Perchè la tua istanza Drupal non performa e cosa puoi fare per invertire la rotta. D'altronde è una questione complessa: i moduli, la qualità del codice, l'uso delle cache, ma anche la versione di PHP, il proxy-cacher, il tuo hosting e, in ultimo, le cavallette... di Daniele Piaggesi

1. Speed up your
Drupal instance!
Daniele Piaggesi
@g0blin79
daniele.piaggesi@bmeme.com

2. About me
• Bmeme founder and CTO
• Drupal developer
• Drupal Association Org.Member
• System Architect
• Opensource Enthusiast
daniele.piaggesi@bmeme.com
g0blin79
@g0blin79

3. About bmeme
• Digital Factory and Drupal Shop
• Acquia Partner
• Drupal Association Org.Member
• DrupalDay Organizer
• >10 projects on drupal.org
info@bmeme.com
bmeme
@bonsaimeme

4. Agenda
• What about “web performance”?
• Why should you care about speeding up your website?
• And Drupal?
• Then…speed up our Drupal instance!
• Software tricks
• Server tricks

5. What about “web performance”?

6. Wikipedia says that…
“…refers to the speed in which
web pages are downloaded and
displayed on the user's web
browser. “
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_performance

8. But some friends of mine thinks that…
“performance is the delay perceived between an
action (a click, for example) and a meaningful
response”
And I like more… :)

9. Why should you care about
speeding up your website?

10. Money, baby

11. • Shopzilla saw a 12% revenue increase after improving average page load
times from 6 seconds to 1.2 seconds.
• Google says they lose 20% of their traffic for each additional 100
milliseconds it takes a page to load. Speed matters. Google also
incorporates your page-load time into your site’s search rankings.
• Yahoo increased traffic by 9% for every 400ms of improvement.
• Mozilla got 60 million more Firefox downloads per year, by making their
pages 2.2 seconds faster.
• Amazon increased revenue by 1% for every 100ms of improvement.
Some datas
Source: http://www.radware.com/Products/FastView/?utm_source=strangeloop&utm_medium=slforward&utm_campaign=slmoving

12. But it’s not all about money…let's do the math

13. The
rise
of
mobile!

14. Get a look at the context. Some figures of 2016.

15. Mobile network coverage
95% of the global population live in
an area that is covered by a
mobile-cellular network.
Mobile-broadband networks (3G or
above) reach 84% of the global
population.
LTE networks reach almost 4 billion
people today (53% of the global
population).
Source: ITU - United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies – ICTs

16. End-2015 ICT Prices Mobile-broadband
subscriptions
Fixed-broadband
subscriptions
Source: ITU - United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies – ICTs

17. Try to intersect factors: money and mobile rise.

18. In 2016, 67% of online shoppers
report purchasing from a mobile
device (up from 46% in 2015).
The 40% on average
of all their online purchases were
made from a mobile device.
Thinking about everything you
spent online in the past
3 months, what percentage of that
amount was spent
on purchases made using a mobile
device?
Source: http://www.criteo.com/media/6443/criteo-digital-commerce-marketing-trends-2017.pdf

19. …and in Italy?

20. Mobile Share of Retail eCommerce Transactions in Italy
25% of e-commerce leading retailer of furniture
in Italy notes that almost half (46%) of sales
coming from mobile devices.
Source: http://www.criteo.com/media/5605/criteo-mobilecommercereport-h12016-it2.pdf

21. The last consideration

22. In 2013-2015, we experienced a
massive growth in average page
size, reaching 1436K and
contains 108 objects. The
implication was a
dramatic 60% slowdown in
average page load time.
In 2006 the average page size was 14.1k. It
contained just 2.3 objects. That means just
2.3 calls to whatever data centers were
serving the site.
In 2010 the average page size is 498k and
contains about 75 objects – everything from
CSS to images to Javascript. That means 75
server round trips are needed to pull all the
page’s resources to the user’s browser.
How the web pages have grown in the last 10 years?

23. Let’s summarize some facts (in random order…)
• In the last 10 years we have seen a significant rise both
on the size and complexity of a web page
• In the last 5/6 years, the entry-level broadband services
(fixed and mobile) have become more accessible in terms
of price and 95% of the global population live in areas
covered by a mobile-cellular network.
• In last year, 67% of online shoppers report purchasing
from a mobile device (in Italy about 46%).

