Approach to the diagnosis and management of primary headache disorders-GP-rec...Adamu Mohammad
The document discusses the approach to diagnosing and managing primary headache disorders. It begins with an introduction to headaches and classifications. It then covers the diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for common primary headaches like migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache. The diagnosis involves taking a thorough headache history, performing an exam looking for red flags of secondary headaches, and potentially neuroimaging. Treatment involves both pharmacological options like triptans, NSAIDs, and preventive medications as well as non-pharmacological strategies depending on the specific primary headache disorder. The overall approach involves identifying the primary headache, treating acute episodes, and using preventive strategies as needed.
Approach to the diagnosis and management of primary headache disorders-GP-rec...Adamu Mohammad
The document discusses the approach to diagnosing and managing primary headache disorders. It begins with an introduction to headaches and classification. It then covers the diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for common primary headaches like migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache. The diagnosis involves taking a thorough headache history, performing an exam, and considering red flags for secondary headaches. Treatment involves both pharmacological options like triptans, beta-blockers, and oxygen for cluster headaches as well as non-pharmacological strategies like lifestyle modifications and avoiding triggers. The overall approach involves classifying the primary headache disorder and then selecting appropriate treatment strategies.
This document provides an overview of approaches to evaluating and treating different types of headaches. It discusses evaluating patients for primary headaches like migraines and cluster headaches versus secondary headaches that could indicate an underlying condition. The assessment involves taking a thorough history and performing a neurological exam to identify concerning symptoms. Red flags that warrant further investigation include new severe headaches or headaches in older patients. Imaging and lumbar puncture may be used to rule out conditions like hemorrhage or infection. Treatment differs based on the headache type but may include abortive medications, prophylaxis, oxygen for cluster headaches, and steroids.
Headache is a common symptom in children and adolescents, with up to 75% experiencing a significant headache by age 15. Headaches can be primary, such as migraines or tension-type headaches, or secondary to other conditions such as viral infections. A thorough history and physical exam are usually sufficient for diagnosis, though imaging may be required if symptoms suggest increased intracranial pressure. Treatment involves acute medication to stop attacks as well as preventive medication and lifestyle modifications if headaches are frequent or disabling.
She was advised lifestyle modifications like regular meals, exercise,
yoga. She was given Virechana karma followed by Shirodhara with Dashamula
Kashaya. Her symptoms reduced significantly. She was advised to continue
prophylactic treatment.
This document discusses different types of headaches including primary and secondary headaches. It describes the temporal patterns of headaches as acute, recurrent-episodic, chronic-progressive, and chronic-nonprogressive. The most common primary headaches are tension-type headaches and migraine headaches. Tension-type headaches are mild and lack severe symptoms while migraine headaches involve moderate to severe pain with associated symptoms like nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. Diagnostic testing is generally not needed but may include neuroimaging or lumbar puncture in some cases.
Headache with Special Reference to MigraineAbinayaa Arasu
Headache is a common pain problem that can have various causes. The document discusses the main types of headaches including those due to vasodilation, traction, inflammation, muscle spasm, referred pain, and psychogenic factors. It then focuses on migraine headaches, providing details on characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment and variants. Tension-type headaches and cluster headaches are also summarized, with the key points being their recurrent but mild-moderate pain, and the severe unilateral pain of cluster headaches that occurs in bouts. A headache diary and red flag signs are important for properly evaluating the type and cause of a patient's headaches.
Approach to the diagnosis and management of primary headache disorders-GP-rec...Adamu Mohammad
The document discusses the approach to diagnosing and managing primary headache disorders. It begins with an introduction to headaches and classifications. It then covers the diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for common primary headaches like migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache. The diagnosis involves taking a thorough headache history, performing an exam looking for red flags of secondary headaches, and potentially neuroimaging. Treatment involves both pharmacological options like triptans, NSAIDs, and preventive medications as well as non-pharmacological strategies depending on the specific primary headache disorder. The overall approach involves identifying the primary headache, treating acute episodes, and using preventive strategies as needed.
Approach to the diagnosis and management of primary headache disorders-GP-rec...Adamu Mohammad
The document discusses the approach to diagnosing and managing primary headache disorders. It begins with an introduction to headaches and classification. It then covers the diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for common primary headaches like migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache. The diagnosis involves taking a thorough headache history, performing an exam, and considering red flags for secondary headaches. Treatment involves both pharmacological options like triptans, beta-blockers, and oxygen for cluster headaches as well as non-pharmacological strategies like lifestyle modifications and avoiding triggers. The overall approach involves classifying the primary headache disorder and then selecting appropriate treatment strategies.
This document provides an overview of approaches to evaluating and treating different types of headaches. It discusses evaluating patients for primary headaches like migraines and cluster headaches versus secondary headaches that could indicate an underlying condition. The assessment involves taking a thorough history and performing a neurological exam to identify concerning symptoms. Red flags that warrant further investigation include new severe headaches or headaches in older patients. Imaging and lumbar puncture may be used to rule out conditions like hemorrhage or infection. Treatment differs based on the headache type but may include abortive medications, prophylaxis, oxygen for cluster headaches, and steroids.
Headache is a common symptom in children and adolescents, with up to 75% experiencing a significant headache by age 15. Headaches can be primary, such as migraines or tension-type headaches, or secondary to other conditions such as viral infections. A thorough history and physical exam are usually sufficient for diagnosis, though imaging may be required if symptoms suggest increased intracranial pressure. Treatment involves acute medication to stop attacks as well as preventive medication and lifestyle modifications if headaches are frequent or disabling.
