost and poorer ride comfort compared to pneumatic tires. Applications discussed include lawn mowers, golf carts, backhoes, military vehicles, and potential future use in
The document discusses the selection of tires for BAJA vehicles. It provides a brief history of tire development. It then discusses tire definitions, components, construction methods, selection criteria based on vehicle type and performance, and new development approaches including simulation and testing methods. The key factors considered for tire selection include safety, handling, economics, comfort, rolling resistance, traction, wear and ride/handling performance. Predictive methods like FEA simulation and various tests are used to optimize tire design.
1) A private fleet initiated a project to develop a scheduled maintenance program to improve productivity, reduce costs, and specifically reduce tire expenses and failures.
2) One outcome was replacing compressed air with nitrogen for tire inflation, though this was not an original objective. The document focuses on findings related to tire life.
3) Studies show nitrogen inflated tires last longer, maintain pressure better, and are safer than compressed air tires due to nitrogen being inert and not oxidizing rubber like oxygen in air.
JourneyPalette is an innovative SaaS platform for seamless adventure discovery and booking, offering personalized recommendations, organized curated adventure styles for easy exploration, and a strong focus on sustainability and cultural preservation.
The document provides information about disc brake systems, including:
1) Disc brakes use pistons to squeeze brake pads against a rotating disc brake rotor to stop the wheel. Disc brakes have advantages over drum brakes like better resistance to fade.
2) The main parts of a disc brake system are the caliper, brake pads, rotor, and splash shield. Disc brake pads contain a friction material bonded or riveted to a steel backing plate and may have wear indicators.
3) While disc brakes perform better than drum brakes, they also have some disadvantages like producing more brake dust and less self-energizing than drum brakes.
There are several factors that can affect tyre life. Some factors are unavoidable like seasonal and climatic conditions or the type of work and roads. Other factors are avoidable through proper maintenance like wheel alignment, balancing, inflation pressure, and driving habits. Maintaining proper inflation pressure can improve tyre life significantly while under inflation reduces tyre life by up to 50%. Proper tyre fitment and avoidance of misalignment, irregular wear, and overloading can also extend tyre life.
Tyres are crucial components for heavy vehicles operating in opencast mines. Proper tyre maintenance is needed to maximize tyre life. Key aspects of tyre maintenance include proper inflation, tyre matching, rotation policies, alignment checks, and repair procedures. Machine maintenance like ensuring proper braking and suspension also impacts tyre life. Operating conditions like underfoot terrain, spillage, and overloading can shorten tyre lifespan. Adhering to best practices for tyre usage, storage, and developing site conditions can extend tyre service life.
Tyre safe-car-tyres-leaflet -hi-apr-08 detailsairlesstyre
Tyres are critical for vehicle safety and handling. It is important to maintain proper tyre pressure and tread, and only use tyres that are approved for the vehicle and match the original specifications. Replacing tyres requires expertise to avoid injury or damage.
Radial tire conditions_analysis_guide / Guia de Analisis de Condiciones en Ll...Juan Padron
This document provides an analysis guide for inspecting radial tire conditions and causes of failure. It begins with an introduction on the importance of failure analysis for fleet operators. The guide then provides details on how to inspect tires, including dividing them into seven areas and identifying damage. Key tire components are defined along with common tire failures and their causes. The guide is intended to help determine if tires can be retreaded, repaired or warranted, as well as identify problems to address.
The document is a project report on an automatic tire inflation system. It includes:
- An introduction describing the challenges of improperly inflated tires and benefits of automatic inflation.
- Sections on tire inflation basics, self-inflating systems, central tire inflation systems, and descriptions of the main components like the air compressor, pressure switch, non-return valve, and air seal.
- Details on the design of the student's model, which uses an air compressor, pressure switch, non-return valve, air seal and gauges to automatically inflate a tire to a preset pressure.
- Explanations of how the system works to inflate the tire when pressure drops and stop inflation once reached.
This document defines over 50 terms related to tires and wheels. It describes key components like the tread, sidewall, bead, and rim. It also explains important specifications such as tire size, load index, speed rating, and inflation pressure. Finally, it defines processes like balancing, rotating, and replacing tires based on tread wear.