24. Let build connections

25. Increasing broadband Increasing mobile-network coverage Increase mobile-navigation
Increasing people with smartphone Increase mobile-businessIncreasing mobile-navigation
Increasing web performances Increase moneyIncreasing mobile-business

26. And Drupal?

27. Drupal is currently
used on many
popular sites.
According to W3Techs, Drupal
currently holds a 5% market
share, putting it as the third most
popular CMS, with only Joomla and
WordPress ahead of it. According
to BuiltWith, 9% of the top 100,000
websites are using Drupal.

28. Drupal is widely more
popular in the United
States and western
European countries.
Thanks to some its strengths:
• Enterprise level security
• High page scaling
• Developers in mind

29. Then…speed up our Drupal instance!

30. Software tricks ranking

31. #1

32. Update your code
monthly.
Run (at least) security update every
month. Not periodically. Not one or
two times a year. Monthly.
Update your core, of course, but
also (and especially contrib
modules and themes).
It’s really (-really-) important.
Subscribe the Security News
drupal.org newsletter to keep
yourself constantly updated on
vulnerabilities discovered by the
community.
To run updates, navigate to
“Reports” → “Available Updates.”
You can then click on “Check
manually” to scan for additional
updates.

33. #2

34. Use a CDN
Implementing a Content
Delivery Network (CDN) with
Drupal is a fast and easy way to
instantly see decreased load
times for your website.
In this way, you could serve your
assets (css, js, images) from
multiple locations around the
world.
https://www.drupal.org/project/cdn
https://www.drupal.org/project/fastly

35. #3

36. Use Page caching
This is probably the easiest way
to speed up Drupal
performance on your site.

37. Use Views Caching
It’s really very simple and very
powerful.
It caches views and
avoid billions of query.
Expand the “Advanced box” of
your views. Select cache type
and configure it.
As I said: simple and powerful.

38. Use Panel caching
One of the most popular contrib
module for Drupal is Panel.
You can actually enable caching
on each individual panel.
Navigate to “Variants” →
“Content” → “Caching” and click
on “Change.”
Select “Simple cache” and click
“Next.” Select your caching time
duration and click on “Save.”

39. If we raise level…

40. Only for Drupal 7 instances. In
Drupal 8 has been included with
core.
Entity cache puts core entities
into Drupal's cache API.
Has no user interface. You
enable it, it works. You disable
it, it stop working.
Simple, isn’t it? :)
Use Entitycache

41. Use Authcache
Only for Drupal7.
Authcache saves the final
rendered HTML of a page to
serve visitors. A separate cache
is created for each user role as
defined by the administrator, so
some roles can be excluded if
necessary.
It’s quite complex and no, it’s
not a modul that you just enable.
Read documentation before use!
http://drupal.org/node/996414

42. And when you develop…

43. Use Cache APIs
In Drupal 7:
• cache_set
• cache_get
• cache_clear_all
See:
• A Beginner's Guide To Caching Data
• A Beginner's Guide To Caching Data in
Drupal 7
In Drupal 8 use “Cacheability metadata”:
• cache tags: for dependencies on data
managed by Drupal, like entities &
configuration
• cache contexts: For variations, i.e.
dependencies on the request context
• cache max-age: For time-sensitive
caching, i.e. time dependencies
See:
• Cacheability of render arrays
• CacheableResponseInterface
[…]
if (!isset($mosaiks[$key])) {
$cache = cache_get($key, MOSAIK_CACHE_BIN);
if (empty($cache->data)) {
$mosaik = mosaik_complicated_calculation();
cache_set($key, $mosaik, MOSAIK_CACHE_BIN);
return $mosaiks[$key];
}
else {
$mosaiks[$key] = $cache->data;
}
[…]
$cid = 'mymodule_example:' .
Drupal::languageManager()
->getCurrentLanguage()
->getId();
$data = NULL;
if ($cache = Drupal::cache()->get($cid)) {
$data = $cache->data;
}
else {
$data = my_module_complicated_calculation();
Drupal::cache()->set($cid, $data);
}

