Drosophila melanogaster has one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY) a.pdf
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Drosophila melanogaster has one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY) and three pairs of autosomes, referred to as chromosomes II, III, and IV. A genetics student discovered a male fly with very short (sh) legs. Using this male, the student was able to establish a pure breeding stock of this mutant and found that it was recessive. She then incorporated the mutant into a stock containing the recessive gene black (b, body color located on chromosome II) and the recessive gene pink (p, eye color located on chromosome III). A female from the homozygous black, pink, short stock was then mated to a wild-type male. The F1 males of this cross were all wild type and were then backcrossed to the homozygous b, p, sh females. The F2 results appeared as shown in the following table. No other phenotypes were observed. Based on these results, the student was able to assign short to a linkage group (a chromosome). Which one was it? a. X chromosome b. chromosome II c. chromosome III d. chromosome IV Solution Image is not loading... upload the image in dropbox or google drive and paste the link in comment. I will answer the question.Categoryfemalesmaleswild6359122pink5865123black short5551106black pink short6960129.
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2014-sex-linkage.ppt
This document discusses sex linkage, sex determination, and sex chromosomes. It begins by defining sex linkage as the phenotypic expression of an allele related to an individual's chromosomal sex. Sex determination is defined as the biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. It then discusses several key topics:
- Eukaryotic chromosomes, including that most species are diploid and have homologous chromosome pairs.
- Sex chromosomes, which are the X and Y chromosomes. Females typically have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Evidence that supported the chromosome theory of inheritance, including Morgan's experiments with white-eyed Drosophila that demonstrated X-linked inheritance.
2014 sex-linkage
Sex linkage refers to the phenotypic expression of an allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of an individual. Sex determination is the biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Examples of sex determination mechanisms include genotypic sex determination, where sex is governed by genotype, and genic sex determination, which does not involve sex chromosomes.
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers.docx
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers
15.1 Mendelian Inheritance and chromosome theory______________________________
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan identified the first solid evidence associating a specific___gene_____ on a specific chromosome.
2. Why did Morgan choose Drosophila as his experimental organism? (List 3 reasons)
They reproduce quickly, a new generation of adults forms every two weeks!
Prolific (single matting = hundreds of offspring)
Only 4 chromosome pairs = simple genetics
3A. The normal phenotype for a character (phenotype most common in nature) is called___wild type_____.
3B. Provide at least two examples this phenotype in Drosophila.
Red eyes
gray body
4A. An alternative phenotype for a character (phenotype not common in nature) is called____mutant____.
4B. Provide at least two examples of this phenotype in Drosophila.
White eyes
Black body
5. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila that differed from the notation Mendel used to represent alleles. Describe how Morgan’s Drosophila characters are named and the symbol used for the allele type.
You can think of Morgan’s wild-type allele as equivalent to the dominant allele in Mendel’s naming system. And you can think of Morgan’s mutant allele as equivalent to Mendel’s recessive allele. So whenever you have one wild-type allele and one mutant allele, that organism will have the wild-type phenotype.
Mendel
Used the first letter of the dominant character name to represent the dominant allele. This letter was capitalized for the dominant allele, lower case for the recessive allele
Ex: purple flower allele dominant to white flower allele: P= dominant allele, p=recessive allele
Morgan
-Used the first letter of the mutant character name to represent the wild-type allele. The letter for the wild-type and mutant alleles are both lower case. The wild-type allele gets a + sign and the mutant does not.
Ex: red eye allele wild-type to white eye mutant: w+ = wild-type allele, w= recessive allele.
6. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila. Which of the following genotypes would produce a fly that is wild-type for eye color (red vs. white eyes)?
w+ w+
w+ w
w w
w+w+ and w+w
7. Morgan performed an experiment that yielded a 3:1 ratio of offspring in the F2 generation; however, only the males of this F2 generation had white eyes.
White- eye females DO EXIST, so why were only white-eye males observed in this cross?
Complete the following chart and describe why Morgan observed these results and how it allowed him to conclusively determine that the gene for eye color was located on the X chromosome.
Morgan’s experiment (see Figure 15.4) Use notation developed by Morgan and his students
If the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome….
P generation
Red eye Female genotype for eye color = w+w+
White eye Male genotype for eye color= w
F1 generatio.
crossing over.ppt
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, resulting in recombinant chromosomes. Morgan discovered crossing over, which leads to genetic variation and is important for evolution. Stern provided cytological evidence for crossing over in Drosophila, observing four offspring phenotypes resulting from the exchange of genes between broken and unbroken X chromosomes during female meiosis.
29 What is the phenotypic distribution for barredeye wild.pdf
2.9) What is the phenotypic distribution for barredeye, wild-type, and intermediate-eye in the F2
generation? Remember to also include information about the sex of the individuals. Identify the
homozygous, heterozygous, and hemizygous indivduals. Which phenotypes are observed in the
F2 that were not in the parental? 3) Dihybrid cross: The dark-bodied and rudimentary winged
genes are on two different autosomal chromosomes. We will use this cross to determine the ratios
of phenotypes in the F2 generation when there are two genes involved. 3.1) Use the following
symbols to write out the cross: Male: 8 Female: ? Dark body color: DB Wild-type body color: wt
Rudimentary wings: Rw Wild-type wings: wtRiw 3.2) What would the cross look like if we mated a
Dark-Bodied/Rudimentary winged (double mutant) male with a female that is wild type for both
traits? Place the sex of the individual (symbol) on the first set of lines and their respective
genotypes in the second set. Sex: Genotypes x 3.3) What are the gametes produced by either sex
in the parental generation? Place the symbol for sex on the first set of lines and write down the
gametes produced by that sex in the following set of lines, respectively. Sex:3.3) What are the
gametes produced by either sex in the parental generation? Place the symbol for sex on the first
set of lines and write down the gametes produced by that sex in the following set of lines,
respectively. Sex: Gametes produced: 3.4) Using the gametes that you produced from the
previous question, fill in the Punnet square and show the resulting offspring from the cross. Place
female gametes to the left of the Punnet square and male gametes above. 3.5) What phenotype
should the F1 offspring have? 3.6) What would the F1 cross look like if we mated a male F1 and a
female F1? Place the sex of the individual on the first set of lines and their respective genotypes in
the second set. Sex: Genotypes x 3.7) What are the gametes produced by either sex in the F1
generation? Place the symbol for sex on2.4) Using the gametes that you produced from the
previous question, fill in the Punnet square and show the resulting offspring from the cross. Place
female gametes to the left of the Punnet square and male gametes above. 2.5) What is the
phenotypic distribution for barredeye, wild-type, and intermediate-eye? Remember to also include
information about the sex of the individuals. Identify the homozygous, heterozygous, and
hemizygous indivduals. Why aren't there any wild-type females? 2.6) What would the F1 cross
look like if we mated a male F1 and a female F1? Place the sex (use the symbol) of the individual
on the first set of lines and their respective genotypes in the second set (the genotypes should
also refect the sex). Sex: Genotypes x 2.7) What are the gametes produced by either sex in the F1
generation? Place the genotypes (these genotypes should display the sex and the trait we are
studying) on the first set of lines and write down the gamet.
Sex Linkage-Unique Heritage
This presentation intends to explore the sex-linked characters along with some fatal diseases of human beings, their cause, consequences and other issues.
sex linked inheritance
The document discusses sex-linked inheritance in humans and other species. Some key points:
- Sex-linked traits are determined by genes on the sex chromosomes (X in humans). Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Early work by Thomas Hunt Morgan in fruit flies established the first sex-linked trait (white eyes in males) and showed inheritance from father to daughter to grandson.