This document provides an overview of self-inflating tires. It discusses how proper tire inflation improves fuel economy, braking, handling and tire life while under-inflation can lead to overheating and accidents. Approximately 3/4 of vehicles have at least one under-inflated tire due to natural leakage and temperature changes. A survey found 44% of tires were over-inflated and 34% under-inflated in India. Self-inflating tire systems aim to continuously maintain proper pressure by inflating tires when pressure drops below normal levels. Literature reviews have concluded these systems optimize performance and safety. The document then provides background on tire manufacturing and components.
This document summarizes a research paper on an automatic tire pressure inflation system. It discusses how underinflated tires can negatively impact fuel efficiency, braking distance, handling, and tire life. It then describes the key components of the proposed automatic system, including a compressor, storage tank, pressure switch, battery, and solenoid valve. The system would monitor tire pressure and automatically inflate tires using compressed air from the tank when pressure drops below the recommended level. The document provides background on the importance of proper tire inflation and the impacts of underinflation.
This presentation is to introduce you to the Ultimate Seal Tire Sealant product portfolio. We are able to protect from and stop leaks in ANY tire. We are more than a temporary fix, but a real SOLUTION to all of your tire needs.
This seminar discusses pneumatic and non-pneumatic tires. Pneumatic tires use pressurized air to provide cushioning, but they are prone to punctures and blowouts. Non-pneumatic or airless tires were developed by Michelin to overcome these issues. They use additive manufacturing to create a unique spoke structure that supports weight without needing air. This eliminates issues like blowouts but also provides benefits like consistent performance, durability, and reduced environmental impact from less tire wear. The seminar covers the technologies used in airless tire designs and concludes that while they have advantages, more development is still needed for manufacturing, performance, and feasibility optimizations.
The document provides information about tires, including:
1) John Dunlop invented the first pneumatic tire in 1888, replacing solid tires. Tires provide cushioning and friction to allow vehicles to move and steer while allowing brakes to stop the vehicle.
2) Tires are composed of many materials including rubber, steel, nylon, polyester and carbon black. Approximately 30% of a tire is rubber by weight.
3) Tires are made black by adding carbon black which absorbs harmful UV rays to protect the rubber. Tires have different parts including beads, body plies, tread, sidewalls, and liners.
4) There are different types of tire constructions including bias
Keeping tires at the manufacturer's recommended pressure is important. Under-inflated tires can cause handling issues, premature wear, and blowouts due to excess flexing and heat. They also reduce contact with the road surface. Over-inflated tires also reduce contact with the road, affecting handling and braking, while accelerating wear in parts of the tread. Drivers should check tire pressure monthly, including the spare, when tires are cold.
What are the Causes Behind the Blowout of Tire SidewallsMunich West
Tires are one of the most important parts of a car as they bear the brunt of bad surface and also play a crucial role in the safety of the occupants. Generally, tires are manufactured keeping in mind their durability. However, the sidewalls of a tire are the most vulnerable to wear & tear due to their thinness. This often leads to a tire blowout, which is a safety hazard and stalls your car. However, knowing the specific reasons behind it will help you deal with the issue properly. Go through the slide to know the reasons behind blowing out of tire sidewalls.
IRJET- Aerodynamics of High Performance VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the aerodynamics of high performance vehicles like racing cars. It explains that racing cars are designed to reduce drag and enhance downforce through careful aerodynamic design. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to analyze fluid flows and optimize aerodynamic design. Key forces on vehicles in aerodynamics are discussed, including lift, thrust, drag, downforce, and weight. Downforce is important for racing cars as it increases grip and stability, allowing higher cornering speeds. The document provides details on drag coefficient, downforce generation, and the importance of balancing aerodynamic forces across the vehicle.
IRJET- Design and Simulation of Aerodynamic Wings of Formula One Racing CarIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and simulation of aerodynamic wings for a Formula One racing car. It begins with introductions to aerodynamics concepts and how they apply specifically to automotive design. The document then details the design of airfoils used for the wings in Solidworks software. Simulations are run on the front and rear wing designs to analyze forces, pressures, temperatures, velocities and other parameters to evaluate wing performance in producing downforce and drag. The simulations indicate the front wing design produces over 1600N of downforce and around 600N of drag, while meeting other analysis criteria.
The document discusses using ultrasound to monitor plain bearings. It begins by introducing plain bearings and their advantages over rolling-contact bearings, such as withstanding shocks and damping vibration. It then discusses using ultrasound to monitor three failure modes in plain bearings: normal operation, hard contamination, and oil starvation. Ultrasound readings can detect these failures by analyzing static ultrasound data across multiple measurement points on the bearing and looking at time waveforms. Ultrasound is presented as an effective technique for condition monitoring of plain bearings.