She was advised lifestyle modifications like regular meals, exercise,
yoga. She was given Virechana karma followed by Shirodhara with Dashamula
Kashaya. Her symptoms reduced significantly. She was advised to continue
prophylactic treatment.
This document discusses different types of headaches including primary and secondary headaches. It describes the temporal patterns of headaches as acute, recurrent-episodic, chronic-progressive, and chronic-nonprogressive. The most common primary headaches are tension-type headaches and migraine headaches. Tension-type headaches are mild and lack severe symptoms while migraine headaches involve moderate to severe pain with associated symptoms like nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. Diagnostic testing is generally not needed but may include neuroimaging or lumbar puncture in some cases.
Headache with Special Reference to MigraineAbinayaa Arasu
Headache is a common pain problem that can have various causes. The document discusses the main types of headaches including those due to vasodilation, traction, inflammation, muscle spasm, referred pain, and psychogenic factors. It then focuses on migraine headaches, providing details on characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, treatment and variants. Tension-type headaches and cluster headaches are also summarized, with the key points being their recurrent but mild-moderate pain, and the severe unilateral pain of cluster headaches that occurs in bouts. A headache diary and red flag signs are important for properly evaluating the type and cause of a patient's headaches.
This document discusses approaches to headache diagnosis and treatment. It defines different types of primary headaches like tension, migraine and cluster headaches. It also covers secondary headaches that can be caused by underlying conditions. The evaluation involves a thorough history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests depending on risk factors. Treatment differs based on whether the headache is primary or secondary, with the goal of identifying any serious underlying causes for secondary headaches.
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating a patient presenting with headache. It discusses classifying headaches as primary or secondary and identifying red flags that suggest an underlying condition. The evaluation involves taking a thorough history including description of pain, associated symptoms, aggravating/relieving factors, medications, and performing a neurological exam to identify potential causes and guide further investigation or treatment.
This document discusses headaches in children. It notes that headaches are a common complaint, with migraines and viral infections being common causes. It outlines challenges in diagnosis due to limited verbal abilities in young children. The document discusses the International Classification of Headache Disorders and differentiating between primary and secondary headaches. It provides details on history taking, clinical examination, indications for MRI/MRV/CT, and management approaches including non-pharmacological therapies and pharmacological therapies like ibuprofen, sumatriptan, and various prophylactic medications.
This document summarizes key points about evaluating and managing headaches in the emergency department setting. It discusses distinguishing between primary and secondary headaches, red flags to identify high-risk causes, appropriate use of imaging like CT scans and lumbar punctures, specific conditions like subarachnoid hemorrhage and meningitis, and antibiotic treatment for meningitis. Case examples are also provided to demonstrate history taking, exam, differential diagnosis, and management of headache patients.
Headaches are among the most common reasons patients seek medical attention. They can be primary, caused by conditions like migraines and tension-type headaches, or secondary, caused by underlying organic diseases. The International Headache Society classifies primary headaches into categories like migraines, tension-type, and cluster headaches. Secondary headaches have identifiable causes such as head trauma, vascular disorders, or brain tumors. Treatment involves managing symptoms for primary headaches or treating the underlying cause for secondary headaches.
This document provides an overview of headaches other than migraines. It begins by defining headaches and outlining pain-sensitive and pain-insensitive cranial structures. It describes the mechanisms of referred pain and important aspects to cover in a headache history and examination. The document then discusses the diagnostic steps for headaches, including excluding secondary headaches and determining the primary headache type. Several primary headache types are defined in detail, including tension-type headache, cluster headache, and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias such as cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania and SUNCT. Treatment approaches for various headache types are also summarized.
Headache in children -indexforpaediatrics.comdr-nagi
Headache is one of the commonest neurological symptoms in children and young people who are
referred to doctors. Headache refers to pain involving the orbits, forehead, scalp and temples but not
the face or neck. The primary headache includes chronic or recurrent headache and migraine. The
prevalence of chronic or recurrent headaches in children occur in 60-69% by the age of 7-9 years
and 75% by the age of 15 years. The prevalence of migraine in children is up to 28% of older
teenagers. The most serious cause of the secondary headache is brain tumor and the prevalence of
brain tumours in children is 3 per 100,000 per annum.
https://indexforpaediatrics.com
This document provides guidance on evaluating and approaching a case of headache presenting in an ophthalmology office. It begins by outlining the importance of headaches and various potential causes. It then discusses conducting a visual acuity check, medical history, and eye examination including tonometry and fundoscopy. Key points are made about differentiating primary from secondary headaches and evaluating for conditions like migraines, tension headaches, refractive errors, hypertension, and more. The document emphasizes the need to thoroughly evaluate for potential neurological or systemic issues causing secondary headaches.
An Approach to a Patient with HeadacheIJAZ HUSSAIN
This document provides an overview of the approach to headache by Doctor Ijaz Hussain. It begins with an introduction to headache and its classification. It then discusses the diagnostic approach to headache which involves taking a thorough history and conducting a physical exam. Key aspects of the history include duration, location, associated symptoms, and frequency of headaches. Red flags that indicate the need for further investigation are outlined. Common investigations and indications for scans are also reviewed. The document concludes by discussing the management of specific headache types like tension headaches, migraines, cluster headaches and temporal arteritis. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment options are presented.
