Dry and wet spell analysis of the two rainy seasons for decision support in agricultural water management for crop production in the central highlands of ethiopia
This document analyzes rainfall patterns in the central highlands of Ethiopia to support agricultural decision making. It examines 33 years of weather data for a district with two rainy seasons, a shorter season from March to May and a main season from June to September. Markov chain and Weibull frequency models are used to analyze dry and wet spell probabilities at 10-day intervals. The results show the main season has a higher and more reliable probability of sufficient rainfall compared to the shorter season. Rainfall during the main season exceeds crop water needs, making it well-suited for crop production. In contrast, the shorter season suffers from a low probability of adequate rainfall and frequent dry spells, making it unsuitable for major crops.
Climate Change is the most sought after a topic discussed very prominently in the media during this millennium as the Earth and the Environment is the worst affected due to it. Factors like global warming is leading to rise in Global Temperature, resulting melting polar ice, rising sea levels, high level of air pollution are affecting the quality of living for both men and animals.
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
rainfall pattern and groundwater fluctuation in ramganga river basin at barei...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Rainfall is an important factor in hydrological cycle that acts as the major source of all water resources on earth. The amount, intensity and areal distribution of rainfall are essential factors in many hydrologic studies and vary geographically, temporally & seasonally. Groundwater is the invisible and real indicator of the above complex processes happening in varying time and space. The process of variation of groundwater table of an unconfined aquifer due to rainfall is a complex one. It involves flow through unsaturated regions of the aquifer. The rate of infiltration depends upon soil moisture level present in the soil, type and density of cover and type of land use. Due urbanization and population growth, groundwater draft has increased and recharge due to rainfall has decreased resulting in a steady declination of groundwater table in the study area. For that, groundwater management has become need of the hour to tackle the emerging problem of groundwater depletion and water scarcity. Aim of the present study is to analyze the rainfall variation impacts on groundwater table in the study area. An attempt has been made to evaluate six rain gauge stations data of 10 years duration (2004-13) in determining the rainfall variation along with data of six observation well points situated on the same area to determine the groundwater table fluctuation during the same period (2004-13) so as to have a firsthand information about the groundwater table variation and its relation with the rainfall being received.
Climate Change is the most sought after a topic discussed very prominently in the media during this millennium as the Earth and the Environment is the worst affected due to it. Factors like global warming is leading to rise in Global Temperature, resulting melting polar ice, rising sea levels, high level of air pollution are affecting the quality of living for both men and animals.
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure.
rainfall pattern and groundwater fluctuation in ramganga river basin at barei...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Rainfall is an important factor in hydrological cycle that acts as the major source of all water resources on earth. The amount, intensity and areal distribution of rainfall are essential factors in many hydrologic studies and vary geographically, temporally & seasonally. Groundwater is the invisible and real indicator of the above complex processes happening in varying time and space. The process of variation of groundwater table of an unconfined aquifer due to rainfall is a complex one. It involves flow through unsaturated regions of the aquifer. The rate of infiltration depends upon soil moisture level present in the soil, type and density of cover and type of land use. Due urbanization and population growth, groundwater draft has increased and recharge due to rainfall has decreased resulting in a steady declination of groundwater table in the study area. For that, groundwater management has become need of the hour to tackle the emerging problem of groundwater depletion and water scarcity. Aim of the present study is to analyze the rainfall variation impacts on groundwater table in the study area. An attempt has been made to evaluate six rain gauge stations data of 10 years duration (2004-13) in determining the rainfall variation along with data of six observation well points situated on the same area to determine the groundwater table fluctuation during the same period (2004-13) so as to have a firsthand information about the groundwater table variation and its relation with the rainfall being received.
Evaluations of Stream Flow Response to Land use and Land Cover Changes in Wab...IJCMESJOURNAL
Land Use and Land Cover Change (LU/LC) is one of the notable human induced worldwide changes. Hence, understanding the stream flow responses of a watershed to this dynamic change is becoming fundamental for water resources management planning. The study was conducted with the objective to analyses the impact of Land use and Land cover changes on stream flow response of Wabe watershed, in Omo-Gibe basin. Land use and land cover maps were developed using satellite image of Landsat5 TM 1988, Landsat7 ETM+ 2001 and Landsat8 OLI/TIRS 2018 through maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification using ERDAS Imagine 2014 and ArcGIS software for satellite image processing and map preparation. A physical based, semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT was used to simulate LU/LC change effects on the stream flow responses of watershed. During the study period the land use and land cover has changed due to natural and anthropogenic activity. The results depicted that there was an incessant expansion of agricultural land, built-up area and forest cover, on the other hand declining of agroforestry; grassland and woodland were happened during from the 1988 to 2018 periods. Due to the occurred LU/LC changes, the mean monthly stream flow were increased by 5.97m3/s for wet season and similarly the dry season flow showed increasing by 0.96m3/s during the study periods from 1988 up to 2018. Generally the result indicated that large changes of the stream flow in the watershed. Hence result notified an urgent intervention, so as to regulate the LU/LC change and to reduce its strong impacts on the stream flow of the Wabe watershed.