- Common human examples are color blindness and hemophilia, which are X-linked recessive traits mostly seen in males. Hemophilia is passed from carrier mothers to some sons.
- Genes on the Y chromosome in humans and the non-homologous region of the
GENETICAL PROOF OF CROSSING OVER OF FOUR STRANDED STAGE.pptx
This document summarizes an experiment that provides genetic proof of crossing over occurring at the four-stranded stage in meiosis. The experiment, conducted by Curt Stern in 1931 using Drosophila, demonstrated that crossing over involves the interchange of parts between homologous chromosomes. Stern analyzed phenotypes resulting from crossing over between genes for eye shape and eye color located on the X chromosome. He observed recombinant offspring with novel combinations of traits, proving that genetic material was exchanged between non-sister chromatids during meiosis I prophase.
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2014-sex-linkage.ppt
This document discusses sex linkage, sex determination, and sex chromosomes. It begins by defining sex linkage as the phenotypic expression of an allele related to an individual's chromosomal sex. Sex determination is defined as the biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. It then discusses several key topics:
- Eukaryotic chromosomes, including that most species are diploid and have homologous chromosome pairs.
- Sex chromosomes, which are the X and Y chromosomes. Females typically have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Evidence that supported the chromosome theory of inheritance, including Morgan's experiments with white-eyed Drosophila that demonstrated X-linked inheritance.
2014 sex-linkage
Sex linkage refers to the phenotypic expression of an allele that is related to the chromosomal sex of an individual. Sex determination is the biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Examples of sex determination mechanisms include genotypic sex determination, where sex is governed by genotype, and genic sex determination, which does not involve sex chromosomes.
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers.docx
Study Guide Chapter 15 -Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance-Answers
15.1 Mendelian Inheritance and chromosome theory______________________________
1. Thomas Hunt Morgan identified the first solid evidence associating a specific___gene_____ on a specific chromosome.
2. Why did Morgan choose Drosophila as his experimental organism? (List 3 reasons)
They reproduce quickly, a new generation of adults forms every two weeks!
Prolific (single matting = hundreds of offspring)
Only 4 chromosome pairs = simple genetics
3A. The normal phenotype for a character (phenotype most common in nature) is called___wild type_____.
3B. Provide at least two examples this phenotype in Drosophila.
Red eyes
gray body
4A. An alternative phenotype for a character (phenotype not common in nature) is called____mutant____.
4B. Provide at least two examples of this phenotype in Drosophila.
White eyes
Black body
5. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila that differed from the notation Mendel used to represent alleles. Describe how Morgan’s Drosophila characters are named and the symbol used for the allele type.
You can think of Morgan’s wild-type allele as equivalent to the dominant allele in Mendel’s naming system. And you can think of Morgan’s mutant allele as equivalent to Mendel’s recessive allele. So whenever you have one wild-type allele and one mutant allele, that organism will have the wild-type phenotype.
Mendel
Used the first letter of the dominant character name to represent the dominant allele. This letter was capitalized for the dominant allele, lower case for the recessive allele
Ex: purple flower allele dominant to white flower allele: P= dominant allele, p=recessive allele
Morgan
-Used the first letter of the mutant character name to represent the wild-type allele. The letter for the wild-type and mutant alleles are both lower case. The wild-type allele gets a + sign and the mutant does not.
Ex: red eye allele wild-type to white eye mutant: w+ = wild-type allele, w= recessive allele.
6. Morgan and his students invented a notation to symbolize alleles in Drosophila. Which of the following genotypes would produce a fly that is wild-type for eye color (red vs. white eyes)?
w+ w+
w+ w
w w
w+w+ and w+w
7. Morgan performed an experiment that yielded a 3:1 ratio of offspring in the F2 generation; however, only the males of this F2 generation had white eyes.
White- eye females DO EXIST, so why were only white-eye males observed in this cross?
Complete the following chart and describe why Morgan observed these results and how it allowed him to conclusively determine that the gene for eye color was located on the X chromosome.
Morgan’s experiment (see Figure 15.4) Use notation developed by Morgan and his students
If the gene for eye color is located on the X chromosome….
P generation
Red eye Female genotype for eye color = w+w+
White eye Male genotype for eye color= w
F1 generatio.
crossing over.ppt
Crossing over occurs during meiosis when non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, resulting in recombinant chromosomes. Morgan discovered crossing over, which leads to genetic variation and is important for evolution. Stern provided cytological evidence for crossing over in Drosophila, observing four offspring phenotypes resulting from the exchange of genes between broken and unbroken X chromosomes during female meiosis.
29 What is the phenotypic distribution for barredeye wild.pdf
2.9) What is the phenotypic distribution for barredeye, wild-type, and intermediate-eye in the F2
generation? Remember to also include information about the sex of the individuals. Identify the
homozygous, heterozygous, and hemizygous indivduals. Which phenotypes are observed in the
F2 that were not in the parental? 3) Dihybrid cross: The dark-bodied and rudimentary winged
genes are on two different autosomal chromosomes. We will use this cross to determine the ratios
of phenotypes in the F2 generation when there are two genes involved. 3.1) Use the following
symbols to write out the cross: Male: 8 Female: ? Dark body color: DB Wild-type body color: wt
Rudimentary wings: Rw Wild-type wings: wtRiw 3.2) What would the cross look like if we mated a
Dark-Bodied/Rudimentary winged (double mutant) male with a female that is wild type for both
traits? Place the sex of the individual (symbol) on the first set of lines and their respective
genotypes in the second set. Sex: Genotypes x 3.3) What are the gametes produced by either sex
in the parental generation? Place the symbol for sex on the first set of lines and write down the
gametes produced by that sex in the following set of lines, respectively. Sex:3.3) What are the
gametes produced by either sex in the parental generation? Place the symbol for sex on the first
set of lines and write down the gametes produced by that sex in the following set of lines,
respectively. Sex: Gametes produced: 3.4) Using the gametes that you produced from the
previous question, fill in the Punnet square and show the resulting offspring from the cross. Place
female gametes to the left of the Punnet square and male gametes above. 3.5) What phenotype
should the F1 offspring have? 3.6) What would the F1 cross look like if we mated a male F1 and a
female F1? Place the sex of the individual on the first set of lines and their respective genotypes in
the second set. Sex: Genotypes x 3.7) What are the gametes produced by either sex in the F1
generation? Place the symbol for sex on2.4) Using the gametes that you produced from the
previous question, fill in the Punnet square and show the resulting offspring from the cross. Place
female gametes to the left of the Punnet square and male gametes above. 2.5) What is the
phenotypic distribution for barredeye, wild-type, and intermediate-eye? Remember to also include
information about the sex of the individuals. Identify the homozygous, heterozygous, and
hemizygous indivduals. Why aren't there any wild-type females? 2.6) What would the F1 cross
look like if we mated a male F1 and a female F1? Place the sex (use the symbol) of the individual
on the first set of lines and their respective genotypes in the second set (the genotypes should
also refect the sex). Sex: Genotypes x 2.7) What are the gametes produced by either sex in the F1
generation? Place the genotypes (these genotypes should display the sex and the trait we are
studying) on the first set of lines and write down the gamet.
Sex Linkage-Unique Heritage
This presentation intends to explore the sex-linked characters along with some fatal diseases of human beings, their cause, consequences and other issues.
sex linked inheritance
The document discusses sex-linked inheritance in humans and other species. Some key points:
- Sex-linked traits are determined by genes on the sex chromosomes (X in humans). Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y chromosome.