This document provides an overview of approaches to headache. It begins with an introduction and classification of headaches as either primary or secondary. Common primary headaches include migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache. The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, investigations and management principles of headache. A thorough history and physical exam are important for diagnosis. Brain imaging may be indicated depending on headache characteristics or warning signs. Primary headaches are disorders that occur in the absence of an underlying cause, while secondary headaches have an identifiable cause like head trauma or tumors.
- Headaches are a common neurological problem and migraine is the most frequent diagnosis in patients presenting with headache.
- Migraines affect 12-15% of the population and are characterized by distinct phases including prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome. Common triggers include stress, hormones, sleep disturbances, and foods.
- Tension-type headaches are also very common and present as mild to moderate bilateral headaches without other symptoms. Treatment involves analgesics and behavioral therapies.
- Other primary headaches like cluster headaches and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias present with short attacks of severe pain and autonomic symptoms. Emergency evaluation is needed for headaches with red flag symptoms.
This document provides information on Dr. Ganta Rajasekhar's academic qualifications and areas of interest in neurology. It then discusses approaches to evaluating headache, classifications of primary and secondary headache disorders, migraine pathogenesis and management, tension-type headache, and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Evaluation and treatment strategies for acute migraine, preventive migraine therapy, medication overuse headache, and special headache conditions are covered. Common questions in headache management are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of approaches to headache by Dr. Shivaom Chaurasia. It begins by defining headache and discussing common causes, which include primary headaches that often result in disability without an underlying organic disease, and secondary headaches that have a specific underlying cause like head trauma, vascular disorders, or nonvascular intracranial disorders. The document then examines the pathophysiology of headache, important aspects to cover in a headache history, potential investigations, management strategies for different headache types including migraine, tension, and cluster headaches, and indicators for referral to a neurologist.
"Decoding Headaches: A Comprehensive Approach with Dr. Ganesh"
🌟 Greetings, everyone! Dr. Ganesh here, and today we're going to unravel the intricate world of headaches. Whether you're a healthcare professional refining your skills or someone seeking answers to those persistent head pains, this discussion is tailored just for you.
This document summarizes information about different types of headaches, including their causes, characteristics, and treatment. It discusses primary headaches like tension-type headaches and migraines as well as secondary headaches caused by other medical issues. Diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and management strategies are provided for several common headache types. The document also covers complications, atypical facial pain, and rebound headaches that can arise from medication overuse.
This document provides an overview of headaches including migraine and tension headaches. It begins by defining headaches as pain in the head or neck region that originates from tissues surrounding the skull or brain. Headaches are then classified as either primary, which are benign and recurrent, or secondary, caused by underlying disease. Migraine is described as the most common primary headache, characterized by moderate to severe pulsating pain that worsens with activity and is often accompanied by nausea, sensitivity to light and sound. Diagnostic criteria for migraine with and without aura are outlined. Tension headaches are also common and involve mild to moderate pressing or tightening pain. Secondary headaches require further evaluation to identify their underlying cause.
This document provides an overview of headaches for optometrists. It discusses the prevalence and burden of common headaches like migraines and tension-type headaches. Migraines affect 12-15% of the population, especially women during their working lives, and cause significant disability. Tension-type headaches are also very common. The document reviews potential visual or ocular symptoms associated with different headache types and lists red flags that could indicate more serious underlying causes. It provides guidance on evaluating headaches, making a diagnosis, explaining the condition to the patient, and discussing appropriate management and treatment goals.
An altered mental status or level of consciousness requires determining the underlying cause. The initial approach involves assessing the ABCs, giving supplemental oxygen, checking glucose, and looking for signs of infection, trauma, or drugs. Further evaluation includes detailed history, physical exam focusing on vital signs and neurological status, and diagnostic testing of blood and imaging based on suspected etiologies like metabolic derangements, medications/toxins, infections, and structural brain issues. Treatment is directed at reversing or controlling the specific cause, such as treating seizures, lowering blood pressure in hypertensive encephalopathy, or giving antibiotics for infections.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
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This document discusses approaches to headache diagnosis and treatment. It defines different types of primary headaches like tension, migraine and cluster headaches. It also covers secondary headaches that can be caused by underlying conditions. The evaluation involves a thorough history, physical exam, and diagnostic tests depending on risk factors. Treatment differs based on whether the headache is primary or secondary, with the goal of identifying any serious underlying causes for secondary headaches.
This document provides an overview of the approach to evaluating a patient presenting with headache. It discusses classifying headaches as primary or secondary and identifying red flags that suggest an underlying condition. The evaluation involves taking a thorough history including description of pain, associated symptoms, aggravating/relieving factors, medications, and performing a neurological exam to identify potential causes and guide further investigation or treatment.
This document discusses headaches in children. It notes that headaches are a common complaint, with migraines and viral infections being common causes. It outlines challenges in diagnosis due to limited verbal abilities in young children. The document discusses the International Classification of Headache Disorders and differentiating between primary and secondary headaches. It provides details on history taking, clinical examination, indications for MRI/MRV/CT, and management approaches including non-pharmacological therapies and pharmacological therapies like ibuprofen, sumatriptan, and various prophylactic medications.
This document summarizes key points about evaluating and managing headaches in the emergency department setting. It discusses distinguishing between primary and secondary headaches, red flags to identify high-risk causes, appropriate use of imaging like CT scans and lumbar punctures, specific conditions like subarachnoid hemorrhage and meningitis, and antibiotic treatment for meningitis. Case examples are also provided to demonstrate history taking, exam, differential diagnosis, and management of headache patients.