Monitoring crop consumptive water use by applying recent remote sensing techniques has become a topic of research interest in water resources management and planning. In irrigated agriculture, conventional methods of estimating water use are costly. This study aims at estimate the relationship between tobacco crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the crop development stage at Chedgelow irrigated farm in Zimbabwe. Tobacco ETcrop was estimated as a product of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc). The Penman-Monteith model was applied to estimate ETo using climate data from Kutsaga research station, some 2 km away from the farm. Kc values were extracted from FAO tables. Five cloud-free MODIS images for the month of October in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007 were processed extract the NDVI values using ILWIS GIS. The results show significant (p = 0.000) differences between tobacco NDVI values over the years studied. The results also show a strong and significant positive relationship (r2 = 0.8061, p = 0.047) between ETcrop estimated using Penman Monteith model and NDVI. Research findings show that satellite derived NDVI is a good and reliable predictor of tobacco crop water evapotranspiration. Therefore, remotely sensed NDVI can be used to monitor crop water use in irrigated tobacco fields in areas where resources do not permit field measurements.
Remote sensing and census based assessment and scope for improvement of rice and wheat water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic basin - Xueliang Cai and Bharat Sharma, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka
Remote sensing and Geographical Information System using for Water Resources ...AI Publications
Nowadays, studies on water resources management are quite important. This study on a subwatershed of the Bandama River in Côte d’Ivoire got a better understanding of the geomorphological characteristics of the study area. The use of satellite images and geographic information systems tools allowed to respond appropriately the management of water resources. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Farandougou subwatershed, the Bandama river hydrographic network and the geostatistical analysis of this subwatershed have been shown and interpreted in this study. The area’s elevation is between 0 and 700 meters approximatively. The value of river length minimum is around 11273.091 meters and the value of river length maximum is around 44415.180 meters, the coefficient of variation is around 0.462 for example. The geostatistic of Kohoua at Farandougou has given also mean of 449.621 meters, mediane of 441 meters, variance of 3040.996 meters and standard deviation of 55.145 meters. The majority of the Kohoua subwatershed area has an elevation around 410 meters versus the minority around 715 meters.
Biophysical characterization of watersheds in northern Ghana africa-rising
Poster prepared by Davie Kadyampakeni, Fred Kizito, Asamoah Larbi, Benjamin Ghansah and Richard Appoh for the AfrIca RISING West Africa Review and Planning Meeting, Accra, 30 March-1 April 2016
Evapotranspiration partitioning components in an irrigated winter wheat field...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment.
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure
The water balanced of a place, whether it be an agricultural field, watershed, or continent, can be determined by calculating the input, output, and storage changes of water at the Earth's surface. The major input of water is from precipitation and output is evapotranspiration. The water balance is intended for use as a screening tool to further evaluates water resources allocations within the watershed and to identify water balance components that may require further analysis during the next levels of watersheds planning. The study area chosen for the present study area is Doddavalabhi sub watershed which falls in Kolar taluk of Kolar district. The study areas geographically lies between 760 8’ 0” E and 760 23’ 0” E longitude and 120 20’ 0” N and 120 28’ 0” N latitudes with an area 15.20 sq.km. For the determination of crop water requirement for Kolar major crops considered are ragi and groundnut with the crop period of 120 days and 140 days respectively. The year and monthly wise potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration is calculated by using penman method, blaney-criddle method, pan evaporation and radiation methods. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Blaney-criddle is maximum 645.66 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 150.4mm. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Pan Evaporation is maximum 236.43 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 56.67mm. The Year wise actual evapotranspiration is also maximum during 2014 for both ragi and groundnut. Hence Blaney criddle method is best suitable since it provides the most satisfactory results compared to other methods because this method is suggested for areas where available climatic data cover air temperature data only.