- Early work by Thomas Hunt Morgan in fruit flies established the first sex-linked trait (white eyes in males) and showed inheritance from father to daughter to grandson.
- Common human examples are color blindness and hemophilia, which are X-linked recessive traits mostly seen in males. Hemophilia is passed from carrier mothers to some sons.
- Genes on the Y chromosome in humans and the non-homologous region of the
GENETICAL PROOF OF CROSSING OVER OF FOUR STRANDED STAGE.pptx
This document summarizes an experiment that provides genetic proof of crossing over occurring at the four-stranded stage in meiosis. The experiment, conducted by Curt Stern in 1931 using Drosophila, demonstrated that crossing over involves the interchange of parts between homologous chromosomes. Stern analyzed phenotypes resulting from crossing over between genes for eye shape and eye color located on the X chromosome. He observed recombinant offspring with novel combinations of traits, proving that genetic material was exchanged between non-sister chromatids during meiosis I prophase.
FLIES
1) This experiment uses statistical analysis of genetic crosses in fruit flies to determine the chromosomal location of two genes - ebony bodies and scarlet eyes.
2) Reciprocal crosses were set up between ebony and scarlet flies, and the offspring from these crosses were self-crossed to generate an F2 generation.
3) It was hypothesized that the two mutations are located on the same autosomal chromosome based on their traits being inherited together in the F2 generation.
Ps2
This document contains 9 problems regarding polygenic inheritance, sex-linked genes, Y-linked genes, sex-influenced traits, sex-limited traits, and pedigree analysis. The problems involve determining genotypes and phenotypes from genetic crosses and family pedigrees related to traits such as kernel color, color vision, baldness, feathering, and dental abnormalities. The student is asked to show work and provide boxed final answers.
sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Sex determination and nondisjunction
Sex determination in humans and many other mammals is genetic, with the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determining maleness or femaleness. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop into testes rather than ovaries. In birds and some fish, the ZW sex determination system is used instead of XY, with females being ZW and males ZZ. Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes and can be inherited in sex-specific patterns. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis can sometimes result in individuals with abnormal sex chromosome complements.
Drosophila melanogester
Drosophila melanogaster has been extensively studied for over a century as a model organism for genetic investigations
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of exper.docx
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of experiments. Mendel worked by carefully observing and recording traits in successive generations of plants. Knowledge about DNA and chromosomes came later.
This lab will apply genetic laws to human inheritance using Punnett squares.
Recall that DNA is wound tightly into chromosomes. Cells with only one set of chromosomes, such as sex cells, are
haploid
. When two haploid cells fuse during fertilization, a diploid zygote with two full sets of chromosomes is formed. Most cells of a mature individual are diploid.
Homologous chromosomes
have the same genes, but they might have different versions (
alleles
) of those genes.
Diploid
cells have two alleles for each gene. These alleles might be identical (gene A) or different (gene B). Each gene’s
locus
is its location on a chromosome.
Human traits come through dominant or recessive inheritance. For example, the cystic fibrosis traits carried by a dominant allele are always expressed, even if the recessive gene is present (FF or Ff). The recessive is only expressed when two copies of the recessive allele are present (ff).
Mother: Healthy carrier
F
f
Father: Healthy carrier
F
FF
Healthy non-carrier
Ff
Healthy carrier
f
Ff
Healthy carrier
FF
Affected
Human gender is carried on the X and Y chromosomes. Females are XX and males are XY. Heredity traits such as color blindness, which is the inability to distinguish among some colors, are carried on the X chromosome (X
c
). The presence of one normal X
C
will allow normal vision.
In this next set of exercises, you will determine the genotypes of the parents by considering the inheritance patterns of traits in their children. The following is a table of the phenotypes of the family members:
Phenotype
Alleles
Parents
Mother
Not color blind
Freckles
Type B blood
X
c
X
C
Ff
I
B
i
Father
Color blind
No freckles
Type A blood
X
c
Y
Ff
I
A
i
Children
Abby
Color blind
Freckles
X
c
X
c
Ff or ff
Brady
Not color blind
No freckles
X
C
Y
ff
Carly
Not color blind
No freckles
X
c
X
C
ff
Dennis
Color blind
Freckles
X
c
Y
Ff or ff
Exercise 1: Color Blindness
Using the alleles XC (not color blind) and Xc (color blind), distribute the gametes from each parent to the outside of the Punnett square. Drag and drop the child with the correct phenotype to the box within the Punnett square that has the corresponding genotype that would occur from the fusion of egg and sperm as indicated by your placement of the gametes.
Exercise 2: Freckles
Freckles are groups of cells on the skin that produce the pigment melanin, often in response to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. The gene for freckles is inherited in a dominant/recessive pattern. A person carrying even a single copy of the dominant allele (F) will have freckles. A person who is homozygous recessive (ff) will have no freckles.
Using the alleles F (freckles) and f (no freckles), distribute the gametes from each parent to the outside of the Punne.
physical basis of heridity
Heredity or Hereditary is the process of passing the traits and characteristics from parents to offsprings.
The offspring cells get their features and characteristics aka genetic information from their mother and father.
Pedigree analysis
This document discusses pedigree analysis in humans. It explains that pedigree analysis involves tracing traits or disorders through family trees to determine patterns of inheritance. The document outlines different patterns seen in pedigrees for autosomal recessive disorders, autosomal dominant disorders, X-linked recessive disorders, and X-linked dominant disorders. It also provides examples like phenylketonuria (PKU), achondroplasia, hemophilia, and testicular feminization syndrome. The document notes that while Mendelian ratios are not always seen in single families due to small sample sizes, pedigree analysis can still reveal inheritance patterns.
Genetics-and-Heredity-Intro-
Genetics is the science of heredity, or how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes. Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1800s laid the foundations for genetics by demonstrating that traits are inherited in predictable patterns depending on whether genes are dominant or recessive. The basic principles of inheritance that Mendel discovered include that each parent contributes half of the offspring's genes, and that dominant traits mask recessive traits. Genetic inheritance can be represented using Punnett squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
2- In Drosophila- a cross was made between females - all expressing th.docx
In a cross between female flies expressing three X-linked recessive traits (scute bristles, sable body, and vermillion eyes) and wild-type males, all F1 generation females were wild-type while males expressed all three mutations. Analysis of over 1000 F2 generation offspring found deviations from expected numbers of double crossovers, suggesting the genes are arranged in a specific order along the X chromosome with some interference between crossovers.
Sex determination in plants
This document summarizes a case study on sex determination mechanisms in the dioecious plant species Salix viminalis (basket willow). The study involved crossing four female and four male plants in different combinations to observe sex ratios in the offspring. Several crosses showed significant deviations from a 1:1 sex ratio, with some being female-biased and others male-biased. Germination rates were generally high and did not explain the skewed sex ratios. The document discusses possible mechanisms for the biased sex ratios observed, such as meiotic drive, gametic selection, or cytoplasmic sex ratio disorders, but concludes that the exact mechanism in S. viminalis remains unclear based on the results of this study.
Answer the following questions1. Given the following matings, w
Answer the following questions:
1. Given the following matings, what are the predicted genotypes and genotypic ratios of the offspring?
a) Aa X aa
b) Aa X Aa
c) AA X Aa
2. Wet ear wax (W) is dominant over dry ear wax (w)
a) A 3:1 phenotypic ratio of F1 progeny indicates that the parents are of what genotype?
b) A 1:1 phenotypic ratio of F1 progeny indicates that the parents are of what genotype?