This document discusses airless tires. It begins with an introduction to conventional tires and their functions. It then discusses the types of tires, including tubed, tubeless, and airless tires. Airless tires are described as having flexible threads and shear bands that deform temporarily over spokes and return to their initial shape. Airless tires are compared to other tire types, noting their lighter weight, lack of puncture risk, reduced maintenance needs, higher cost, and moderate handling and comfort. Advantages include less maintenance and puncture protection, while disadvantages are higher cost and poorer ride comfort compared to pneumatic tires. Applications discussed include lawn mowers, golf carts, backhoes, military vehicles, and potential future use in
The document discusses the selection of tires for BAJA vehicles. It provides a brief history of tire development. It then discusses tire definitions, components, construction methods, selection criteria based on vehicle type and performance, and new development approaches including simulation and testing methods. The key factors considered for tire selection include safety, handling, economics, comfort, rolling resistance, traction, wear and ride/handling performance. Predictive methods like FEA simulation and various tests are used to optimize tire design.
1) A private fleet initiated a project to develop a scheduled maintenance program to improve productivity, reduce costs, and specifically reduce tire expenses and failures.
2) One outcome was replacing compressed air with nitrogen for tire inflation, though this was not an original objective. The document focuses on findings related to tire life.
3) Studies show nitrogen inflated tires last longer, maintain pressure better, and are safer than compressed air tires due to nitrogen being inert and not oxidizing rubber like oxygen in air.
Similar to Dunlop's Really Useful Guide to Tire Maintenance (20)
JourneyPalette is an innovative SaaS platform for seamless adventure discovery and booking, offering personalized recommendations, organized curated adventure styles for easy exploration, and a strong focus on sustainability and cultural preservation.
What Outdoor Adventures Await Young Adults in Montreal's Surrounding NatureSpade & Palacio Tours
Experience Montreal's vibrant culture and thrilling outdoor adventures. From hiking scenic trails at Mont-Saint-Bruno to kayaking the Saint Lawrence River, there's something for every adventurous young adult. Explore street art, camp under the stars, and immerse yourself in nature's beauty just beyond the city's bustling streets.
Traveling with Frontier Airlines through Boston Logan International Airport offers a budget-friendly and efficient experience. With the modern facilities at Terminal C, extensive services, and amenities provided by Frontier, passengers can enjoy a comfortable journey. Whether you're a frequent flyer or a first-time traveler, this guide aims to help you navigate BOS with ease and make the most of your trip.
A list of budget-friendly things that families can do in San Antonio! Dive into its rich history and vibrant culture at iconic landmarks like the Alamo. Explore colorful Market Square and stroll along the scenic River Walk. Enjoy family-friendly fun at Brackenridge Park and capture breathtaking views at the Tower of the Americas—all without breaking the bank!
jaipur metro: stations, timings and latest newsnarinav14
Jaipur Metro, a significant development in the realm of urban transportation, has transformed the way residents and visitors navigate the Pink City. Inaugurated in 2015, the metro system has steadily expanded, providing a fast, efficient, and eco-friendly mode of transport
You can easily change/correct a name on your flight ticket under the American Airlines name change policy. The airline provides multiple online and offline modes to place a name change request. To learn more about how to change a name on American Airlines ticket, you can directly approach the airline’s customer support. Moreover, you can connect with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
Ibiza, situated in the Balearic Islands, stands out as a destination that encompasses everything: stunning landscapes, hidden gems to explore, a vibrant social scene, rich cultural life, and exceptional gastronomy. Opting for ‘Ibiza Rent A Boat’ to experience an unforgettable vacation on the White Island is certainly worthwhile, prompting a deeper exploration of the unique and fascinating aspects of Ibiza.
Sicily's Coastal Charms: Discovering the Top 5 Beaches on the IslandTime for Sicily
Nestled in the azure embrace of the Mediterranean, Sicily boasts a coastline dotted with breathtaking beaches. From secluded coves to lively shores, each offers a unique slice of paradise. Among the island's gems, Mondello Beach entices with its golden sands and crystal-clear waters, while San Vito Lo Capo enchants visitors with its powdery shores framed by rugged cliffs. For a taste of history and natural beauty, Scala dei Turchi beckons with its striking white cliffs, while Isola Bella captivates with its picturesque islet setting. Sicily's coastal charms await exploration, promising unforgettable seaside adventures. For more information, visit the website https://timeforsicily.com/the-top-5-beaches-in-sicily-for-this-summer/
Prepare for cold weather rafting with proper gear: layering for warmth, insulated headgear, gloves, waterproof footwear, and essential accessories like sunglasses and sunscreen. Prioritize safety with a life jacket and maintain gear for optimal performance. Stay warm, dry, and ready for adventure on the rapids!