Evaluations of Stream Flow Response to Land use and Land Cover Changes in Wab...IJCMESJOURNAL
Land Use and Land Cover Change (LU/LC) is one of the notable human induced worldwide changes. Hence, understanding the stream flow responses of a watershed to this dynamic change is becoming fundamental for water resources management planning. The study was conducted with the objective to analyses the impact of Land use and Land cover changes on stream flow response of Wabe watershed, in Omo-Gibe basin. Land use and land cover maps were developed using satellite image of Landsat5 TM 1988, Landsat7 ETM+ 2001 and Landsat8 OLI/TIRS 2018 through maximum likelihood algorithm of supervised classification using ERDAS Imagine 2014 and ArcGIS software for satellite image processing and map preparation. A physical based, semi-distributed hydrological model SWAT was used to simulate LU/LC change effects on the stream flow responses of watershed. During the study period the land use and land cover has changed due to natural and anthropogenic activity. The results depicted that there was an incessant expansion of agricultural land, built-up area and forest cover, on the other hand declining of agroforestry; grassland and woodland were happened during from the 1988 to 2018 periods. Due to the occurred LU/LC changes, the mean monthly stream flow were increased by 5.97m3/s for wet season and similarly the dry season flow showed increasing by 0.96m3/s during the study periods from 1988 up to 2018. Generally the result indicated that large changes of the stream flow in the watershed. Hence result notified an urgent intervention, so as to regulate the LU/LC change and to reduce its strong impacts on the stream flow of the Wabe watershed.
Monitoring crop consumptive water use by applying recent remote sensing techniques has become a topic of research interest in water resources management and planning. In irrigated agriculture, conventional methods of estimating water use are costly. This study aims at estimate the relationship between tobacco crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the crop development stage at Chedgelow irrigated farm in Zimbabwe. Tobacco ETcrop was estimated as a product of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop coefficient (Kc). The Penman-Monteith model was applied to estimate ETo using climate data from Kutsaga research station, some 2 km away from the farm. Kc values were extracted from FAO tables. Five cloud-free MODIS images for the month of October in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2007 were processed extract the NDVI values using ILWIS GIS. The results show significant (p = 0.000) differences between tobacco NDVI values over the years studied. The results also show a strong and significant positive relationship (r2 = 0.8061, p = 0.047) between ETcrop estimated using Penman Monteith model and NDVI. Research findings show that satellite derived NDVI is a good and reliable predictor of tobacco crop water evapotranspiration. Therefore, remotely sensed NDVI can be used to monitor crop water use in irrigated tobacco fields in areas where resources do not permit field measurements.
Remote sensing and census based assessment and scope for improvement of rice and wheat water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic basin - Xueliang Cai and Bharat Sharma, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka
Remote sensing and Geographical Information System using for Water Resources ...AI Publications
Nowadays, studies on water resources management are quite important. This study on a subwatershed of the Bandama River in Côte d’Ivoire got a better understanding of the geomorphological characteristics of the study area. The use of satellite images and geographic information systems tools allowed to respond appropriately the management of water resources. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Farandougou subwatershed, the Bandama river hydrographic network and the geostatistical analysis of this subwatershed have been shown and interpreted in this study. The area’s elevation is between 0 and 700 meters approximatively. The value of river length minimum is around 11273.091 meters and the value of river length maximum is around 44415.180 meters, the coefficient of variation is around 0.462 for example. The geostatistic of Kohoua at Farandougou has given also mean of 449.621 meters, mediane of 441 meters, variance of 3040.996 meters and standard deviation of 55.145 meters. The majority of the Kohoua subwatershed area has an elevation around 410 meters versus the minority around 715 meters.
Biophysical characterization of watersheds in northern Ghana africa-rising
Poster prepared by Davie Kadyampakeni, Fred Kizito, Asamoah Larbi, Benjamin Ghansah and Richard Appoh for the AfrIca RISING West Africa Review and Planning Meeting, Accra, 30 March-1 April 2016
Evapotranspiration partitioning components in an irrigated winter wheat field...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The arid and semi-arid regions constitute roughly one third of the total earth’s surface. In these regions water scarcity is one of the main limiting factors for economic growth. The impact of such water scarcity is amplified by inefficient irrigation practices, especially since about 85% of available water is used for irrigation in these regions. Therefore, a sound and efficient irrigation practice is an important step for achieving sustainable management of water resources in these regions. In this regard, a better understanding of the water balance is essential to explore water-saving techniques. In the context CRP project, experimental setups were conceived to monitor seasonal water consumption on the wheat crop irrigated by flood irrigation in Sidi Rahal station (middle of morocco. The partitioning of evapotranspiration compounds shows that transpiration dominates the evaporation about 68 % for three days (22, 23 and 24 February 2012). In addition the wheat absorbs the soil water from 10 cm to 20 cm (90%) at this growing stage according to the multiple-source mass balance assessment.