3. A woman is heterozygous for two genes. How many different types of gametes can she produce, and in what proportions?
4. The following diagram shows a hypothetical diploid cell:
The recessing allele for albinism is represented by a, and d represents the recessive allele for deafness. The normal alleles are represented by A and D, respectively.
a) According to the principle of segregation, what is segregating in these cells?
b) According to Mendel’s principle of independent assortment, what is independently assorting in these cells?
c) How many chromatids are in this cell?
d) Write a genotype of the individual from which this cell was taken.
e) What is the phenotype of this individual?
f) What stage of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) is represented by this cell?
g) After meiosis is complete, how many chromatids and chromosomes will be present in one of the four progeny cells?
5. Draw the following simple pedigree. A man and a woman have three children: a daughter, then two sons. The daughter marries and has monozygotic twin girls (identical twins). The youngest son in generation II is affected with albinism. (Use proper pedigree symbols; draw, scan and add picture to document; do not submit picture independently).
6. A man with blood type A and a women with blood type B have three children. A daughter with AB and two sons, one with type B and one with type O blood. What are the genotypes of the parents?
...
• Sexual orientation is often framed on a binary-gay OR straight; ho.pdf
• Sexual orientation is often framed on a binary-gay OR straight; homosexual OR heterosexual.
Why can sexual orientation be thought of as a continuum?
Solution
Sexual orientation is a psychological or physiological understanding of sexuality in humans.It is
thought of as a continuum as it undergoes a gradual transition from heterosexuality to
homosexuality.There could exist sexual attraction towards opposite sex (heterosexual)
exclusively at one end or attraction towards same sex (homosexual) exclusively at the other end..
You will need to develop a system that can track employee informatio.pdf
You will need to develop a system that can track employee information for two Organizations
(such as Google and Microsoft). The Employee information you must track is as follows:
Name
Gender
Job Title
Organization they work for
Birthday
As for the Organization that the Employee works for, you must also track this information:
Organization Name
Number of Employees
The system must be able to properly compare any two employees against each other to determine
if they are the same Employee. This means that if you compared two Employees with the same
Name, Gender, Birthday and Organization, the system should think that they are equal to one
another. If any of these properties are different, then the two Employees are not the same
Employee.
The same rules apply to comparing Organizations to one another. Organizations with the same
Organization name are to be thought of as equal, different names means different organizations.
Use the charts on the next page to create your classes.
Employee
private String name;
private String gender;
private String jobTitle;
private Organization organization;
private String birthDate;
Employee(String theName, String theGender,
String title, Organization org,
String theBirthDate)
<>
String getName()
String getGender()
String getJobTitle()
Organization getOrganization()
String getBirthDate()
String toString()
boolean equals(Employee other)
<>
void changeJobTitle (String newTitle)
void changeName(String newName)
void changeOrganization(Organization org)
Organization
private String organizationName;
private int numEmployees;
Organization(String name, int employees)
<>
String getOrganizationName()
int getNumEmployees()
String toString()
boolean equals(Organization other)
<>
void changeOrganizationName(String newName)
*****NOTE: All constructors and methods should be public. *****
*Note: There is a zip file listed that has a starts for each of the classes that are required. They are
located in the source file and you will also find a test file for the program.
STARTER CODE - EMPLOYEE
public class Employee
{
}
STARTER CODE - ORGANIZATION
/**
* Organization.java
*
* @author - Jane Doe
* @author - Period n
* @author - Id nnnnnnn
*
* @author - I received help from ...
*
*/
public class Organization
{
}
TESTER CODE
/**
* This class tests the Employee and Organization classes.
*/
public class Tester
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee emp1 = new Employee(\"Sally Brown\", \"Female\", \"Vice President\",
new Organization(\"Google\", 5500), \"11-11-1969\");
System.out.println(emp1);
System.out.println();
System.out.println(\"Name should be Sally Brown and is \" + emp1.getName());
System.out.println(\"Gender should be Female and is \" + emp1.getGender());
System.out.println(\"Job title should be Vice President and is \" + emp1.getJobTitle());
System.out.println(\"Birth date should be 11-11-1969 and is \" + emp1.getBirthDate());
System.out.println(\"Organization should be Google and is \"
+ emp1.getOrganization().getOr.
You heated the samples containing your cheek cells. Think carefully .pdf
You heated the samples containing your cheek cells. Think carefully about where this DNA was
packaged in your cells, and what high temperatures usually do to enzyme structure and function.
(Hint: Lysosomes contain enzymes known as DNAses!) What functions do you think these high
temperature incubations served in your DNA extractions?
Solution
The DNA is present in the nucleus of the cell, i.e. enclosed in the nuclear membrane. At high
temperatures, the membrane of organelles is break-down. The breakup of lysosomal membrane
result in leakage of lysosomal enzymes, which break down the other organelles. But at higher
temperatures, these enzymes become functionally inactive as they become denatured upon
exposure to higher temperatures. So, the DNAases cannot break down DNA, and it can be
extracted out..
write at least 3 virulence factors for staph, strep A, strep B, .pdf
write at least 3 virulence factors for staph, strep A, strep B, strep D, pneumococcus, Nisseria
Meningo, nisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus
write at least 3 virulence factors for staph, strep A, strep B, strep D, pneumococcus, Nisseria
Meningo, nisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus
write at least 3 virulence factors for staph, strep A, strep B, strep D, pneumococcus, Nisseria
Meningo, nisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus
Solution
Staphylococcus expresses many potential virulence factors. They are :
(1) surface proteins that induces colonization of host tissues
(2) invasins that helps in bacterial spread in tissues (leukocidin, kinases, hyaluronidase);
(3) surface factors that resist phagocytic engulfment (capsule, Protein A);
(4) biochemical properties that increase their chance of survival in phagocytes (carotenoids,
catalase production);
(5) immunological disguises like Protein A, coagulase;
(6) membrane-damaging toxins that lyse eucaryotic cell membranes (hemolysins,leukotoxin,
leukocidin;
(7) exotoxins that destroy host tissues or provoke symptoms of disease (SEA-G, TSST, ET);
(8) inherent and acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus) expresses the following virulence factors :
(1) M protein, fibronectin-binding protein (Protein F) and lipoteichoic acid that help in adherence
(2) hyaluronic acid capsule which acts as an immunological disguise and inhibits phagocytosis;
(3) invasins such as streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), hyaluronidase, and streptolysins;
(4) exotoxins, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin which forms the rash of scarlet fever and
systemic toxic shock syndrome.
Streptococcus agalactiae ( Group B streptococcus ) expresses the following virulence factors :
(1) capsular polysaccharides, which confer serotype specificity to GBS
(2) C proteins and other related surface proteins
(3) Pilins function as adhesins, promote CNS entry, and enhance biofilm formation
(4) a pore-forming toxin, -hemolysin, that today is considered identical to the GBS pigment
Group D Streptococci have been reclassified and placed in the genus Enterococcus. The
virulence factors are :
(i) adherence to host tissues facilitated by aggregation substance, surface carbohydrates, or
fibronectin-binding moieties
(ii) invasion and abscess formation,
(iii) factors potentially relevant to modulation of host inflammatory responses,
(iv) potentially toxic secreted products
(v) Extracellular toxins such as cytolysin can induce tissue damage
The pneumococcus virulence factors are :
(1) the choline-binding proteins;
(2) pneumococcal surface proteins A and C (PspA and PspC);
(3) the LPXTG-anchored neuraminidase proteins; hyaluronate lyase (Hyl);
(4) pneumococcal adhesion and virulence A (PavA);
(5) enolase (Eno); pneumolysin; autolysin A (LytA)
The virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis are :
(1) Capsules whose presence provide resistance against antibody, complement-mediated, or
phagocytic destruction by the host i.