Headaches are among the most common reasons patients seek medical attention. They can be primary, caused by conditions like migraines and tension-type headaches, or secondary, caused by underlying organic diseases. The International Headache Society classifies primary headaches into categories like migraines, tension-type, and cluster headaches. Secondary headaches have identifiable causes such as head trauma, vascular disorders, or brain tumors. Treatment involves managing symptoms for primary headaches or treating the underlying cause for secondary headaches.
This document provides an overview of headaches other than migraines. It begins by defining headaches and outlining pain-sensitive and pain-insensitive cranial structures. It describes the mechanisms of referred pain and important aspects to cover in a headache history and examination. The document then discusses the diagnostic steps for headaches, including excluding secondary headaches and determining the primary headache type. Several primary headache types are defined in detail, including tension-type headache, cluster headache, and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias such as cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania and SUNCT. Treatment approaches for various headache types are also summarized.
Headache in children -indexforpaediatrics.comdr-nagi
Headache is one of the commonest neurological symptoms in children and young people who are
referred to doctors. Headache refers to pain involving the orbits, forehead, scalp and temples but not
the face or neck. The primary headache includes chronic or recurrent headache and migraine. The
prevalence of chronic or recurrent headaches in children occur in 60-69% by the age of 7-9 years
and 75% by the age of 15 years. The prevalence of migraine in children is up to 28% of older
teenagers. The most serious cause of the secondary headache is brain tumor and the prevalence of
brain tumours in children is 3 per 100,000 per annum.
https://indexforpaediatrics.com
This document provides guidance on evaluating and approaching a case of headache presenting in an ophthalmology office. It begins by outlining the importance of headaches and various potential causes. It then discusses conducting a visual acuity check, medical history, and eye examination including tonometry and fundoscopy. Key points are made about differentiating primary from secondary headaches and evaluating for conditions like migraines, tension headaches, refractive errors, hypertension, and more. The document emphasizes the need to thoroughly evaluate for potential neurological or systemic issues causing secondary headaches.
An Approach to a Patient with HeadacheIJAZ HUSSAIN
This document provides an overview of the approach to headache by Doctor Ijaz Hussain. It begins with an introduction to headache and its classification. It then discusses the diagnostic approach to headache which involves taking a thorough history and conducting a physical exam. Key aspects of the history include duration, location, associated symptoms, and frequency of headaches. Red flags that indicate the need for further investigation are outlined. Common investigations and indications for scans are also reviewed. The document concludes by discussing the management of specific headache types like tension headaches, migraines, cluster headaches and temporal arteritis. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment options are presented.
This document provides an overview of approaches to headache. It begins with an introduction and classification of headaches as either primary or secondary. Common primary headaches include migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache. The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, investigations and management principles of headache. A thorough history and physical exam are important for diagnosis. Brain imaging may be indicated depending on headache characteristics or warning signs. Primary headaches are disorders that occur in the absence of an underlying cause, while secondary headaches have an identifiable cause like head trauma or tumors.
- Headaches are a common neurological problem and migraine is the most frequent diagnosis in patients presenting with headache.
- Migraines affect 12-15% of the population and are characterized by distinct phases including prodrome, aura, headache, and postdrome. Common triggers include stress, hormones, sleep disturbances, and foods.
- Tension-type headaches are also very common and present as mild to moderate bilateral headaches without other symptoms. Treatment involves analgesics and behavioral therapies.
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This document provides information on Dr. Ganta Rajasekhar's academic qualifications and areas of interest in neurology. It then discusses approaches to evaluating headache, classifications of primary and secondary headache disorders, migraine pathogenesis and management, tension-type headache, and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Evaluation and treatment strategies for acute migraine, preventive migraine therapy, medication overuse headache, and special headache conditions are covered. Common questions in headache management are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of approaches to headache by Dr. Shivaom Chaurasia. It begins by defining headache and discussing common causes, which include primary headaches that often result in disability without an underlying organic disease, and secondary headaches that have a specific underlying cause like head trauma, vascular disorders, or nonvascular intracranial disorders. The document then examines the pathophysiology of headache, important aspects to cover in a headache history, potential investigations, management strategies for different headache types including migraine, tension, and cluster headaches, and indicators for referral to a neurologist.
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This document summarizes information about different types of headaches, including their causes, characteristics, and treatment. It discusses primary headaches like tension-type headaches and migraines as well as secondary headaches caused by other medical issues. Diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and management strategies are provided for several common headache types. The document also covers complications, atypical facial pain, and rebound headaches that can arise from medication overuse.
This document provides an overview of headaches including migraine and tension headaches. It begins by defining headaches as pain in the head or neck region that originates from tissues surrounding the skull or brain. Headaches are then classified as either primary, which are benign and recurrent, or secondary, caused by underlying disease. Migraine is described as the most common primary headache, characterized by moderate to severe pulsating pain that worsens with activity and is often accompanied by nausea, sensitivity to light and sound. Diagnostic criteria for migraine with and without aura are outlined. Tension headaches are also common and involve mild to moderate pressing or tightening pain. Secondary headaches require further evaluation to identify their underlying cause.
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1. HOW DO I DIAGNOSE HEADACHE?
A clinical approach
Prof. Dr.B.P.SHELLEY MBBS,MD ,,FRCP Edin
DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY
YMC
2. Learning Objectives
At the conclusion of this CME, you should know:
• What are Primary and Secondary Headaches? (ICHD-HIS
classification) What Is and What Isn’t a Migraine?
• How to approach the headache patient ? (Systematic History,
Phenotypic symptoms profile & Examination)
• How to get an accurate diagnosis (Investigations) and
determine if headache is primary or secondary in origin?
• What are and How to look for the presence of Red flags?
(Secondary/Sinister headaches)
• What are the common primary headache disorders?
• Outline of management of Migraine
3. Personalities with Migraine
Carroll Lewis: Alice in Wonderland
Syndrome (AIWS)
Vincent Van Gogh-’Starry Nights’ painting;
St. Remy Asylum, France, 1889
Charles Darwin, Einstein, Julius Caesar, Napolean Bonaparte, Sigmund Freud,
Immanual Kant, Thomas Jefferson, JFK, Elvis Presley, Elizabeth Taylor
4. World Headache Awareness Month-September
American Headache Society
International Headache Society
European Headache Federation
World Headache Alliance
Journals: Headache; J Headache & Pain; Cephalalgia
IHS President: Prof Peter J Goadsby, Prof William Dodick
5. Introduction
• Headaches: ‘bread & butter’ of every physician and neurologist;
common, disabling problem; maybe intractable, medically refractory
• Over 300 different headache types and aetiologies - Headache
Specialist
• Primary Headaches (90%); Secondary Headaches (10%);
Differentiation is the most critical step
• Migraine and Tension-type headache (TTH) account for over 90% of
the primary headache disorders in clinical practice
• Dictum: Not to overlook a sinister cause for headache (Red Flags);
Red Flags: Aetiology; Diagnosis; Investigations
• Co morbidities of Migraine; Migraine Disability; Management Issues
• Systematic approach: History taking, Phenotypic symptoms, Red
flags, Headache diary, IHS-ICHD-2 criteria ‘cookbook’, Examination,
Investigations
7. General approach & Classification of headaches
Clinical Rules
• PRIMARY HEADACHES
• Idiopathic headaches
– THE HEADACHE IS ITSELF THE
DISEASE
– NO ORGANIC LESION IN THE
BACKGROUND (NO OTHER
CAUSATIVE DISORDER)
– TREAT THE HEADACHE!
– NO WARNING/SINISTER S/S
– NEUROIMAGING-NOT
REQUIRED
– Migraine, TTH, Mixed, CH;
MOH, CDH
• SECONDARY HEADACHES
• Symptomatic headaches
– THE HEADACHE IS ON LY A
SYMPTOM OF AN OTHER
UNDERLYING DISEASE (HEADACHE
OCCURING IN CLOSE TEMPORAL
RELATION TO ANOTHER DISORDER)
– HEENT, IIH-BIH, ICSOL, GCA-TA,
SDH, CVA,AVM,THS, Cervicogenic,
Posterior fossa lesions
– TREAT THE UNDERLYING DISEASE!
– RED FLAGS;
INVESTIGATIONS/NEUROIMAGING
REQUIRED
ICHD-2; Cephalalgia 2004 (IHS)
8. IHS Classification
Secondary Headaches
• Headache attributed to
– Head and/or neck trauma
– Vascular disorders (Stroke, AVM, SAH, CAD,CNS vasculitis)
– Non-vascular intracranial disorders (IIH-BIH, SIH, neoplasms, meningitis)
– Substance abuse or its withdrawal
– Infection (Non cephalic-Toxic headache)
– Metabolic disorders (Hypoxia, hypercarbia, hypoglycemia, sleep apnea-
OSA, hypothyroidism)
– Disorder of cranium neck, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, TMJ, mouth or
other facial or cranial structures (Cervical spine, Glaucoma, TMJ, HEENT
disorders)
– Headache attributed to a psychiatric disorder (somatization, psychotic
disorders)
– Cranial neuralgias and central causes of pain
(Trigeminal/Glossopharyngeal/Occipital neuralgias)
– Headache unspecified/not classified
11. ‘RED FLAG’ headaches
WARNING SYMPTOMS
• Worst headache ever
• First severe headache (sudden onset
headache)
• Worsening over days / weeks
• Abnormal neurologic examination
• Associated with fever; New onset
headache with underlying medical
condition
• Vomiting precedes headache
• Induced by bending, lifting, or
coughing
• Disturbs sleep or present on
awakening
• Onset after age 55
• Pain associated with localized
tenderness
SNOOP T
• Systemic symptoms (fever, weight loss)
• Secondary risk factors (cancer,
HIV/immunocompromised)
• Neurologic symptoms or abnormal signs
• Onset (i.e. new-onset chronic headache)
• Older patient (i.e. new headaches at age
>50 yrs)
• Previous headache different (i.e.
significant change in headache frequency
or clinical features)
• Positional component (i.e. increases
when upright)
• Provocative factors (precipitated by
coughing, exercise, sex)
• Triggered headache-by Valsalva activity,
or sexual intercourse
12.
13. History
The key to diagnosis
• History is all-important : No diagnostic tests for primary headache
• Headache description/Behaviour of Pain: Location, Intensity-Time
duration; onset (e.g., sudden, gradual), and quality (e.g., throbbing,
constant, intermittent, pressure-like); Frequency and VAS severity;
Worrisome Headache: SNOOP T; Prodrome, Aura, Headache, Post
headache phase; Headache diary; Drug history; Treatment response;
MOH; Lifestyle; Co-morbid psychopathology; Exacerbating and
remitting factors (e.g., head position, time of day, sleep, light, sounds,
physical activity, odors, chewing) are noted. Family history, MM,
MAM, HEENT, Systemic causes and secondary causes screening
(Alcohol-SDH/Cancer-Metastasis/LPs-spinal anesthesia/Endocrine-
obesity/drugs-IIH); Family & Social history
15. • Vomiting: Migraine, increased intracranial pressure
• Fever: Infection (eg, encephalitis, meningitis, sinusitis)
• Red eye, visual symptoms (halos, blurring): Acute narrow-angle
glaucoma
• Visual field deficits, diplopia, or blurring vision: Ocular migraine, brain
mass lesion, idiopathic intracranial hypertension
• Lacrimation and facial flushing: Cluster headache
• Rhinorrhea: Sinusitis
• Pulsatile tinnitus: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
• Preceding aura: Migraine
• Focal neurologic deficit: Encephalitis, meningitis, intracerebral
hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, tumor or other mass lesion
• Seizures: Encephalitis, tumor or other mass lesion
• Syncope at headache onset: Subarachnoid hemorrhage
• Myalgias, vision changes (people > 55 yr): Giant cell arteritis
16. Questions to Ask in Obtaining a Headache History
• Is this your first or worst headache? How bad is your pain on a scale of 1 to
10 (1 means not too bad, and 10 means very bad)? Do you have headaches
on a regular basis? Is this headache like the ones you usually have?
• What symptoms do you have before the headache starts? What symptoms
do you have during the headache? What symptoms do you have right now?
• When did this headache begin? How did it start (gradually, suddenly, other)?
• Where is your pain? Does the pain seem to spread to any other area? If so,
where?
• What kind of pain do you have (throbbing, stabbing, dull, other)?
• Do you have other medical problems? If so, what?
• Do you take any medicines? If so, what?
• Have you recently hurt your head or had a medical or dental procedure?
17. • M - Migraine
• M - Meningitis
• I - Increased Intracranial Pressure
• T - Tension Headache + Temporal Arteritis
• A - AV Malformations
• C - Cluster Headache
• H - Hypertension
• E - Eye Disorders (Refractory Errors + Glaucoma-red eye; haloes
around lights)
• S - Sinusitis + Sub-Arachnoid Hemorrhage + most Systemic illnesses
29. This is migraine
• Patients are
completely
symptom-free
between attacks
IHS Guidelines
30. A migraine attack: graphical profile
Aura
Vomiting
Time
(hrs)
Impact
Prodrome
Resolution
Postdrome
Headache
0 72
Vomiting precedes headache; non crescendo
Induced by bending, lifting, or coughing
Disturbs sleep or present on awakening
Prolonged aura > 60 min
31. Migraine ; Phenotypic symptoms
• Hemicrania (50%); Holocranial/Holocephalic
• Pulsatile; throbbing; Movement aggravation of headache
• Typical phases: Prodrome, Aura, Headache, Defervescence, Postdrome
• Nausea; vomiting; photo-phono-osmophobia
• Predictable headaches during menstrual cycles (MM/MAM), characteristic
premonitory symptoms such as tiredness, stiff neck, craving for sweets, and
yawning, characteristic triggers, abatement with sleep, positive family history
• Typical triggers: Hunger; lack of sleep; change in sleep patterns; mental or
physical overtiredness; unaccustomed exertion/exercise; travel; psychological
stressors, food-MSG (Chinese restaurant syndrome), beer, cheese, red wine,
chocolates, nuts, bananas, citrus fruits, fried food, meat preserved with
nitrites (sausage); environmental triggers-loud noise, bright/flickering lights,
strong perfume; weather changes; stuffy atmosphere, visual display units,
strong winds or extreme heat or cold
• Alleviating factors: sleep; vomiting; desire to lie down in a dark, quiet place
33. Tension-type headache
(TTH)
• Featureless headache; non throbbing, pressing, tightening in quality, ‘
squeezing pressure’; generalised headache
• Bilateral, Often tight band around head / fronto-occipital, Occipito-nuchal
location; Muscular tightness or stiffness in neck, occipital, and frontal regions
• Absence of symptoms- no photophonophobia, gastrointestinal symptoms
(anorexia, stress, anxiety, depression may be present); attacks not
worsened/aggravated by activity such as walking or climbing stairs
• No more than one of photophobia, phonophobia, or mild nausea (no
moderate or severe nausea nor vomiting)
• Mild to moderate intensity; not as disabling as migraine; lasts hours, less
frequently days
• Worse at the end of the day; Difficulty concentrating
• No prodrome; No aura
• Treatment: ASA/Paracetamol / TCA (Amitryptline 25-150mg/day)
34.
35.
36. 1. Nausea and vomiting if present, rules out the diagnosis of
tension type headache
2. 2Photophobia or phonophobia may be present while
presence of both symptoms is not allowed.
37. Pericranial myofascial mechanisms –pathophysiology in episodic TTH, whereas
sensitization of pain pathways in the central nervous system resulting from
prolonged nociceptive stimuli from pericranial myofascial tissues seems to be
responsible for the conversion of episodic to chronic TTH
Local Trigger Points (multiple pericranial) BTX-A injection (%U per site;
TD-25/75U) : efficacious in CTTH patients, Severe refractory Chronic
Migraine with MPS
44. Cluster headache
• Males; Suicide headache; periodicity (cluster bouts); nocturnal (alarm clock
headache); multiple bouts per day
• Shorter attack duration (<4 hours), typically 45 minutes to one hour
(definitely less than four hours)
• Daily nature of headaches often with multiple attacks daily (compared with
migraine with attacks occurring episodically but lasting days)
• Agitated behaviour of sufferers (running, pacing, sitting, body rocking) during
the attack (in contrast to a migraineur’s preference to avoid movement)
• Prominence of ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms with CH (which can
occur with migraine, but more rarely)
• Treatment: 100% oxygen (7-12L/min); 6mg Sumatriptan sc; Prednisolone
60mg X 5 days and taper/ Verapamil (240-969mg/day)
45.
46.
47. Medication Overuse Headache
Clinical features
Chronic daily headache> 15 days/mth
Regular intake for >3mths
Chronification of headache from intermittent, episodic pattern to near daily,
daily persistent headache; co morbidities of anxiety and depression
May differ depending on drug being overused:
Triptans- daily migrainous headache
Develops on using triptans for >/= 10days/mth
Analgesics- diffuse featureless headache
On using opiate or combination analgesics for > /= 10 days/month
On using simple analgesics for >/= 15 days /month
Treatment: Gradual withdrawal /Weaning and Avoid NSAIDs, triptans / Setting
strict limits on the use of NSAIDs/OTC/triptans/opoids/ Start
Preventive/Prophylactic treatment & Non drug treatments- Relaxation &
Biofeedback therapies, CBT
48. MOH CRITERIA
MORE ANALGESICS IS LESS
USEFUL: CLINICAL PARADOX
& DILEMMA OF ACUTE
TREATMENT
• ASA/Dolo > 5/week (15/mth)
• Triptans > 5/week
• Opiates >2 / week (> 1tablet
/day)
• Combination analgesics
(Ibugesic) >3/ day
(> 3 days/week)
49. Migraine & co-morbidities
• Migraine & CVS: Atrial septal defect; PFO; PFO with ASA; MVP;
Pulmonary AVM; increased stroke-platelet hyperaggregability ; Long QT
syndrome (channelopathies); Migraine and syncope; autonomic
dysfunction and POTS & Vasovagal syncope
• Migraine & CVA: PFO; Cervical artery dissection; Endotheliopathy
(polymorphisms from NOS3, EDN, and EDNRB); CADASIL; MELAS; APLA
syndrome; HHcy; Thrombophilia; Silent Brain Infarction; WMHIs;
Cerebellar infarcts (CAMERA study); Migraine specific drugs: Triptans &
Ergot Overuse
• Metabolic syndrome: Obesity-Migraine Link
53. • Psychiatrists and other mental health specialists should
familiarise themselves with the revised diagnostic criteria
for the various migraine subtypes. In common with people
with other neuropsychiatric disorders, patients with
migraine benefit most from treatment within the context
of a multidisciplinary team that includes neurologists,
psychiatrists and psychologists. Such a model facilitates
both improved diagnostic accuracy and a more
coordinated approach to treatment
54. Predisposing factors & triggers
(Migraine Lifestyle)
• Psychological factors : Stress or relief of stress; anxiety and depression and
extreme emotions such as anger or grief
• Food factors : Lack of food or infrequent meals; foods containing
monosodium glutamate, caffeine and tyramine; specific c foods such as
chocolate, citrus fruits and cheese and alcohol, especially red wine
• Sleep : Overtiredness (physical or mental); changes in sleep patterns such as
late nights, weekend lie-in, shift work or holidays or long-distance travel.
• Environmental factors : Loud noise, bright or flickering lights, strong perfume,
stuffy atmosphere, visual display units, strong winds or extreme heat or cold
• Health factors : Hormonal changes such as monthly periods, the combined
oral contraceptive pill, hormone replacement therapy or the menopause;
increased blood pressure; toothache or pain in the eyes, sinuses or neck or
unaccustomed physical activity.
57. Management of Migraine
• Pharmacological: Acute, abortive & Prophylactic/Preventive therapies
• Non Pharmacological: Lifestyle modification; Avoid trigger factors; relaxation
techniques and stress management (Biofeedback/CBT; TENS, Infrared laser
therapy; Acupuncture; I nvasive & Noninasive Neurostimulation-
Transcutaneous Supraorbital, supratrochlear, tVNS, Occipital nerve, TMS,
DBS-Thalamus, hypothalamus)
• Ask the patient to keep a diary to identify possible trigger factors, assess
headache frequency, severity and response to treatment
• Consider prophylaxis if the patient has frequent or very severe attacks
• Consider prophylaxis if the patient has four or more migraine attacks every
month or very severe attacks. Prophylactic treatment reduces attacks by
roughly 50%. Patients should try a drug for 2 months before deciding it is
ineffective. If a prophylactic drug is effective, the patient should continue
taking it for 4 – 6 months, then decrease the dose slowly before stopping
• 1st line: Beta blockers, TCA
• 2nd line: TPM, VP, SSRI, SNRI
• 3rd line: GBP, Methysergide
58. Migraine- preventive therapies
When to use?
• Frequent headaches >3-4/month
• Migraine significantly interferes with patient’s daily life
despite abortive treatment
• Acute/abortive therapies contra-indicated, ineffective, not
tolerated or OVERUSED
59. Pharmacological therapy
• Headache with MVP/HT/Anxiety/Panic attacks-beta blockers
• Headache with HT-Clonidine, Metoprolol
• Headache with GAD/Panic-Beta blockers
• Headache with depression/Social phobia/Myofascial pain
syndrome/FMS-SSRI, SNRI, TCA (Sleep patterns)
• Headache-Obesity (IIH/BIH)-TPM (Oesity)-Leptin-MetS-Migraine Link
• Headache; Gracile habitus; Decreased appetite; severe headache;
CDH-VP
• Headache with Epilepsy: AEDs- VP, TPM; GBP, Pregabalin, LEV
• Rx: Lifestyle Modification-Behavioural therapy/CBT/Biofeedback
therapy (Stress management; Relaxation); EMG biofeedback for TTH;
Botox
• Refractory Pr Headaches (Chronic Migraine & Cluster Headaches):
Neurostimulation-Occipital nerve & Supraorbital nerve stimulation;
Hypothalamic DBS
60. DRUGS PREGNANCY LACTATION
1st 2nd 3rd
Paracetamol, Aspirin,
NSAIDs
Y Y N Y [Premature closure of PDA;
Oligohydramnious, Decreased
platelet function/PPH, neonatal
bleeding]
Antiemetics (Stemetil,
Diligan, Domstal, Maxeron)
Y Y Y Maxeron, Domstal increased
lactation; Stemetil, Diligan -Y
Ergot N N N N [Decreased lactation; increased
uterine hypertonicity & increased
risk of miscarriage]
Triptans N N N N
Beta blockers N N N N [IUGR, fetal bradycardia,
decreased uterine contraction;
infant bradycardia, hypoglycemia]
TCA N N N Y
AEDs N N N Y [Valproate]; GBP safe in
pregnancy
Calcium Channel Blockers N N N Y [3rd trimester- tocolytic effects]
61.
62. DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
DICTUMS
High burden of headache- rational & cost effective
Majority of headaches- no need for diagnostic testing
No valid confirmatory laboratory diagnostic tests for primary headaches
Primary headaches- 90% Secondary headaches- 10%
Investigations- follow evidence based guidelines
Critical diagnostic tool- systematic headache history, physical &
neurological examination, working classification-IHS diagnostic criteria
63. Associated neurological findings
Presence of Red Flag symptoms
Atypical headache history; featureless headaches; headaches made worse
by head movement, jarring, coughing, sneezing, straining,positional
Reassurance - explain to patient WHY the scan is being done
64. When Don’t You Need to Get a Scan?
• Patient with established history of episodic headache
• Current headache is consistent with previous headaches or is consistent
with different manifestation of a primary headache
• Normal neurological exam
• No Red Flags
66. NEUROIMAGING- FRISHBERG STUDY (1994)
Abnormal CT/MRI in migraine
Total scans 897(100%)
Tumour 3 (0.3%)
AVM 1 (0.1%)
Abnormal CT/MRI in unspecified
headache
Total scans 1825(100%)
Tumour 21 (1%)
AVM 6 (0.3%)
H’cephalus 8 (0.4%)
Aneurysm 3 (0.2%)
SDH 5 (0.3%)
67. NEUROIMAGING
AAN PRACTICE GUIDELINES (1994)
“ In adult patients with recurrent headaches that have been defined as
migraine-including those with visual aura, with no recent change in
pattern, no history of seizures and no focal neurologic signs or
symptoms, the routine use of neuroimaging is not warranted. In
patients with atypical headache patterns, and/or a history of seizures,
or physical examination findings of focal neurologic signs or symptoms,
CT or MRI may be indicated ”
68. GOOD PRACTICE POINTS
o Neuroimaging is required for secondary headaches ( Gr C,level IV)
o Neuroimaging is generally not indicated for primary headaches ( Gr
B,level III)
o EEG is not a recommended test in the evaluation of headaches ( Gr
B,level III)
o Skull X-rays is not a recommended test in the evaluation of
headaches ( Gr B,level III)
o CSF test should be performed only for specific indications
( Gr C,level IV)
o Secondary headaches- should be referred to a specialist
69. NEUROIMAGING IN MIGRAINE
• HEADACHE associated with
Focal neurologic signs
Papilloedema, cognitive impairment, personality change
Seizures, systemic symptoms & abnormal physical findings
Meningeal signs
• Increases the likelihood of finding significant intracranial pathology by
neuroimaging studies
• Headaches precipitated by coughing, sneezing, bending forwards, early
morning or nocturnal, sub occipital headaches
• RED FLAGS
70. CT Vs MRI
o SAH
o ICH
o Posterior fossa tumour
o Cerebral venous thrombosis
o SDH, EDH
o Meningeal disease
o Cerebritis/abscesses
o Pituitary pathology
84. Copyright restrictions may apply.
Wityk, R. J. JAMA 2001;285:2757-2762.
Anatomy of Carotid Artery Dissection
Subintimal dissection
-stenosis
Mickey mouse ears:
expansion by hyperintense
hematoma of the outer
lumen of the artery
85. 37 year old after a motorcycle accident Sara Mazzucco, MD; and Nicolo`
87. Key points
• Headache is a common and challenging presentation in primary care
• Clinical Rule: Knowledge of phenotypic symptoms of primary
headaches and ‘Red flag’ headaches- SNOOP T, detailed history and
thorough examination
• Migraine Mimics: Structural lesions, such as vascular malformations,
can produce similar symptoms to migraine with aura: paraclinical
investigations are necessary in most patients with headache and focal
neurological symptoms.
• It is critical to distinguish serious, life threatening causes from more
benign, idiopathic or primary headache disorders
• Careful & comprehensive History is the key to making the accurate
diagnosis; Emphasis on Headache Diary; OTC analgesics-MOH
• Confirm or refute the suspected diagnosis with careful examination
• Specific treatments depend on the cause of the headache; Correct
headache diagnosis is the start of the headache treatment pathway