Similar to Dry and wet spell analysis of the two rainy seasons for decision support in agricultural water management for crop production in the central highlands of ethiopia
The Journal of The Earth Science and Climate Change is peer reviewed academic journal that cater to the needs of Earth Scientists, farmers, extensive agents, researchers and students. This Open access journal publishes high quality articles following rigorous and standard review procedure
The water balanced of a place, whether it be an agricultural field, watershed, or continent, can be determined by calculating the input, output, and storage changes of water at the Earth's surface. The major input of water is from precipitation and output is evapotranspiration. The water balance is intended for use as a screening tool to further evaluates water resources allocations within the watershed and to identify water balance components that may require further analysis during the next levels of watersheds planning. The study area chosen for the present study area is Doddavalabhi sub watershed which falls in Kolar taluk of Kolar district. The study areas geographically lies between 760 8’ 0” E and 760 23’ 0” E longitude and 120 20’ 0” N and 120 28’ 0” N latitudes with an area 15.20 sq.km. For the determination of crop water requirement for Kolar major crops considered are ragi and groundnut with the crop period of 120 days and 140 days respectively. The year and monthly wise potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration is calculated by using penman method, blaney-criddle method, pan evaporation and radiation methods. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Blaney-criddle is maximum 645.66 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 150.4mm. The year wise potential evapotranspiration calculated by Pan Evaporation is maximum 236.43 mm during 2014, in this year monthly PET is maximum in July month ie 56.67mm. The Year wise actual evapotranspiration is also maximum during 2014 for both ragi and groundnut. Hence Blaney criddle method is best suitable since it provides the most satisfactory results compared to other methods because this method is suggested for areas where available climatic data cover air temperature data only.
Long-term observed Precipitation Trends in Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Baringo ...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to validate the pastoralists’ and agro-pastoralists’ claim that there has been an increasingly variable and changing climate in the study area. The station average and Theissen polygon methods were used to estimate the mean areal precipitation of the small (Mogotio and Baringo South Sub-counties) and the large area (Baringo County), respectively. The aim of the current study is to analyse rainfall time series over long term observed precipitation and a wide area, detecting potential trends and assessing their significance. Monthly precipitation data for the period 1974-2003 from six weather stations, located mainly in Mogotio and Baringo South sub-counties and covering 3906km2 were used in the analysis. The data were quality controlled to ensure no missing data and any inconsistencies. Linear regression analysis of the database highlighted that; the trends were predominantly negative, both where the average and Theissen polygon methods were used and over the whole reference period. The negative trends are not significant. This finding implies that the study area has been suffering a precipitation decrease especially in the period under review.
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL MOISTURE AND GROUNDWATER LEVEL IN A LO...IAEME Publication
Agriculture, which used to be the mainstay of the economy of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, was abandoned because of the discovery of oil in the 1950s. Oil exploration has, however, left a trail of sorrow as a result of environmental pollution. There is now a new awakening in the realization that oil is not a renewable resource an d, hence, effort needs to be diverted to revitalize the agricultural sector. Farmers in this region rely en tirely on rain-fed cropping. Since this area is characterized by distinct dry and wet seasons, cropping activities are scewed towards the wet season, thus resulting in subsistence level of production.
Effect of Rainfall Trend on Yam Yield in Mokwa Local Government Area of Niger...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Agricultural production in Niger State like other states in Nigeria is highly vulnerable to climate changeability. Climate change is predicted to have adverse effects on the agricultural sector of the poorer parts of the world especially sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of the study is to investigate and analyse the effect of rainfall trend on the production of yam in Mokwa local government area of Niger state, Nigeria. For the purpose of this research, data were collected from 100 respondents through the administration of questionnaires. Rainfall data covering a period of thirteen years (2003-2015) were also obtained from College of Agriculture Mokwa weather station, while the yearly yam yield for 16 years (2000-2015) was obtained from Niger State Ministry of Agriculture.
Linear regression models and standardized anomaly index were used to analysis the data gathered. The study showed that the trend of mean annual rainfall in the study area was minimal but significant with R2 value of 0.8 for mean monthly rainfall. A strong relationship between rainfall variation and yam yield exist with r2 value of 0.881. The variation in the yield among the years was moderately significant with R2 value of 0.5064. It also showed a positive response between yam yield and moderate rainfall that was well distributed. Extension agent from ministries of agriculture and ADPs should do more in harnessing relevant information on food production in all the local government areas of Niger state so as to build a robust data bank for further research.
https://www.crimsonpublishers.com/eaes/fulltext/EAES.000512.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers
Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For More Articles on Environmental Sciences
Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/eaes/
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Keywords: Depriving irrigation, growth stages, maize, moisture stress.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
Abstract: Determination of crop water requirement is the primary duty in any irrigation planning. This can be obtained through determining crop coefficient (Kc) which integrates the effect of characteristics that distinguish a typical field crop from the grass reference that has a constant appearance and a complete ground cover. Consequently, different crops will have different Kc coefficients. The changing characteristics of the crop over the growing season also affect the Kc coefficient. Hence crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of potential crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration, is an important parameter in irrigation planning and management. However, this information is not available for many important crops for a specific area. A study was carried out at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, which is located in a semi arid climate of the great central rift valley. A drainage type lysimeters was used to measure the daily evapotranspiration of Onion, Red Bombay variety, on a clay loam soil. Crop coefficient was developed from measured crop evapotranspiration (3.00, 4.58, 6.11 and 4.63) and calculated reference evapotranspiration using weather data (4.92, 5.33, 5.99 and 5.79). The measured values of crop coefficient for the crop were 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 during initial, development, mid-season and late-season growth stages respectively. These locally determined values can be used by irrigation planners and users in the central rift valley and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.
Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient of Onion (Red Bombay) in the Central R...paperpublications3
Abstract: Determination of crop water requirement is the primary duty in any irrigation planning. This can be obtained through determining crop coefficient (Kc) which integrates the effect of characteristics that distinguish a typical field crop from the grass reference that has a constant appearance and a complete ground cover. Consequently, different crops will have different Kc coefficients. The changing characteristics of the crop over the growing season also affect the Kc coefficient. Hence crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of potential crop evapotranspiration to reference evapotranspiration, is an important parameter in irrigation planning and management. However, this information is not available for many important crops for a specific area. A study was carried out at Melkassa Agricultural Research Center of Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, which is located in a semi arid climate of the great central rift valley. A drainage type lysimeters was used to measure the daily evapotranspiration of Onion, Red Bombay variety, on a clay loam soil. Crop coefficient was developed from measured crop evapotranspiration (3.00, 4.58, 6.11 and 4.63) and calculated reference evapotranspiration using weather data (4.92, 5.33, 5.99 and 5.79). The measured values of crop coefficient for the crop were 0.34, 0.70, 1.01 and 0.68 during initial, development, mid-season and late-season growth stages respectively. These locally determined values can be used by irrigation planners and users in the central rift valley and other areas with similar agroecological conditions.
Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) for Moisture Stress Condition at Different Gr...paperpublications3
Abstract: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13) at Koka Research Station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia8°26’ N latitude, 39°2’ E longitude and 1602masl altitude with the objective to identify maize growth stages sensitive to soil moisture stress, determine critical time for irrigation application for limited water resources and productivity of water. Fifteen treatments was used depriving irrigation on combination of four growth stages of maize (Zea maize L.) Variety Melkass-II. Randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replication was used. Results indicated that both years plant height, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly (p<0.001)><0.01)><0.05).><0.001)><0.05) affected. The study had shown that during both the first and second year maximum grain yield (9253kg/ha and 11748kg/ha) was obtained due to stressing maize only at initial stage enhance grain yield which indicated that stressing moisture only at initial stage enhance grain yield. Moisture stress at mid-season should be avoided especially when combined with moisture stress at development stage. Moreover, moisture stress at initial and late seasons enhance water use efficiency without significantly reducing the yield from the higher yielding treatments.
Drought Index Analizes With Rainfall Patern Indicators Use SPI Method (Case S...IJERA Editor
Irregular weather and climate changes caused by El – Nino effect drought in some areas, including in Indonesia. The location of this study lies in the Bangga watershed. The purpose of this study was to determine rainfall patterns, drought level, the worst drought that occurred and the prediction for the future. One method for analysis of drought is using SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index). This method aims to calculate the value of a drought index that would indicate the level of the existing drought in a region. Data used are monthly rainfall from two station for 23 years (year 1993-2015). After analyzing the drought, the projection made with software Makesens 1.0. The study results showed that the worst drought in Bangga watershed occurred in April 2015 with drought index -3516 for one monthly SPI, -2815 for three monthly SPI, -3254 for six monthly SPI, -2171 for nine monthly SPI, and - 2922 for twelve 12 monthly SPI. Once projected until 2050, generally Bangga watershed experiencing dry conditions with the worst drought in July with a value of -3.83 for one monthly SPI, -3.65 for three monthly SPI, -3.44 for six monthly SPI, -2.6 for nine monthly SPI and -2.32 for twelve monthly SPI
An attempt has been made to study the variability of seasonal and annual rainfall for a period of 25 years (19912015) for the upper Cauvery portion which has five districts. It can be observed that the average annual rainfall for every five years considered range from 800 to 1200mm for more than 45 percent of the area upto 2010 and from 2011-2015 it has been reduced to less than 35 percent and the percentage of area for which the rainfall range was less than 800mm was increased to 28.39 percent which was less than 14 percent from 1991-2010. The maximum portion of the area had average post monsoon rainfall between 100mm to 200mm has been from 1991 to 2010. And from 2011-2016 the maximum portion of the area has a average post monsoon rainfall less than 150mm. Some parts of Hassan, kodagu and chikkamangalore districts portions in the study area has average annual rainfall above 2000mm where as mandya district portion in the study area has annual rainfall less than 800mm and in mysore district average annual rainfall ranges from 800mm to 1500mm.