The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is an unforgettable adventure, blending stunning natural beauty with rich history. Over four days, trekkers traverse diverse landscapes, from lush cloud forests to high mountain passes, encountering ancient Inca ruins along the way. Each step brings you closer to the awe-inspiring sight of Machu Picchu, revealed at sunrise from the Sun Gate. The journey is challenging but incredibly rewarding, offering a profound sense of accomplishment. With its combination of breathtaking scenery and cultural significance, the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is a must-do for those seeking an extraordinary adventure in Peru.
Explore Architectural Wonders and Vibrant Culture With Naples ToursNaples Tours
Discover the historical gems and vivid culture of Naples with our guided tours. From the vivid narrow streets of Spaccanapoli to the ancient ruins of Pompeii, the city offers a mixed bag of adventurous experiences. Book your tickets today https://www.naples.tours/ and experience the best of Naples!
Experience the magic of bioluminescence at Puerto Rico's Bioluminescent Bay with our guide to optimal viewing. Plan your visit during the new moon phase for vibrant displays, and consider dry season from December to April. Book a guided tour, choose calm nights, and respect the environment for an unforgettable adventure.
Our Bahrain Visa PowerPoint Presentation offers a detailed and comprehensive guide to the Bahrain visa application process. It is designed to assist travelers, travel agents, and businesses in navigating the various visa types, including tourist, business, work, student, and family visas. Each section provides an in-depth look at eligibility criteria, required documents, and step-by-step application procedures. Additionally, the presentation includes valuable tips for avoiding common application mistakes, an overview of processing times, and details on fees and payment methods. This presentation aims to ensure a smooth and successful visa application experience, making travel to Bahrain as seamless as possible.
1. DEFINITIVE GUIDE-
TO TYRE WEAR.
REALLY USEFUL
TO OPTIMISING TYRE SERVICE LIFE
GUIDE
2. All items on commercial airliners suffer
wear and tear. Tyres are no different. There
is no way to stop a tyre wearing but there
are practical things that airplane operators
can do to increase their service life.
Thisreallyusefulguideintroducesapractical
perspective to tyre wear which is intended
to help aircraft operators, maintenance
staff and purchasers to understand a little
more about this critical component.
• General Information
• When and How Tyres Wear
• Identifying Wear Profiles
• Suggestions for Reducing Wear
Really Useful Guide to Optimising Tyre Service Life
In This Guide
3. An aircraft tyre is a pressure vessel. Its role is
to hold the gas that supports the load of the
aircraft. No other tyre has to deal with such high
loads and such high speeds as an airplane tyre.
For the purpose of this guide, we can consider
the tyres as being made up of three principle
elements, the tread, the beads and the casing.
This guide focuses on the tread and the casing.
General Information
Terms used in this Guide:
Tread The part of the tyre in contact with the
ground. Designed to resist abrasion.
Circumferential grooves displace water.
Bead Metal wire used to anchor the tyre to
the wheel and anchor the casing plies.
Shown in image one and two as blue
circles.
Casing For the purpose of this guide the casing
is considered as everything else that
makes a tyre. It is principally comprised
of fabric cords (ply cords) encapsulated
inside a rubber sheet (known as a ply)
and a number of other components
combined during final assembly. Multiple
plies are combined to form a pocket.
The ply cords provide strength. The
angle of the cords determine if the tire is
considered bias or radial.
Tread Life This refers to the landings per tread - the
metric with which operators are most
concerned.
Casing Life This refers to the number of tread lives
(retreads) that a casing can have relative
to its design goal or total fatigue life.
FOD Acronym for Foreign Object Damage.
This is a significant cause of premature
tyre removal. FOD is not specifically
discussed in this guide.
Beads
Tread
Plies
Beads
Tread
Plies
Images one and two depict a rough
representation of an aircraft tyre with no load
and an aircraft tyre with load.
Images three and four show the components of
the tyre - the bit that nobody sees - under the
black. For more details see DM1172.