44. and last but not least…

46. Use BigPipe
• The BigPipe technique was invented at Facebook.
• During rendering, the personalized parts are turned into placeholders.
• By default, Drupal 8 uses the Single Flush strategy (aka "traditional") for replacing the placeholders.
• Introduces a new strategy, that allows us to flush the initial page first, and then stream the
replacements for the placeholders.
• This results in hugely improved front-end/perceived performance.
• Zero configuration! BigPipe is able to make things faster automatically thanks to Drupal 8's improved
render pipeline & render API, and in particular thanks to the cacheability metadata and auto-placeholdering.
• Use it in conjunction with the Dynamic Page Cache module that is included with Drupal 8 core.
See:
• https://www.youtube.com/embed/X34MFjXNzzk
• https://www.drupal.org/docs/8/core/modules/bigpipe/bigpipe-environment-requirements

47. #4

48. When you go live with keep disabled:
PHP Filter
(not enable. NEVER.)
Field UI
Views UI
Help
Database Logging
(alternatives are: syslog-ng or monolog)
Statistics
Update Manager
Devel (and all submodules)
Rules UI (if you are using Rules)
and all modules not-needed or for
development purposes!
Disable Unnecessary
Modules

49. #5

50. Remove Query Strings from Static Resources
Query strings from your static resources can cause caching issues with
some proxy caches and CDNs.
To remove query strings from CSS filenames within Drupal, the following code
snippet can be added to your template.php file
/**
* Implements template_process_html().
*/
function MYTHEME_process_html(&$variables) {
$variables['styles'] = preg_replace(
‘https://www.example.com/.css?[^”]+/','.css',
$variables['styles']);
}

51. #6

52. Other (minor) stuff to remember
• Image Optimization: on average 56% of a website’s page weight is
made up of images. So optimizing images can drastically decrease
your page load times.
• Lazy Load Images: Load images only when they are visible to the
browser window. (https://www.drupal.org/project/lazyloader).
• Advanced CSS/JS Aggregation: aggregating your CSS and
Javascript files you can improve your frontend performance and
download times. (https://www.drupal.org/project/advagg).
• Client-side validation: add client side validation for web forms using
jQuery with the “Clientside Validation” module.
(https://www.drupal.org/project/clientside_validation).

53. Server tricks

55. LAMP Stack
• PHP 7.x over 5.x
• PHP-FPM over mod_php/suphp/fastcgi
• OpCache over APC (or others)
• Nginx over Apache (or Apache 2.4 over < 2.4)
• Varnish over… anything
• Memcache/Redis over… anything

56. PHP 7.x over 5.x

57. PHP-fpm over mod_php
• Dynamic/On-Demand number of processes, depending
on the load
• Starting the workers with different uid/gid/chroot/
environment and different php.ini options.
• PHP daemonization: pid file, log file, setsid(), setuid(),
setgid(), chroot()
• Ability to emergency restart all the processes in the event
of an accidental destruction of the shared memory
opcode cache, if using an accelerator

58. OpCache over APC
; configuration for php opcache module
; priority=10
zend_extension=opcache.so
opcache.memory_consumption=512
opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000
opcache.max_wasted_percentage=15
opcache.validate_timestamps=0
• APC cache won’t work with the newest PHP versions.
• OpCache doesn’t work as a data caching engine.
• OpCache is only a bytecode caching engine so it won’t
offer a similar functionality.

59. Nginx over Apache
• Higher performances serving static content
• SSL/TLS and HTTP/2 termination
• Support multiple backend apps
• Scalability and fault tolerance
• Caching (for offload and acceleration)
• Mitigate security and DDoS attacks

60. Varnish
• Reverse proxying
• Architecture: different subroutines to manage different
moments in request/response journey.
• Varnish can load and unload VCL configurations on the
fly, so changes to VCL can be deployed instantly.
• Varnish cache is heavily threaded
• Monitor Heath of himself

61. A cons of Varnish?
At the moment Varnish Cache Standard
does not support SSL.
Otherwise Varnish Cache Plus support it.
Since January 2017, Google mark as Unsecure all websites
that does not implement SSL on login page or credit card input
pages. All websites in SSL are now privileged in Google ranking.
Then Google decrees the
death of “http: //“ in favour of “https://“

62. Memcache / Redis
Why use Memcache/Redis instead of database for Drupal
caching?
• Load Management
• Replication
• Failover
• Concurrency

63. – Bugs Bunny
“That’s all folks…”