Similar to Dry and wet spell analysis of the two rainy seasons for decision support in agricultural water management for crop production in the central highlands of ethiopia (20)
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Dry and wet spell analysis of the two rainy seasons for decision support in agricultural water management for crop production in the central highlands of ethiopia
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
1
Dry and Wet Spell Analysis of the Two Rainy Seasons for
Decision Support in Agricultural Water Management for Crop
production in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia
1
Fitsume Yemenu (Corresponding author)
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research , Debre Zeit Center
PO box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
E-mail: fitsum_yimenu@yahoo.com
Desalegn Chemeda
2
School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment;
Central University of Technology, Free State (CUT);
20 Pres Brand Street, Private Bag X20539; Bloemfontein 9300
This research is finance by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research
Abstract
Rainfall remains the crucial component of the weather elements for improving agricultural yield in Ethiopia.
Rainfall occurrence analysis is extremely helpful in planning of water resources and agricultural development. A
study was conducted to asses the potential of sufficient rainfall occurrences and precipitation surplus and deficits
in the central highland of Ethiopia for a selected district based on thirty three years of weather record data. The
FAO(1978) and Reddy (1990) models were employed to set the threshold limits and the Weilbul frequency
formula was used to calculate the probability of occurrences during the two growing seasons, belg(shorter) and
kiremt (main). The results showed that the probability of occurrences of the sufficient amount of rainfall during
the decades of main rainy season is promisingly stable while belg is observed to suffer from fewer occurrences
of the sufficient amount even at the lower probability levels (25% probability of occurrences). Thus rainfall
water harvesting during the main rainy season (Kiremt) is promising either for double cropping practices or other
domestic uses.
Key words: Frequency, Weibull, belg, kiremt
1. Introduction
Rain-fed agricultural is always dependent on the prevailing climate and weather variability phenomenon. The
most important limiting weather element in agricultural sector is precipitation. Extreme climatic conditions and
high inter-annual or seasonal variability of this weather element could adversely affect productivity [6] because
rainfall governs the crop yields and determines the choice of the crops that can be grown. One of the reasons for
low crop production in semi arid areas is marginal and erratic rainfall exacerbated by high run off and
evapotranspiration losses. The in-field rainwater harvesting techniques has been shown to improve the yield of
maize and sun flower on some benchmark ecotypes in South Africa [3]. Rainfall in terms of amount and
frequency in a growing season is crucial for panning and management of agricultural practices. It is of some
importance in adapting farming systems to supplementary water resources to know how long a wet spell is likely
to persist, and what probabilities are experiencing dry spells of various duration at critical times during the
growing season.
The analysis of rainfall records for long periods provides information about rainfall pattern and variability
[5].Dry and wet spell analysis assists in estimating the probability of intra-seasonal drought and management
practices can be adjusted accordingly [4]. A kind of work should not only focus to the semi-arid areas where
rainfall is erratic but it is paramount important in the regions where rainfall seems good enough on annual scale
while the temporal distribution through a growing season requires attention. Analysis of rainfall probability on
this particular time scale can only give a general in formation about the rainfall pattern of a certain location.
Therefore there is a need of having specific information for critically planning agricultural operations for the
benefit of increasing crop yields.
In this regard, dry and wet spell analysis at decadal time unit (tem day basis) more or less satisfies the required
supportive information for decision making in rainfall water resource management and planning in agricultural
sectors[1 and 7]. Like wise, in the central highlands of Ethiopia, rainfall persists relatively less erratic on annual
scale, but what a limiting factor is the unexpected occurrence of the dry spell during some of the most important
crop development stages and high intensity of rainfall in the middle of the season causing runoff and
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
2
subsequently damaging the crops in the field. Thus understanding of those events is extremely important for
reducing the adverse effects through appropriate planning and management of agricultural practices suitable to a
certain pattern and characteristics of rainfall regimes in a growing season.
In this paper, an attempt was made to critically analyze the dry and wet spell probabilities for two growing
seasons for a selected and agriculturally important district in the central highlands of Ethiopia based on the
Markov chain probability model. The rainfall occurrence of dependable value at 80% probability level was also
determined and subsequently a comparison analysis with FAO threshold reference evapotranspiration was a done
for the selected district.
2. Methods and Data
The bishoftu district is located in the central highland of Ethiopia, 45 Kms South East of the capital, Addis
Ababa. The district is agriculturally the most important one in the region. The district has two distinct seasons;
the shorter (belg) lasts from March to end of May while the main rainy season (kiremt) is length of the period
between June and September. The analysis of the work was entirely based on the thirty three years of
meteorological records (1975-2007) obtained from Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center’s Weather Archive.
The standard or meteorological decades (SMDs) are constructed in such a way that each month of a given year
was divided in to three decades and subsequently the first two ten days are considered as the first and second
decade for each month, respectively. The rest of days in each month again will be summed up to form the last or
third decade.