Why have rodents been spectacularly successful What role do you thi.pdf
Why have rodents been spectacularly successful? What role do you think human activity has
played in their success over the last 500 years?
Please answer the question fully and correctly.
Solution
because they are cosmopolitan in distribution, exploit a broad spectrum of food and out number
all other mammals. When humans ceased to be hunter gatherers and instead became farmers,
their lives and those of rats became intimately connected. Humans learned to grow and store
grain, and rats learned it was easier to feed off these stores than to fend for themselves. They also
discovered that human dwellings provided excellent shelter from the elements..
Who writes the ethical codeSolutionThe Code of Ethics states .pdf
Who writes the ethical code?
Solution
The Code of Ethics states the principles and expectations governing the behavior of individuals
and organizations in the conduct of internal auditing. It describes the minimum requirements for
conduct, and behavioral expectations rather than specific activities.
A business owner writes the ethical code..
Which of these studies might be analyzed with a correlationThe wh.pdf
Which of these studies might be analyzed with a correlation?
The which group has a higher reading comprehension level…dyslexic children versus ADHD
(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) children
The amount of religious commitment and frequency of attendance at religious services
The number of doctor visits and income level
The soft drink preferences of college students
Solution.
Which of the following statements about instant messaging is incorre.pdf
Which of the following statements about instant messaging is incorrect?
A. No capability for scripting
B. Can bypass corporate firewalls
C. Lack of encryption
D. Insecure password management
Solution
A. Instant messaging (IM) has the capability for scripting, which is one reason it is dangerous for
the organization. Answers B, C, and D do not properly answer the question because they are all
reasons why IM is vulnerable. IM can bypass corporate firewalls, most versions lack encryption,
and IM uses insecure password management.
Which of the following is not a property of a normal curve A. Bell .pdf
Which of the following is not a property of a normal curve? A. Bell Shaped B. Symmetrical to
the mean C. Intersects the horizontal axis D. Contains two inflection points
Solution
It is
OPTION C: Intersects the horizontal axis.
****************
It does not intersect the horizontal axis; in fact, it is asymptotic to it; it draws closer and closer,
but it never touches the axis..
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular What tissue.pdf
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular
Solution
The epithelial tissue do not receive vascular supply, so they are avascular. It is polar because it
contains apical, lateral and basal membrane domains.
The epithelial tissues form the sheet like outer covering of the body surfaces and provide
protection to the organs. One surface of this epithelial tissue is not bound to anything and
produces glandular secretions, also involved in absorption process.
The characteristics of the epithelial tissues include the following:
1). Cells undergo frequent cell division
2). Lack of blood vessels
3). Cells are tightly packed by cell junctions..
More Related Content
Similar to Drosophila melanogaster has one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY) a.pdf
FLIES
1) This experiment uses statistical analysis of genetic crosses in fruit flies to determine the chromosomal location of two genes - ebony bodies and scarlet eyes.
2) Reciprocal crosses were set up between ebony and scarlet flies, and the offspring from these crosses were self-crossed to generate an F2 generation.
3) It was hypothesized that the two mutations are located on the same autosomal chromosome based on their traits being inherited together in the F2 generation.
Ps2
This document contains 9 problems regarding polygenic inheritance, sex-linked genes, Y-linked genes, sex-influenced traits, sex-limited traits, and pedigree analysis. The problems involve determining genotypes and phenotypes from genetic crosses and family pedigrees related to traits such as kernel color, color vision, baldness, feathering, and dental abnormalities. The student is asked to show work and provide boxed final answers.
sex determination
Sex determination is the process by which an organism develops as male or female. It can be identified by morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics. Historically it was determined based on primary and secondary sex characteristics, but scientific study began after the discovery of sex chromosomes in 1902. There are two main theories of sex determination - genetic theories involving sex chromosomes and physiological theories related to metabolic differences. In most species, including humans, the presence of two X chromosomes determines female development while one X and one Y chromosome determines male development.
Sex determination and nondisjunction
Sex determination in humans and many other mammals is genetic, with the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determining maleness or femaleness. The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop into testes rather than ovaries. In birds and some fish, the ZW sex determination system is used instead of XY, with females being ZW and males ZZ. Genes located on the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes and can be inherited in sex-specific patterns. Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes during meiosis can sometimes result in individuals with abnormal sex chromosome complements.
Drosophila melanogester
Drosophila melanogaster has been extensively studied for over a century as a model organism for genetic investigations
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of exper.docx
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of experiments. Mendel worked by carefully observing and recording traits in successive generations of plants. Knowledge about DNA and chromosomes came later.
This lab will apply genetic laws to human inheritance using Punnett squares.
Recall that DNA is wound tightly into chromosomes. Cells with only one set of chromosomes, such as sex cells, are
haploid
. When two haploid cells fuse during fertilization, a diploid zygote with two full sets of chromosomes is formed. Most cells of a mature individual are diploid.
Homologous chromosomes
have the same genes, but they might have different versions (
alleles
) of those genes.
Diploid
cells have two alleles for each gene. These alleles might be identical (gene A) or different (gene B). Each gene’s
locus
is its location on a chromosome.
Human traits come through dominant or recessive inheritance. For example, the cystic fibrosis traits carried by a dominant allele are always expressed, even if the recessive gene is present (FF or Ff). The recessive is only expressed when two copies of the recessive allele are present (ff).
Mother: Healthy carrier
F
f
Father: Healthy carrier
F
FF
Healthy non-carrier
Ff
Healthy carrier
f
Ff
Healthy carrier
FF
Affected
Human gender is carried on the X and Y chromosomes. Females are XX and males are XY. Heredity traits such as color blindness, which is the inability to distinguish among some colors, are carried on the X chromosome (X
c
). The presence of one normal X
C
will allow normal vision.
In this next set of exercises, you will determine the genotypes of the parents by considering the inheritance patterns of traits in their children. The following is a table of the phenotypes of the family members:
Phenotype
Alleles
Parents
Mother
Not color blind
Freckles
Type B blood
X
c
X
C
Ff
I
B
i
Father
Color blind
No freckles
Type A blood
X
c
Y
Ff
I
A
i
Children
Abby
Color blind
Freckles
X
c
X
c
Ff or ff
Brady
Not color blind
No freckles
X
C
Y
ff
Carly
Not color blind
No freckles
X
c
X
C
ff
Dennis
Color blind
Freckles
X
c
Y
Ff or ff
Exercise 1: Color Blindness
Using the alleles XC (not color blind) and Xc (color blind), distribute the gametes from each parent to the outside of the Punnett square. Drag and drop the child with the correct phenotype to the box within the Punnett square that has the corresponding genotype that would occur from the fusion of egg and sperm as indicated by your placement of the gametes.
Exercise 2: Freckles
Freckles are groups of cells on the skin that produce the pigment melanin, often in response to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. The gene for freckles is inherited in a dominant/recessive pattern. A person carrying even a single copy of the dominant allele (F) will have freckles. A person who is homozygous recessive (ff) will have no freckles.
Using the alleles F (freckles) and f (no freckles), distribute the gametes from each parent to the outside of the Punne.
physical basis of heridity
Heredity or Hereditary is the process of passing the traits and characteristics from parents to offsprings.
The offspring cells get their features and characteristics aka genetic information from their mother and father.
Pedigree analysis
This document discusses pedigree analysis in humans. It explains that pedigree analysis involves tracing traits or disorders through family trees to determine patterns of inheritance. The document outlines different patterns seen in pedigrees for autosomal recessive disorders, autosomal dominant disorders, X-linked recessive disorders, and X-linked dominant disorders. It also provides examples like phenylketonuria (PKU), achondroplasia, hemophilia, and testicular feminization syndrome. The document notes that while Mendelian ratios are not always seen in single families due to small sample sizes, pedigree analysis can still reveal inheritance patterns.