Unloaded Tyre (Image 1) Bias Tyre (Image 3)
Radial Tyre (Image 4)Loaded Tyre Showing Deflection (Image 2)
The full load and high speed is applied in a fraction of a second during
landing. During take off, the speed builds and the aircraft is typically
heavier than it is when it lands.
4. When Tyres Wear
Landing. A puff of smoke; the screech of tortured rubber. It’s always dramatic. But that’s not where most of the wear occurs. The graphic below
gives a rough indication of when, in the life-cycle, a tyre wears. For both casing and tread wear, heat is one of the most significant causes of
wear. Local factors and operating conditions or practices will determine the precise ratio between the various stages of the life-cycle.
Rolling/ Accelerating
~20%
Flying
0%!
Landing
~15%
Braking
~ 65%
5. How Aircraft Tyres Wear - Tread Life
The wear of the tread is caused by the abrasion of the tyre against the runway as the tyre progresses through its service life. Loading rubber
with a static and vertical force alone will not cause wear. Adding a dynamic force (the tyre rolling along the runway) certainly will! Factors that
increase heat such as hard braking and fast cornering will wear the tread of an aircraft tyre, just like it does the tread of a car tyre.
Load & Pressure: If the longitudinal force remains
constant a higher aircraft load and higher inflation
pressure will increase wear.
Tyre Shape: Certain profiles of tyre will wear
quicker due to the relationship of centre size and
shoulder size.
Under Inflation: The footprint of the tyre on the
ground and the deflection on landing will be higher
than intended which means more wear.
Uneven Inflation: (On Multi Tyre Struts): The tyre
with correct inflation pressure will carry more of the
load which will increase wear of the tyre. Wear on
the under-inflated tyre will increase because of the
larger footprint and higher operating temperatures.
High Altitude Airports: The higher the airports
served the greater the tyre wear will be. This is
because air, at high altitude is less dense and
generates less lift. The aircraft needs to travel
both faster and further to take off.
Ambient Temperature: High temperatures cause
warm tyres. Heat is the enemy of all tyres and is
generated during ground operations. Furthermore,
as temperature increases the distance covered
before take-off increases because the air is less
dense which generates less lift. Again, increasing
wear.
Position of tyres on the airframe: Tyres fitted
to different positions of the aircraft will experience
different wear characteristics due to the interaction
of the tyre with the aircraft and the ground.
Camber: For landing gear or conditions which
induce a camber the footprint of the shoulder of
one side of the tyre will be greater than that on the
other side of the tyre. More camber causes more
wear. Too much negative camber will cause wear
to the inner shoulder. Too much positive camber
will cause wear of the outside shoulder.
Toe-In/ Toe-Out: If the tyre does not run straight,
i.e. there is toe-in/ toe-out, the tread will be
dragged down the runway at an uncomfortable
angle which will cause wear. Too much toe-in will
cause wear to the outside shoulder, too much toe-
out will cause wear to the inside shoulder.
Both tyres might look to be
the same but their inflation
pressure can be quite
different. The only way to be
sure is to measure with an
approved pressure gauge.
Flying from hot to cold?
Increase pressure before take
off in accordance with the
AMM. If flying from cold to
hot decrease the pressure in
accordance with the AMM.
See DM1172 for more
information.
Positive Camber
Negative Camber
6. How Aircraft Tyres Wear - Casing Life
The fatigue (wear) of the casing is invisible and is mostly concerned with the impact on retreadability. A higher scrap rate at each retread level
will increase costs for the operator of the aircraft or, under certain conditions, the supplier of the tyre. Even so, conditions can lead to premature
scrapping in the interests of safety.
Heavy Landings will increase the deflection of the
tyre at the point of touch-down which can damage
the internal components of the tyre.
Fast and tight turns increase heat in the tyre and
combined with the high forces of fast and tight
cornering might cause separation of the internal
components. Such use increases tread wear,
Very slow and very tight turns where a tyre
remains broadly static or even moves backwards
can cause tearing of internal components.
Single engine operation induces a turning
force which is corrected with steering input. The
effect of the thrust on the ‘engine-off’ side makes
the tyre want to ‘crab’ which induces wear of the
internal components. The decision for the airline
is based upon the value of fuel savings compared
with increased tyre consumption.