Reddy [8] has already stated that a 3 mm rainfall depth per day is the minimum threshold value for crops to
satisfy their crop water requirement. Accordingly, in this study, a 30 mm per decade of precipitation depth was
taken as a threshold value for evaluating whether a decade is in a dry or wet spell. A decade with a depth of
precipitation below this value was considered as dry and vice-versa for a decade with precipitation value of
above the threshold level. The following expressions were used in the Markov chain analysis of dry/wet spells in
the district [7]
n
F
P D
D = (1)
n
F
P W
W = (2)
W
WW
WW
F
F
P = (3)
D
DD
DD
F
F
P = (4)
DDWD PP −=1 (5)
WWDW PP −=1 (6)
Wet spell duration is defined as sequence of k wet decades preceded and followed by the dry decades and
correspondingly the dry spell duration is the sequence of dry decades followed and preceded by the wet ones.
The distributions of the spells by length or duration are found to be geometric [1] with the probability of wet
spell of length k given by the following equation:
1
11 )1()(
−
−==
K
PPkWP (7)
k
PkWP 1)( => (8)
Similarly,
Probability of a dry spell of length m and greater than m were calculated using the following equations
respectively.
1
)1()( −
−== m
OO PPmDP (9)
and
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
3
m
OPmDP )1()( −=> (10)
Where,
PD is the probability of a decade being dry
FD is the number of dry decades
PW is the probability of a decade being wet
FW is the number of wet decades
n is the number of observations
PWW is the probability of wet decade followed by another wet decade
FWW is he number of wet decades followed by other wet decades
PDD is the probability of a dry decade followed by another dry one
FDD is the number of dry decade followed by another dry one
PWD is the probability of a wet decade followed by another dry decade
PDW is the probability of a dry decade followed by a wet one.
P1 is the probability that a decade is wet give that the previous decade is wet and denoted by P (W/W)
P0 is the probability that a decade being wet given that the previous is dry and is
A reference evapotranspiration was calculated from meteorological records based on the Pen man-Months
equation.
The Weibull frequency or probability formula of the following order was employed to obtain the probability of
rainfall of each decade.
100*
1+
=
n
m
p
(11)
Where,
P Probability of Occurrences
m is the rank at which the value occurs when arranged in descending order
n is the total number of observation
Results and Discussions
The probability of a decade being wet in the Kiremt (the main rainy season) was found to be greater than 40%
throughout the meteorological decades with the exception of decade number 16 and 17, which gave a
corresponding probability, value of 21% each (Table 1). The probability of getting a wet decade after wet in the
study district during the main rainy season was also found to be in the range of 14 – 100% with most of the
meteorological decades skewed to the maximum. In general, the Kiremt season is having well above the
threshold limit for most of the years during the study period.
However, the probability of getting a wet decade during belg (smaller) rainy season was limited in the range of
15 to 30 % (Table 2). The same table also showed that high probability of occurrence of dry spells was observed
(greater than 70% in all decades), as expected. Further, the probability of getting a dry decade after dry in the
study district during the belg season was also high (exceeded 65%) throughout the meteorological decades.
Furthermore, a relative high probability of occurrence of more than three consecutive dry decades was also
showed up (Table 3) in this particular season as compared to the main season. This result suggests high chance
of crop failure in the season and thus the season needs to be out of the major cropping practices, sowing and
planting but the moisture could be used for land preparation for early planting in the main rainy season.
Therefore, crop harvesting during the main rainy season is less likely affected by moisture stress. This
corresponds to high probability of run off and erosion hazard possibilities during the kiremt season (Reddy,
2008), and the results also indicated that there could be high risks of waterloging conditions which could affect
the crops because of poor aeration and on the other hand, there might be damages in the down stream areas due
to flooding in those decades that experience wet after wet conditions unless there have been strong soil and water
management options in the study district.
The high consecutive wet week probability during 20th
-25th
decade of the main rainy season on the other hand
hints for potential scope of harvesting excess runoff water for future supplemental irrigations and also drives
attention towards soil erosion measures to be taken up for soil erosion control. However, one can infer from the
presented tables that the belg season is getting below the threshold minimum requirement of rainfall and hence
planting during Belg season is less likely.
Similarly, as illustrated in figure1 (a and b) below; the ratio between precipitation amount at 80% probability of
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
4
occurrences and the average threshold reference evapotranspiration (0.5*ETo) showed that the main rainy season
is still enjoying rainfall amount much higher than the minimum for most of the its decades while in belg, the
rainfall amount remained much below the threshold of the crop water requirement at the same probability level
of occurrences for all the decades.