Genetics-and-Heredity-Intro-
Genetics is the science of heredity, or how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes. Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1800s laid the foundations for genetics by demonstrating that traits are inherited in predictable patterns depending on whether genes are dominant or recessive. The basic principles of inheritance that Mendel discovered include that each parent contributes half of the offspring's genes, and that dominant traits mask recessive traits. Genetic inheritance can be represented using Punnett squares to predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
2- In Drosophila- a cross was made between females - all expressing th.docx
In a cross between female flies expressing three X-linked recessive traits (scute bristles, sable body, and vermillion eyes) and wild-type males, all F1 generation females were wild-type while males expressed all three mutations. Analysis of over 1000 F2 generation offspring found deviations from expected numbers of double crossovers, suggesting the genes are arranged in a specific order along the X chromosome with some interference between crossovers.
Sex determination in plants
This document summarizes a case study on sex determination mechanisms in the dioecious plant species Salix viminalis (basket willow). The study involved crossing four female and four male plants in different combinations to observe sex ratios in the offspring. Several crosses showed significant deviations from a 1:1 sex ratio, with some being female-biased and others male-biased. Germination rates were generally high and did not explain the skewed sex ratios. The document discusses possible mechanisms for the biased sex ratios observed, such as meiotic drive, gametic selection, or cytoplasmic sex ratio disorders, but concludes that the exact mechanism in S. viminalis remains unclear based on the results of this study.
Answer the following questions1. Given the following matings, w
Answer the following questions:
1. Given the following matings, what are the predicted genotypes and genotypic ratios of the offspring?
a) Aa X aa
b) Aa X Aa
c) AA X Aa
2. Wet ear wax (W) is dominant over dry ear wax (w)
a) A 3:1 phenotypic ratio of F1 progeny indicates that the parents are of what genotype?
b) A 1:1 phenotypic ratio of F1 progeny indicates that the parents are of what genotype?
3. A woman is heterozygous for two genes. How many different types of gametes can she produce, and in what proportions?
4. The following diagram shows a hypothetical diploid cell:
The recessing allele for albinism is represented by a, and d represents the recessive allele for deafness. The normal alleles are represented by A and D, respectively.
a) According to the principle of segregation, what is segregating in these cells?
b) According to Mendel’s principle of independent assortment, what is independently assorting in these cells?
c) How many chromatids are in this cell?
d) Write a genotype of the individual from which this cell was taken.
e) What is the phenotype of this individual?
f) What stage of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) is represented by this cell?
g) After meiosis is complete, how many chromatids and chromosomes will be present in one of the four progeny cells?
5. Draw the following simple pedigree. A man and a woman have three children: a daughter, then two sons. The daughter marries and has monozygotic twin girls (identical twins). The youngest son in generation II is affected with albinism. (Use proper pedigree symbols; draw, scan and add picture to document; do not submit picture independently).
6. A man with blood type A and a women with blood type B have three children. A daughter with AB and two sons, one with type B and one with type O blood. What are the genotypes of the parents?
...
Similar to Drosophila melanogaster has one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY) a.pdf (12)
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of exper.docx
Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of exper.docx
2- In Drosophila- a cross was made between females - all expressing th.docx
2- In Drosophila- a cross was made between females - all expressing th.docx
Answer the following questions1. Given the following matings, w
Answer the following questions1. Given the following matings, w
More from jeetumordhani
• Sexual orientation is often framed on a binary-gay OR straight; ho.pdf
• Sexual orientation is often framed on a binary-gay OR straight; homosexual OR heterosexual.
Why can sexual orientation be thought of as a continuum?
Solution
Sexual orientation is a psychological or physiological understanding of sexuality in humans.It is
thought of as a continuum as it undergoes a gradual transition from heterosexuality to
homosexuality.There could exist sexual attraction towards opposite sex (heterosexual)
exclusively at one end or attraction towards same sex (homosexual) exclusively at the other end..
You will need to develop a system that can track employee informatio.pdf
You will need to develop a system that can track employee information for two Organizations
(such as Google and Microsoft). The Employee information you must track is as follows:
Name
Gender
Job Title
Organization they work for
Birthday
As for the Organization that the Employee works for, you must also track this information:
Organization Name
Number of Employees
The system must be able to properly compare any two employees against each other to determine
if they are the same Employee. This means that if you compared two Employees with the same
Name, Gender, Birthday and Organization, the system should think that they are equal to one
another. If any of these properties are different, then the two Employees are not the same
Employee.
The same rules apply to comparing Organizations to one another. Organizations with the same
Organization name are to be thought of as equal, different names means different organizations.
Use the charts on the next page to create your classes.
Employee
private String name;
private String gender;
private String jobTitle;
private Organization organization;
private String birthDate;
Employee(String theName, String theGender,
String title, Organization org,
String theBirthDate)
<>
String getName()
String getGender()
String getJobTitle()
Organization getOrganization()
String getBirthDate()
String toString()
boolean equals(Employee other)
<>
void changeJobTitle (String newTitle)
void changeName(String newName)
void changeOrganization(Organization org)
Organization
private String organizationName;
private int numEmployees;
Organization(String name, int employees)
<>
String getOrganizationName()
int getNumEmployees()
String toString()
boolean equals(Organization other)
<>
void changeOrganizationName(String newName)
*****NOTE: All constructors and methods should be public. *****
*Note: There is a zip file listed that has a starts for each of the classes that are required. They are
located in the source file and you will also find a test file for the program.
STARTER CODE - EMPLOYEE
public class Employee
{
}
STARTER CODE - ORGANIZATION
/**
* Organization.java
*
* @author - Jane Doe
* @author - Period n
* @author - Id nnnnnnn
*
* @author - I received help from ...
*
*/
public class Organization
{
}
TESTER CODE
/**
* This class tests the Employee and Organization classes.
*/
public class Tester
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Employee emp1 = new Employee(\"Sally Brown\", \"Female\", \"Vice President\",
new Organization(\"Google\", 5500), \"11-11-1969\");
System.out.println(emp1);
System.out.println();
System.out.println(\"Name should be Sally Brown and is \" + emp1.getName());
System.out.println(\"Gender should be Female and is \" + emp1.getGender());
System.out.println(\"Job title should be Vice President and is \" + emp1.getJobTitle());
System.out.println(\"Birth date should be 11-11-1969 and is \" + emp1.getBirthDate());
System.out.println(\"Organization should be Google and is \"
+ emp1.getOrganization().getOr.
You heated the samples containing your cheek cells. Think carefully .pdf
You heated the samples containing your cheek cells. Think carefully about where this DNA was
packaged in your cells, and what high temperatures usually do to enzyme structure and function.
(Hint: Lysosomes contain enzymes known as DNAses!) What functions do you think these high
temperature incubations served in your DNA extractions?
Solution
The DNA is present in the nucleus of the cell, i.e. enclosed in the nuclear membrane. At high
temperatures, the membrane of organelles is break-down. The breakup of lysosomal membrane
result in leakage of lysosomal enzymes, which break down the other organelles. But at higher
temperatures, these enzymes become functionally inactive as they become denatured upon
exposure to higher temperatures. So, the DNAases cannot break down DNA, and it can be
extracted out..
write at least 3 virulence factors for staph, strep A, strep B, .pdf
write at least 3 virulence factors for staph, strep A, strep B, strep D, pneumococcus, Nisseria
Meningo, nisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus
write at least 3 virulence factors for staph, strep A, strep B, strep D, pneumococcus, Nisseria
Meningo, nisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus
write at least 3 virulence factors for staph, strep A, strep B, strep D, pneumococcus, Nisseria
Meningo, nisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus
Solution
Staphylococcus expresses many potential virulence factors. They are :
(1) surface proteins that induces colonization of host tissues
(2) invasins that helps in bacterial spread in tissues (leukocidin, kinases, hyaluronidase);
(3) surface factors that resist phagocytic engulfment (capsule, Protein A);
(4) biochemical properties that increase their chance of survival in phagocytes (carotenoids,
catalase production);
(5) immunological disguises like Protein A, coagulase;
(6) membrane-damaging toxins that lyse eucaryotic cell membranes (hemolysins,leukotoxin,
leukocidin;
(7) exotoxins that destroy host tissues or provoke symptoms of disease (SEA-G, TSST, ET);
(8) inherent and acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus) expresses the following virulence factors :
(1) M protein, fibronectin-binding protein (Protein F) and lipoteichoic acid that help in adherence
(2) hyaluronic acid capsule which acts as an immunological disguise and inhibits phagocytosis;
(3) invasins such as streptokinase, streptodornase (DNase B), hyaluronidase, and streptolysins;
(4) exotoxins, such as pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin which forms the rash of scarlet fever and
systemic toxic shock syndrome.
Streptococcus agalactiae ( Group B streptococcus ) expresses the following virulence factors :
(1) capsular polysaccharides, which confer serotype specificity to GBS
(2) C proteins and other related surface proteins
(3) Pilins function as adhesins, promote CNS entry, and enhance biofilm formation
(4) a pore-forming toxin, -hemolysin, that today is considered identical to the GBS pigment
Group D Streptococci have been reclassified and placed in the genus Enterococcus. The
virulence factors are :
(i) adherence to host tissues facilitated by aggregation substance, surface carbohydrates, or
fibronectin-binding moieties
(ii) invasion and abscess formation,
(iii) factors potentially relevant to modulation of host inflammatory responses,
(iv) potentially toxic secreted products
(v) Extracellular toxins such as cytolysin can induce tissue damage
The pneumococcus virulence factors are :
(1) the choline-binding proteins;
(2) pneumococcal surface proteins A and C (PspA and PspC);
(3) the LPXTG-anchored neuraminidase proteins; hyaluronate lyase (Hyl);
(4) pneumococcal adhesion and virulence A (PavA);
(5) enolase (Eno); pneumolysin; autolysin A (LytA)
The virulence factors of Neisseria meningitidis are :
(1) Capsules whose presence provide resistance against antibody, complement-mediated, or
phagocytic destruction by the host i.
Why have rodents been spectacularly successful What role do you thi.pdf
Why have rodents been spectacularly successful? What role do you think human activity has
played in their success over the last 500 years?
Please answer the question fully and correctly.
Solution
because they are cosmopolitan in distribution, exploit a broad spectrum of food and out number
all other mammals. When humans ceased to be hunter gatherers and instead became farmers,
their lives and those of rats became intimately connected. Humans learned to grow and store
grain, and rats learned it was easier to feed off these stores than to fend for themselves. They also
discovered that human dwellings provided excellent shelter from the elements..
Who writes the ethical codeSolutionThe Code of Ethics states .pdf
Who writes the ethical code?
Solution
The Code of Ethics states the principles and expectations governing the behavior of individuals
and organizations in the conduct of internal auditing. It describes the minimum requirements for
conduct, and behavioral expectations rather than specific activities.
A business owner writes the ethical code..
Which of these studies might be analyzed with a correlationThe wh.pdf
Which of these studies might be analyzed with a correlation?
The which group has a higher reading comprehension level…dyslexic children versus ADHD
(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) children
The amount of religious commitment and frequency of attendance at religious services
The number of doctor visits and income level
The soft drink preferences of college students
Solution.
Which of the following statements about instant messaging is incorre.pdf
Which of the following statements about instant messaging is incorrect?
A. No capability for scripting
B. Can bypass corporate firewalls
C. Lack of encryption
D. Insecure password management
Solution
A. Instant messaging (IM) has the capability for scripting, which is one reason it is dangerous for
the organization. Answers B, C, and D do not properly answer the question because they are all
reasons why IM is vulnerable. IM can bypass corporate firewalls, most versions lack encryption,
and IM uses insecure password management.
Which of the following is not a property of a normal curve A. Bell .pdf
Which of the following is not a property of a normal curve? A. Bell Shaped B. Symmetrical to
the mean C. Intersects the horizontal axis D. Contains two inflection points
Solution
It is
OPTION C: Intersects the horizontal axis.
****************
It does not intersect the horizontal axis; in fact, it is asymptotic to it; it draws closer and closer,
but it never touches the axis..
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular What tissue.pdf
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular
What tissue type has polarity and is avascular
Solution
The epithelial tissue do not receive vascular supply, so they are avascular. It is polar because it
contains apical, lateral and basal membrane domains.
The epithelial tissues form the sheet like outer covering of the body surfaces and provide
protection to the organs. One surface of this epithelial tissue is not bound to anything and
produces glandular secretions, also involved in absorption process.
The characteristics of the epithelial tissues include the following:
1). Cells undergo frequent cell division
2). Lack of blood vessels
3). Cells are tightly packed by cell junctions..
What organizations are involved in Internet2How is this developme.pdf
What organizations are involved in Internet2?
How is this development similar to the beginnings of our present Internet?
Does your school or employer participate in Internet2?
Solution
Answer:
Internet2 developing network capabilities . The organizations in involved in the internet2 are
mostly the US institutions of higher education , government agencies , and corporations.
Internet brought the world into new stage. Even we are seeing change in almost everything.
Bussinesses are changing to E-business , banking to e-banking all because of the internet.
Internet2 brought the higher capabilities of networking systems. Like before , we were using
Class A IP addresses . But now a days we are using the class C IP addresses due to increse of the
users.
Yes first when the internet 2 introduced, the US institutions of higher education participated with
full bhoom..
What is meant by modular software and why is it important How can t.pdf
What is meant by modular software and why is it important? How can the modularity of a
program code be quantifiably measured?
Solution
1) What is ment by modular software and why is it important?
Answer:-
How important is modularization of software projects:
Modularization is obviously important in software projects, but I want to know people\'s
opinions on how important and for what reasons it is important. I\'ve obviously got my own ideas
since I\'m asking this, but think of it like a \"common brainstorm\" of the reasons one should
modularize one\'s software projects..
Techopedia explains Modular Programming:
1) Modules in modular programming enforce logical boundaries between components and
improve maintainability. They are incorporated through interfaces. They are designed in such a
way as to minimize dependencies between different modules. Teams can develop modules
separately and do not require knowledge of all modules in the system.
2) Each and every modular application has a version number associated with it. This provides
developers flexibility in module maintenance. If any changes have to be applied to a module,
only the affected subroutines have to be changed. This makes the program easier to read and
understand.
3) Modular programming has a main module and many auxiliary modules. The main module is
compiled as an executable (EXE), which calls the auxiliary module functions.
2) How can the modularity of a program code be quantifiably measured?
Answer:-
A Software Metric is a standard of measure of a degree to which a software system or process
possesses some property. Even if a metric is not a measurement (metrics are functions, while
measurements are the numbers obtained by the application of metrics), often the two terms are
used as synonymous.
A Software development goal is obtaining objective, reproducible and quantifiable
measurements, which may have numerous valuable applications in schedule and budget
planning, cost estimation, quality assurance testing, software debugging, software performance
optimization, and optimal personnel task assignments..
What are the two major steps in biological classification What .pdf
What are the two major steps in biological classification? What did Linnaeus contribute to
taxonomy? are scientific names derived? want to identify the various
Solution
Answers:
1. Two major steps in biological classification are:
a) Defining and describing organisms
b) Arranging organisms into a logical classification scheme
2. The binomial nomenclature system was introduced by Carolus Linnaeus. It is used to assign
each organism a two part scientific name - genus and species.
3. Scientific names are derived following the universal rules of nomenclature:
a) These are in Latin and written in italics.
b) The first word represents the genus while the second word is the species epithet
c) The first word (genus) is written in capital letter while second word (species) is written in
small letter.
d) If hand written, they are separately underlined, or printed in italics to denote their Latin origin..
Tissue transplant rejection is primarily atype I reaction.type I.pdf
Tissue transplant rejection occurs when the host immune system reacts to antigens in the transplanted organ from a foreign organism. This is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction where T-cells mediate an immune response against the major histocompatibility complex proteins on the surface of donated tissue that help the immune system identify foreign substances. Tissue transplant rejection can take weeks to months to occur as an immune response against the transplanted organ.
The members of the UN peace committee, must choose, from among thems.pdf
The members of the UN peace committee, must choose, from among themselves, a presiding
officer of their committee. For each member x, let f(x) designate that member\'s choice for
officer. If no two members vote alike, what is the range of f?
Solution
Since each member can vote only for one person and no two members vote alike
the mapping f: x to f(x) is one to one and onto.
Hence f is a bijective function
So order of x = order of f(x)
Or Range of f = No of members of the UN Peace committee.
NetWork Design Question1a.) In writing a letter to a Friend, what .pdf
NetWork Design Question
1a.) In writing a letter to a Friend, what do you hace to do to get the letter to your friend. List all
the steps and ways.
1b.) Relate the stages of letter transaction to the layers of the internet.
Solution
In writing a letter to a Friend, the following 5 steps do you face to get the letter to your friend.
1) Application layer:
TCP/IP: A user retrieves a Web page from a server in somewhere by typing a URL into a
browser and clicking the enter key.
The server receives the request, finds the page on its hard drive and sends it back to the user.
Neither the user nor the client or server software is aware of the way the messages were
delivered. There are many application layer protocols.
2) Transport layer:
TCP/IP: Transport layer software establishes a connection between a client and server then
monitors that connection for errors.
It also slows transmission if it gets too fast to handle at the other end. Transport layer software is
not concerned with how the data is actually moved from one point to the other that is the
responsibility of lower level software. There are two transport layer protocols TCP (reliable) and
UDP (unreliable, but fast).
If TCP tries repeatedly and errors persist, it informs its \"boss,\" the application program.
3) Internet layer:
TCP/IP:Internet layer programs move data between networks. IP is the internet layer protocol.
IP software ignores the data, and it does the same thing with a packet whether it comes from the
friend or your mother.
Once the data gets to its destination local area network (LAN), it is handed over to data link layer
software or firmware for delivery to the proper computer.
4) Data link layer:
TCP/IP:Data Link layer programs move (incoming and outgoing) data within LANs.
Ethernet is the most common data link protocol. A data link program is not concerned with how
outgoing data will be handled once it leaves the LAN or how incoming data got there. That is the
responsibility of the internet layer software.
5) Physical layer:
TCP/IP:Physical layer protocols specify the means of representing ones and zeros (bits).
The method of transmitting them between two points using wire, radio, fiber, etc. is also
specified. There are many ways to make ones and zeros and many ways to transmit them so there
are many physical layer protocols..
Please help me with thisLet x denote a single observation of a no.pdf
Please help me with this:
Let x denote a single observation of a normal random variable, with mean=0 and unknown
variance 2. Derive the maximum likelihood estimate for .
Solution
Given X~N(0,2), then L=(1/((2pie)))(exp((-x^2)/(2*2)))=>logL=((-1/2)*log(2pie))-((1/2)*log2)-
((1/(22))*(x2)), then the likelihood equation for estimate is dlogL/d=0,=>^=(x2)..
Numerical Methods yi + 1 = y_i + Phi (x_i, y_i, h) Consider the equ.pdf
Numerical Methods yi + 1 = y_i + Phi (x_i, y_i, h) Consider the equation given above. The
function phi (x, y, h) is an incremental function. It can be interpreted as the average of the slope
at the initial and end points. a function of the initial x value only. an incremental function. It can
be interpreted as the slope at the mid-point. an incremental function. It can be interpreted as a
representative slope over the interval.
Solution
Option D.
My question is pretty simple, I just want to know how to call my ope.pdf
My question is pretty simple, I just want to know how to call my operator== function in
Stack.cpp using a list function.
Here is what I meant. This is my Stack.h file:
class Stack {
public:
/**constructors and destructors*/
Stack();
Stack(const Stack &S);
~Stack();
void pop();
void push(int data);
bool operator==(const Stack &S);
[ .......]
private:
List stack;
};
Here is my List.h file:
template
class List {
private:
struct Node {
listitem data;
Node* next;
Node* previous;
Node(listitem data) :
next(NULL), previous(NULL), data(data) {
}
};
typedef struct Node* NodePtr;
NodePtr start;
NodePtr end;
NodePtr cursor;
int length;
public:
........
bool operator==(const List &list);
[.......] }
[........]
template
bool List::operator==(const List& list) {
if (length != list.length)
return false;
NodePtr temp1 = start;
NodePtr temp2 = list.start;
while (temp1 != NULL) {
if (temp1->data != temp2->data)
return false;
temp1 = temp1->next;
temp2 = temp2->next;
}
return true;
}
[......]
So I already define my functions in List.h and I only need to call my function from List again in
my Stack.cpp file. For example from my Stack.cpp:
Stack::Stack(const Stack &S) :
stack(S.stack) {
}
void Stack::pop() {
stack.remove_start();
}
[......]
And I don\'t know how to call my operator== function in Stack.cpp from the List.h like the way
above. This is what my guess so far but did not work:
bool Stack::operator==(const Stack &S) {
stack.operator==(S.stack);
}
Thank you
Solution
When we wish to make a comparison, such as in an if statement, we use the double equals sign
(==).
1)bool operator==(const Stack &S); [ .......]
It means whatever the boolean operator it should be belongs to stack or equal to.
2) bool operator==(const List &list);
Likewise link list also compare with the constructor link list.
and constructor need not to call explicitly. it will call itself when program called first..
Java AssignmentConvert infix to postfix.SolutionTo convert i.pdf
Java Assignment
Convert infix to postfix.
Solution
To convert infix expressions to postfix, we can use the stack data structure. The stack is used to
store the operators and parenthesis to apply the precedence.
For example if the input is a%b is ab%
class Stack
{
char c[]=new char[100];
int top=-1;
void push(char a)
{
try
{
c[++top]=a;
}
catch(StringIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println(\"Stack full\");
System.exit(0);
}
}
char pop()
{return c[top--];
}
boolean isEmpty()
{
return (top==-1)?true:false;
}
char peak()
{
return c[top];
}
}
public class InfixToPostfix
{
static Stack expression= new Stack;
public static void main(String argv[]) throws IOException
{
String infix;
BufferedReader keyboard= new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
System.out.print(\"enter the expression in infix notation\");
infix=keyboard.readLine();
System.out.println(\"The resultant postfix expression is \"+ toPostfix(infix));
}
private static String toPostfix(String infix)
{
char sym;
string postfix=\"\";
for(int i=0;i.
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