Fast turnaround times leave heat in the tyre for
longer. Heat induces fatigue as it causes the bonds
between rubber components to break down. This
can cause voids to form in the tyre which will be
identified during the retread inspection process.
10% Under-inflated:
~12 cycles till failure.
20% Under-inflated:
~8 cycles till failure.
40% Under-inflated:
~2 cycles till failure.
Under-inflation is a significant cause of casing damage which
prevents a tyre reaching its full retread potential. At worst, a
catastrophic failure might occur as a result of under-inflation.
Under-inflation causes extra heat build up which can make
components separate from each other. Each phenomena on
this page is magnified by low pressure.
Impact of
Under-Inflation
7. Identifying Wear
The wear of the casing is invisible and is mostly concerned with the impact on retreadability. A higher scrap rate at each retread level will
increase costs for the operator of the aircraft or, under certain conditions, the supplier of the tyre. Foreign Object Damage can force the
premature removal of the tyre in the interests of safety. See DM1172 or the Dunlop Pocket Guide for more information.
Wear of the Tread Wear of the Casing
When Dunlop receive a tyre to retread the external
characteristics of the tyre are visually inspected.
But it is the condition inside the tyre which is
critical.
To look inside the tyre to see if the casing is
damaged Dunlop use shearography.
A laser camera takes a photograph of a tyre in a
relaxed state and then another photograph of the
tyre is taken whilst a vacuum is induced. The two
images are combined and any areas where the
inside of the tyre is damaged are clearly shown.
Perfect - even wear across the tread and a
little life left to wear down to the bottom of the
grooves.
This has stayed on wing a bit too long and has
worn below the grooves. It’s time to change if
fabric is visible.
This tyre has worn too much on one side of the
tyre. This wear profile is caused by camber or
uneven loading.
Stepped wear is most prevalent on certain types
of tyre and is made worse by under-inflation.
This tyre has had a rough life. The
highlighted area indicates separation
within the tread. There is only one
separation - the software indicates
a double bulls-eye where the two
images are layered over each-other.
Identifying Wear
Even Wear across the tread. Excessively worn tyre
Asymmetric Wear Stepped Wear
8. Suggestions for Reducing Tyre Wear
As we have seen in this Really Useful Guide there are many different causes of tyre wear which affect different elements of the tyre. Friction will
damage the tread but certain operational practices may impact the integrity of the casing. So in other words, the tyre will wear and that is just
the way it is! But there are some things that operators can do.
Turn slow and wide: This will ensure that all
wheels rotate as the aircraft manoeuvres which
prevents the tyres being scrunched into the
asphalt. Starting all manoeuvres with wheels
straight ahead also helps.
Be cool: Heat is the enemy of all tyres. Slower turn
around times will reduce heat and thus prolong the
life of the tyre. Excessive heat can cause the joins
in the casing to breakdown.
Slow down the taxi: Fast taxiing causes more
heat to build up in the tyre which increases wear of
the tread and fatigue of the casing.
Maintain the Gear: Sometimes wear on landing
gear components can cause extra wear on the
tyre. Maintaining the gear well keeps everything
running in the correct tolerances.
Check out the tyre care data: Dunlop publication
DM1172 provides lots of information about tyre
phenomena and should be read with the AMM.
And Dunlop User Support Specialists are available
for you to provide bespoke training sessions at a
venue of your choosing.
Pump Up The
“If there is a silver bullet for increasing both
tread life and casing life then correct inflation
is it. Dunlop recommends 24hr checks.”
An over-inflated tyre wears more quickly on
the crown (top) of the tread and will be more
susceptible to FOD damage in this area. It will
be worn on the top but tread will remain on the
shoulders.
An under-inflated tyre deflects more than a
correctly inflated tyre for a given load. This can lead
to increased casing fatigue, reduced retreadability,
creep on the wheel or induce the wheel to pinch
the tyre or the wheel to strike the runway. The
tyre will also run hotter and will wear faster on the
shoulder than on the tread.
And finally, FOD free runways and ramps will guard
against costly early removals.
Under-inflated tyre: As
the load increases the
deflection of the tyre
increases more than
intended. Load will not be
shared evenly.
Correctly inflated
tyre. The tyre
deflects in line with
the design and the
load is evenly shared.
Deflection
Load % 100%
Tyres
9. Dunlop Europe, Middle East & Africa
(44) 121 384 8800
Dunlop The Americas
(1) 336-252-2801
Dunlop Asia Pacific
(86) 595 85931007