In general, the moisture from the rainfall during the shorter rainy season is extremely below the threshold level
to support crop production. This is because rainfall amount below half of the corresponding evapotranspiration
does not satisfy the crop water need and subsequently the crops are physiologically affected [1 and 2]. The
results also indicated that maximum benefits should be derived from the ample moisture of the main rainy season.
Besides this particular season holds some soil erosion and runoff possibilities, especially during decade 21st
and
thus it requires attention with respects soil and water conservation practices and also design of water harvesting
structures.
Conclusions
Decisions in rain-fed agriculture always require detail analysis of the weather component. In the principle of the
past gives a clue to the future, probabilistic analysis of the weather records of the past is an important step
towards understanding and developing appropriate technologies that support crop growth under varying rainfall
regimes. Some of the decisions: land preparation, crop and variety choice, fertilizer application rate, soil/water
conservation measures and disease and pest control practices can be supported by the information obtained from
the probabilistic analysis of the weather elements. But, for a kind of work is to be practical and applicable, a
reasonable reliable data source and collection is crucial. Thus quality weather data handling is always paramount
important for working out the analysis more informative for decision making. To sum it up, selection of
appropriate technologies in agricultural development should always follow a detailed understanding and analysis
of the climate, particularity the rainfall variability and pattern.
References
1....Baron, J.(2004). Dry spell mitigation to upgrade semi-arid rain fed agriculture: Water harvesting and 1.
Engida,M.,2005.Agroclimatic Determination of The Growing Season Over Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Agri.
Sci. 18:13-27. Addis Ababa.
2. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), 1978. Report on the agro-ecological Zones Project Vol.1
Methodology and Results of Africa. Rome
3. Henslley M, Botha J J, Van Staden PP and Du Tota A, 2000. Optimizing Rainfall Use Efficiency For
developing Farmers with Linited Acccess to Irrigation Water, WRC report No 878/1/100. Water Research
Commission, Pretoria, South Africa
4. Kumar KK And Rao T V R, 2005. Dry and Wet spell at Campina Grande-PB. Rev.Brasil. Meteorol. 20(1)71-
74.
5. Lazaro R, Rodrigo FS, Gutierrez L, Domingo F and Puiigdefaregas J, 2001. Annalysis of a 30-year rainfall
record(1967-1997) in sem-arid SE Spain for implication on vegetation. J. Arid environ. 48 373-95
6. LI X-Y, SHI, P-J, SUN Y-L and YANG Z-P, 2006. Influence of various in-situ rainwater harvesting methods
on soil moisture and growth of Tamarix romosissima in the semi-arid loess region of China. For. Ecol.Manage.
23(1) 143-148
7. Reddy, S. R., R. C. Bhaskar, and A. K. Chittora., 2008. Markov Chain Model Probability of Dry, Wet Weeks
and Statistical Analysis of Weekly Rain.
8. Reddy, S.J., 1990. Methodology: Agro-climatic Analogue Technique and Applications as relevant to dry land
agriculture. Agro climatology Series Eth 86/o21-WMO/UNDP NMSA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 60 p.
5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
5
Table 1. Dry/wet spell probability distribution through the Kiremt rainy seasons
Dekade No Pw PD Pww PDD PWD PDW
16 21 79 14 92 8 86
17 21 79 57 88 12 43
18 42 58 29 89 11 71
19 64 36 52 75 25 48
20 88 12 69 25 75 31
21 88 12 66 0 100 34
22 91 9 87 0 100 13
23 94 6 90 0 100 10
24 94 6 100 0 100 0
25 88 12 100 0 100 0
26 61 39 90 8 92 10
27 52 48 53 56 44 47
Table 2. Dry-wet spell probability distribution of Belg based on the Markov Chain model (1975-2007)
Dekade No Pw PD Pww PDD PWD PDW
9 30 70 30 87 13 70
10 30 70 60 78 22 40
11 30 70 50 74 26 50
12 18 82 33 67 33 67
13 18 82 17 74 26 83
14 21 79 14 81 19 86
15 15 85 20 75 25 80
Table 3. Dry-wet spell duration distribution in the two seasons
k
Probability of wet sequences at least Probability of dry
spell > 3dek2 3 5 7
Bega 0.13 0.048 0.0062 0.00082 0.58
Kiremt 0.43 0.28 0.12 0.01524 0.19
.
. a b
Figure 1.Rainfall Occurrence at 80% probability and corresponding reference evapotranspiration during the
growing seasons, belg and kiremt respectively
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
decades
Rainfall
depths/0.5*ETo(mm)
Reddy's threshold
0.5*ETo
Rainfall occurences at 80%
0
10
20
30
40
50
17 18 1920 21 2223 24 2526 27 28
Decades
rainfall
depths/0.5*ETo(mm)
0.5*ETo
Reddy's threshold
80% prob of Ocurrences
6. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ The IISTE
editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a
fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the
world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available
upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar