THE EFFECTS OF GEL STRENGHT ON THE OVERALLfelix aladetan
This document discusses gel strength, which is a measurement of the shear stress in drilling mud after it has been static for a period of time. It represents the mud's ability to suspend solids and cuttings when circulation is stopped. The document defines gel strength, describes how it is measured over 10 seconds, 10 minutes and 30 minutes, and identifies the factors that affect gel strength in water-based and oil-based muds. Both excessive and weak gel strengths can cause problems like stuck pipe or inadequate cutting suspension, so maintaining the proper gel strength is important for effective hole cleaning and drilling operations.
This document provides an overview of drilling fluids. It discusses the key functions of drilling fluids, including transporting cuttings to the surface, cleaning the drill bit, providing hydrostatic pressure, preventing fluid loss, and lubricating and cooling the drill string. It also describes common drilling fluid types like water-based and oil-based muds. Important drilling fluid properties are defined, such as density, viscosity, gel strength, and fluid loss. Common drilling fluid additives and their purposes are explained. Hazards that can be addressed by proper fluid selection and properties management are also outlined.
Gel Strength Exp. Drilling Engineering, Mud Lab, Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Gel Strength by jarjis
Experiment Number 6: Gel Strength.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Gel Strength. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
1) A drilling operator encountered pressure spikes of up to 1.2 ppg higher than expected ECD when using a clay-based mud, leading to lost circulation and wellbore collapse.
2) On a subsequent well, the operator used a clay-free synthetic mud, which eliminated pressure spikes even when rapidly bringing pumps online, keeping ECDs low and avoiding losses.
3) The clay-free mud forms fragile gels that break easily with applied shear, transitioning smoothly from static to circulating conditions without overpressuring the formation, unlike progressive gels from clay-based muds which require more pressure to resume flow.
This document discusses drilling fluids, including their functions, classifications, properties, and calculations. It covers topics such as:
- The key functions of drilling fluids including transporting cuttings, cleaning drill bits, providing hydrostatic pressure, preventing mud loss, and more.
- The classification of drilling fluids into water-based mud and oil-based mud.
- Important properties of drilling fluids including mud weight, viscosity measurements like funnel viscosity and plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength.
- Calculations related to drilling fluids like plastic viscosity, yield point, and the impacts of different properties on drilling operations.
This document discusses the functions and types of drilling fluids. It describes how drilling fluids transport cuttings to the surface, clean drill bits, provide downhole pressure control, prevent fluid loss into formations, and power downhole tools. The key types of drilling fluids are water-based mud, oil-based mud, and gas-based fluids. Water-based mud is the most common and uses additives to control density, viscosity, and clay chemistry. Oil-based mud is used in reactive shale formations and has advantages in high temperatures but also environmental and health disadvantages.
Lab 7 measurement of gel strength of drilling mud sample by rheometerAwais Qureshi
The report details an experiment to measure the gel strength of drilling mud samples using a rotational rheometer, with gel strength reflecting the shear stress of the mud under static conditions and providing important information about how the mud will perform during drilling operations. Key steps involved preparing bentonite mud samples, taking gel strength readings at 10 seconds and 10 minutes after the samples were at rest, and recording the measurements in units of pounds per 100 square feet.
THE EFFECTS OF GEL STRENGHT ON THE OVERALLfelix aladetan
This document discusses gel strength, which is a measurement of the shear stress in drilling mud after it has been static for a period of time. It represents the mud's ability to suspend solids and cuttings when circulation is stopped. The document defines gel strength, describes how it is measured over 10 seconds, 10 minutes and 30 minutes, and identifies the factors that affect gel strength in water-based and oil-based muds. Both excessive and weak gel strengths can cause problems like stuck pipe or inadequate cutting suspension, so maintaining the proper gel strength is important for effective hole cleaning and drilling operations.
This document provides an overview of drilling fluids. It discusses the key functions of drilling fluids, including transporting cuttings to the surface, cleaning the drill bit, providing hydrostatic pressure, preventing fluid loss, and lubricating and cooling the drill string. It also describes common drilling fluid types like water-based and oil-based muds. Important drilling fluid properties are defined, such as density, viscosity, gel strength, and fluid loss. Common drilling fluid additives and their purposes are explained. Hazards that can be addressed by proper fluid selection and properties management are also outlined.
Gel Strength Exp. Drilling Engineering, Mud Lab, Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Gel Strength by jarjis
Experiment Number 6: Gel Strength.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Gel Strength. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
1) A drilling operator encountered pressure spikes of up to 1.2 ppg higher than expected ECD when using a clay-based mud, leading to lost circulation and wellbore collapse.
2) On a subsequent well, the operator used a clay-free synthetic mud, which eliminated pressure spikes even when rapidly bringing pumps online, keeping ECDs low and avoiding losses.
3) The clay-free mud forms fragile gels that break easily with applied shear, transitioning smoothly from static to circulating conditions without overpressuring the formation, unlike progressive gels from clay-based muds which require more pressure to resume flow.
This document discusses drilling fluids, including their functions, classifications, properties, and calculations. It covers topics such as:
- The key functions of drilling fluids including transporting cuttings, cleaning drill bits, providing hydrostatic pressure, preventing mud loss, and more.
- The classification of drilling fluids into water-based mud and oil-based mud.
- Important properties of drilling fluids including mud weight, viscosity measurements like funnel viscosity and plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength.
- Calculations related to drilling fluids like plastic viscosity, yield point, and the impacts of different properties on drilling operations.
This document discusses the functions and types of drilling fluids. It describes how drilling fluids transport cuttings to the surface, clean drill bits, provide downhole pressure control, prevent fluid loss into formations, and power downhole tools. The key types of drilling fluids are water-based mud, oil-based mud, and gas-based fluids. Water-based mud is the most common and uses additives to control density, viscosity, and clay chemistry. Oil-based mud is used in reactive shale formations and has advantages in high temperatures but also environmental and health disadvantages.
Lab 7 measurement of gel strength of drilling mud sample by rheometerAwais Qureshi
The report details an experiment to measure the gel strength of drilling mud samples using a rotational rheometer, with gel strength reflecting the shear stress of the mud under static conditions and providing important information about how the mud will perform during drilling operations. Key steps involved preparing bentonite mud samples, taking gel strength readings at 10 seconds and 10 minutes after the samples were at rest, and recording the measurements in units of pounds per 100 square feet.
The document discusses drilling fluids, including their types, functions, properties, additives, and equipment/design considerations. The key types are water-based and oil-based muds. Drilling fluids must perform critical functions like controlling subsurface pressures, removing cuttings from the wellbore, lubricating the drill bit, and maintaining wellbore stability. Achieving these functions depends on optimizing properties like density, viscosity, and gel strength through the use of various additives like weighting agents, viscosifiers, and filtration control materials. Careful fluid selection and design is needed based on formation data and drilling conditions.
The document discusses drilling fluids, including their types, functions, properties, and additives. There are two main types of drilling fluids: water-based and oil-based. Drilling fluids must perform several key functions, such as controlling subsurface pressures, removing cuttings from the wellbore, lubricating the drill bit, and maintaining wellbore stability. Various additives are used to achieve the desired properties, including weighting agents, viscosifiers, filtration control agents, and lost circulation materials. The selection of drilling fluids requires consideration of formation and drilling conditions.
1. The document describes an experiment conducted to determine the rheological properties of viscosity and yield point of a drilling fluid sample using a Fann viscometer.
2. Key aspects of the experiment included preparing the mud sample, measuring its viscosity at 300 and 600 RPM, and determining its plastic viscosity and apparent viscosity. Calibration of the Marsh funnel and factors affecting rheological properties are also discussed.
3. Sources of potential error in measuring viscosity are described, such as improper mud weight, excess or insufficient fluid, and improper reading of the measuring scale.
This document discusses drilling fluids, including their types, functions, properties, and additives. It covers the main types of drilling fluids as water-based and oil-based, and their key functions such as removing cuttings from the wellbore, maintaining wellbore pressure and stability, lubricating and cooling the drill bit. The most common additives are described, including weighting materials to increase mud density, viscosifiers to suspend cuttings and materials, and other additives that control filtration, rheology, alkalinity and other properties. Selection of the appropriate drilling fluid depends on formation data and requirements for each well section.
Drilling fluids, also called drilling muds, are circulated during rotary drilling operations to perform critical functions such as cooling the drill bit, removing drill cuttings from the wellbore, maintaining well pressure, and providing information to geologists. The key types of drilling fluids are water-based mud, oil-based mud, and air/foam. Drilling fluid properties like density, viscosity, gel strength, and filtration must be carefully controlled to prevent problems during drilling like blowouts, stuck pipe, and hole instability.
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate the properties of molding sands used in foundries. It describes 11 key properties tested: specimen preparation, compression, shear, flow ability, hardness, green strength, dry strength, hot strength, collapsibility, plasticity, and lists references for further information. The tests are important for characterizing molding sands to ensure they have sufficient strength and ability to retain the mold shape during the casting process.
Formation evaluation is the process of interpreting measurements taken inside a wellbore to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves. It involves mud logging during drilling, coring to obtain formation samples, open-hole logging before casing, logging while drilling for real-time data, formation testing to obtain fluid samples and pressure measurements, and cased-hole logging after well completion. The data are used to evaluate reservoirs and predict fluid flow for optimal hydrocarbon recovery.
In this test we will try to prepare core plugs of Different core size can be obtain during the drilling operation process(or can be prepared in the lab from surface rock or ungeometric shape), the main object behind this is to get more information about some targets in which we may get or find porosity permeability ,fluid saturation , hydrocarbon composition.
1) Sand production from unconsolidated reservoirs can be triggered during initial flow or later due to pressure changes and can vary in severity, sometimes requiring remedial action and sometimes being tolerated.
2) The article reviews methods for predicting, controlling, and preventing sand production, focusing on gravel packing as the most popular method for completing sand-prone wells.
3) Factors like inherent rock strength, stress levels, fluid turbulence, and pressure changes can cause sand production by detaching and transporting sand grains. The challenge is to control sand without reducing well productivity.
Geological site investigation for Civil Engineering FoundationsDr.Anil Deshpande
Aim to introduce Preliminary geological Investigations for fulfilling knowledge about geological need to determine engineering properties of foundation rocks and check the suitability & feasibility of site wherein selection of site plays a crucial role to avoid future implications in civil engineering projects.
Field control of compaction and compaction Equipmentaishgup
This document discusses field compaction control and compaction equipment. It notes that field compaction depends on placement water content, compaction equipment type, and soil type. Placement water content should be within 2% of optimum moisture content from lab tests. Different soils require different moisture levels - cohesive soils are compacted dry of optimum while earth dam cores are compacted wet of optimum. Compaction can be measured using methods like core cutting or nuclear gauges. Common compaction equipment includes smooth drum rollers, pneumatic rubber-tired rollers, sheepfoot rollers, and vibratory rollers, each suited to different soil types. Relative compaction is used to check compaction levels in the field.
IRJET- Self-Compacting Concrete - Procedure and Mix DesignIRJET Journal
This document presents a procedure for designing self-compacting concrete mixes. It describes testing various mix designs to achieve the required properties of self-compacting concrete, including adequate flowability, passing ability, and resistance to segregation. A series of trial mixes were conducted by varying the proportions of coarse and fine aggregates, water-cement ratio, and superplasticizer dosage. The optimal mix was determined to have 34% coarse aggregate, 57% fine aggregate, a water-cement ratio of 0.50, and 1.15% superplasticizer. This mix met all acceptance criteria for self-compacting concrete based on slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box tests. Compressive strength results
This document provides an overview of key concepts in petroleum engineering, including permeability, geophysics techniques for oil and gas exploration like seismic surveys, and reservoir engineering essentials. It discusses permeability measurement methods, factors that affect permeability, and types of permeability. It also summarizes different geophysics techniques like seismic surveys, gravity surveys, electromagnetic surveys, and magnetic surveys. Finally, it outlines the essential elements and processes for hydrocarbon accumulation, including the need for a trap, reservoir, source rock, and seal.
The document provides information on site investigation procedures for determining subsurface soil conditions. It discusses the purpose of site investigations which include selecting foundation type, evaluating load capacity, estimating settlement, and determining groundwater levels. The typical steps of a subsurface exploration program are outlined, including assembling structure information, conducting reconnaissance, preliminary borings, and detailed borings. Methods of soil and rock sampling are described along with tools used. Standards for boring depth and spacing are provided based on structure type and soil conditions. Finally, components of a geotechnical investigation report are summarized.
This document provides an overview of site investigation procedures for determining subsurface soil conditions. It discusses the purposes of site investigations, which include selecting foundation types, evaluating load capacity, estimating settlements, and determining potential foundation problems. The exploration program aims to determine soil stratification and engineering properties through borings, samples, and field tests. Standard procedures are outlined for boring depth and spacing, soil and rock sampling methods, groundwater level determination, and field strength tests like SPT, CPT, and PLT.
formation evaluation for reservoir engineeringmohammedsaaed1
Formation evaluation involves using tools to measure properties of rock and fluid in a wellbore to analyze hydrocarbon reservoirs. Key techniques include mud logging to monitor drilling, coring to obtain samples, open-hole wireline logging to characterize formations, logging while drilling for real-time data, formation testing to obtain pressure and fluid samples, and cased-hole logging for monitoring producing wells. The data is used to evaluate potential fluid flow and recovery from reservoirs.
The fifth presentation of a series of presentations on Operations Geology. Very basic, just to introduce beginners to operations geology. I hope the end users will find this and the following presentations very helpful.
Three sentences summarizing the key points:
The document discusses additional design considerations for driven piles, including time effects on pile capacity such as soil setup and relaxation. It also covers topics like scour, densification, plugging of open pile sections, drivability, and the effects of predrilling and jetting on pile capacity. Recommendations are provided for accounting for these factors in pile foundation design.
To Study the Indirect Tensile Strength of Marble Stone DiscIRJET Journal
This document describes a study conducted to determine the indirect tensile strength of marble stone disc samples using the ring test method. Ring-shaped samples of white marble stone were prepared with varying inner diameters and thicknesses. The samples were tested by applying a compressive load through the Brazilian test or ring test method. Testing showed that as the ratio of inner to outer diameter increased, the tensile strength of the sample decreased. The tensile strength also depended on other factors like sample thickness, size, density, porosity, and loading rate. Charts and tables showed test results for different sample configurations and helped establish the relationship between ring ratio and tensile strength. The study provided data on marble stone tensile strength useful for rock mechanics and
The process of determining the layers of natural soil deposits that will underlie a proposed structure and their physical properties is generally referred to as site investigation.
The document describes an experiment conducted using an M900 viscometer to measure the rheological properties of drilling fluids. The M900 viscometer provides automated measurements and can test both muds and cements. It offers advantages over traditional methods like increased accuracy and easier operation. The experiment measured properties like yield point and plastic viscosity of water-based drilling fluids containing various additives like guar gum and gum Arabic. The results showed guar gum provided the highest gel strength but poor filtration properties while gum Arabic was less stable but had better filtration.
The document describes an experiment to determine the pH of drilling mud. It provides background on pH and how it is measured. The experiment involves first testing the pH of pure water for calibration, then preparing and testing a mud sample. The pH is measured using a digital pH meter and any correction factor from the water test is applied. The results are recorded along with the temperature. Questions at the end address the impact of pH on drilling operations and how to adjust pH with additives like sodium hydroxide.
More Related Content
Similar to Drilling Fluid Engineering-Gel Strength.docx
The document discusses drilling fluids, including their types, functions, properties, additives, and equipment/design considerations. The key types are water-based and oil-based muds. Drilling fluids must perform critical functions like controlling subsurface pressures, removing cuttings from the wellbore, lubricating the drill bit, and maintaining wellbore stability. Achieving these functions depends on optimizing properties like density, viscosity, and gel strength through the use of various additives like weighting agents, viscosifiers, and filtration control materials. Careful fluid selection and design is needed based on formation data and drilling conditions.
The document discusses drilling fluids, including their types, functions, properties, and additives. There are two main types of drilling fluids: water-based and oil-based. Drilling fluids must perform several key functions, such as controlling subsurface pressures, removing cuttings from the wellbore, lubricating the drill bit, and maintaining wellbore stability. Various additives are used to achieve the desired properties, including weighting agents, viscosifiers, filtration control agents, and lost circulation materials. The selection of drilling fluids requires consideration of formation and drilling conditions.
1. The document describes an experiment conducted to determine the rheological properties of viscosity and yield point of a drilling fluid sample using a Fann viscometer.
2. Key aspects of the experiment included preparing the mud sample, measuring its viscosity at 300 and 600 RPM, and determining its plastic viscosity and apparent viscosity. Calibration of the Marsh funnel and factors affecting rheological properties are also discussed.
3. Sources of potential error in measuring viscosity are described, such as improper mud weight, excess or insufficient fluid, and improper reading of the measuring scale.
This document discusses drilling fluids, including their types, functions, properties, and additives. It covers the main types of drilling fluids as water-based and oil-based, and their key functions such as removing cuttings from the wellbore, maintaining wellbore pressure and stability, lubricating and cooling the drill bit. The most common additives are described, including weighting materials to increase mud density, viscosifiers to suspend cuttings and materials, and other additives that control filtration, rheology, alkalinity and other properties. Selection of the appropriate drilling fluid depends on formation data and requirements for each well section.
Drilling fluids, also called drilling muds, are circulated during rotary drilling operations to perform critical functions such as cooling the drill bit, removing drill cuttings from the wellbore, maintaining well pressure, and providing information to geologists. The key types of drilling fluids are water-based mud, oil-based mud, and air/foam. Drilling fluid properties like density, viscosity, gel strength, and filtration must be carefully controlled to prevent problems during drilling like blowouts, stuck pipe, and hole instability.
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate the properties of molding sands used in foundries. It describes 11 key properties tested: specimen preparation, compression, shear, flow ability, hardness, green strength, dry strength, hot strength, collapsibility, plasticity, and lists references for further information. The tests are important for characterizing molding sands to ensure they have sufficient strength and ability to retain the mold shape during the casting process.
Formation evaluation is the process of interpreting measurements taken inside a wellbore to detect and quantify oil and gas reserves. It involves mud logging during drilling, coring to obtain formation samples, open-hole logging before casing, logging while drilling for real-time data, formation testing to obtain fluid samples and pressure measurements, and cased-hole logging after well completion. The data are used to evaluate reservoirs and predict fluid flow for optimal hydrocarbon recovery.
In this test we will try to prepare core plugs of Different core size can be obtain during the drilling operation process(or can be prepared in the lab from surface rock or ungeometric shape), the main object behind this is to get more information about some targets in which we may get or find porosity permeability ,fluid saturation , hydrocarbon composition.
1) Sand production from unconsolidated reservoirs can be triggered during initial flow or later due to pressure changes and can vary in severity, sometimes requiring remedial action and sometimes being tolerated.
2) The article reviews methods for predicting, controlling, and preventing sand production, focusing on gravel packing as the most popular method for completing sand-prone wells.
3) Factors like inherent rock strength, stress levels, fluid turbulence, and pressure changes can cause sand production by detaching and transporting sand grains. The challenge is to control sand without reducing well productivity.
Geological site investigation for Civil Engineering FoundationsDr.Anil Deshpande
Aim to introduce Preliminary geological Investigations for fulfilling knowledge about geological need to determine engineering properties of foundation rocks and check the suitability & feasibility of site wherein selection of site plays a crucial role to avoid future implications in civil engineering projects.
Field control of compaction and compaction Equipmentaishgup
This document discusses field compaction control and compaction equipment. It notes that field compaction depends on placement water content, compaction equipment type, and soil type. Placement water content should be within 2% of optimum moisture content from lab tests. Different soils require different moisture levels - cohesive soils are compacted dry of optimum while earth dam cores are compacted wet of optimum. Compaction can be measured using methods like core cutting or nuclear gauges. Common compaction equipment includes smooth drum rollers, pneumatic rubber-tired rollers, sheepfoot rollers, and vibratory rollers, each suited to different soil types. Relative compaction is used to check compaction levels in the field.
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This document presents a procedure for designing self-compacting concrete mixes. It describes testing various mix designs to achieve the required properties of self-compacting concrete, including adequate flowability, passing ability, and resistance to segregation. A series of trial mixes were conducted by varying the proportions of coarse and fine aggregates, water-cement ratio, and superplasticizer dosage. The optimal mix was determined to have 34% coarse aggregate, 57% fine aggregate, a water-cement ratio of 0.50, and 1.15% superplasticizer. This mix met all acceptance criteria for self-compacting concrete based on slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box tests. Compressive strength results
This document provides an overview of key concepts in petroleum engineering, including permeability, geophysics techniques for oil and gas exploration like seismic surveys, and reservoir engineering essentials. It discusses permeability measurement methods, factors that affect permeability, and types of permeability. It also summarizes different geophysics techniques like seismic surveys, gravity surveys, electromagnetic surveys, and magnetic surveys. Finally, it outlines the essential elements and processes for hydrocarbon accumulation, including the need for a trap, reservoir, source rock, and seal.
The document provides information on site investigation procedures for determining subsurface soil conditions. It discusses the purpose of site investigations which include selecting foundation type, evaluating load capacity, estimating settlement, and determining groundwater levels. The typical steps of a subsurface exploration program are outlined, including assembling structure information, conducting reconnaissance, preliminary borings, and detailed borings. Methods of soil and rock sampling are described along with tools used. Standards for boring depth and spacing are provided based on structure type and soil conditions. Finally, components of a geotechnical investigation report are summarized.
This document provides an overview of site investigation procedures for determining subsurface soil conditions. It discusses the purposes of site investigations, which include selecting foundation types, evaluating load capacity, estimating settlements, and determining potential foundation problems. The exploration program aims to determine soil stratification and engineering properties through borings, samples, and field tests. Standard procedures are outlined for boring depth and spacing, soil and rock sampling methods, groundwater level determination, and field strength tests like SPT, CPT, and PLT.
formation evaluation for reservoir engineeringmohammedsaaed1
Formation evaluation involves using tools to measure properties of rock and fluid in a wellbore to analyze hydrocarbon reservoirs. Key techniques include mud logging to monitor drilling, coring to obtain samples, open-hole wireline logging to characterize formations, logging while drilling for real-time data, formation testing to obtain pressure and fluid samples, and cased-hole logging for monitoring producing wells. The data is used to evaluate potential fluid flow and recovery from reservoirs.
The fifth presentation of a series of presentations on Operations Geology. Very basic, just to introduce beginners to operations geology. I hope the end users will find this and the following presentations very helpful.
Three sentences summarizing the key points:
The document discusses additional design considerations for driven piles, including time effects on pile capacity such as soil setup and relaxation. It also covers topics like scour, densification, plugging of open pile sections, drivability, and the effects of predrilling and jetting on pile capacity. Recommendations are provided for accounting for these factors in pile foundation design.
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This document describes a study conducted to determine the indirect tensile strength of marble stone disc samples using the ring test method. Ring-shaped samples of white marble stone were prepared with varying inner diameters and thicknesses. The samples were tested by applying a compressive load through the Brazilian test or ring test method. Testing showed that as the ratio of inner to outer diameter increased, the tensile strength of the sample decreased. The tensile strength also depended on other factors like sample thickness, size, density, porosity, and loading rate. Charts and tables showed test results for different sample configurations and helped establish the relationship between ring ratio and tensile strength. The study provided data on marble stone tensile strength useful for rock mechanics and
The process of determining the layers of natural soil deposits that will underlie a proposed structure and their physical properties is generally referred to as site investigation.
Similar to Drilling Fluid Engineering-Gel Strength.docx (20)
The document describes an experiment conducted using an M900 viscometer to measure the rheological properties of drilling fluids. The M900 viscometer provides automated measurements and can test both muds and cements. It offers advantages over traditional methods like increased accuracy and easier operation. The experiment measured properties like yield point and plastic viscosity of water-based drilling fluids containing various additives like guar gum and gum Arabic. The results showed guar gum provided the highest gel strength but poor filtration properties while gum Arabic was less stable but had better filtration.
The document describes an experiment to determine the pH of drilling mud. It provides background on pH and how it is measured. The experiment involves first testing the pH of pure water for calibration, then preparing and testing a mud sample. The pH is measured using a digital pH meter and any correction factor from the water test is applied. The results are recorded along with the temperature. Questions at the end address the impact of pH on drilling operations and how to adjust pH with additives like sodium hydroxide.
The document describes an experiment to measure the funnel viscosity of a drilling fluid sample using a Marsh funnel viscometer. The Marsh funnel viscometer measures the time required for a certain volume of fluid to pass through the funnel, providing a measure of viscosity. The experiment involves preparing a drilling fluid sample, calibrating the Marsh funnel with fresh water, then measuring the time for 946cc of the sample to pass through the funnel. The funnel viscosity measurement provides an indication of changes in the drilling fluid viscosity over time, though it does not directly measure the true fluid viscosity. Potential sources of error during the experiment are also discussed.
1. This experiment aims to determine the amount of filter loss and filter cake thickness using a standardized API test apparatus.
2. The student measured the filter loss over 30 minutes at room temperature and 100±5 psi using the API test apparatus, which has a fine screen to simulate the wellbore wall and allow measurement of deposited filter cake thickness.
3. Key factors that control mud loss include the volume of filtrate lost into the formation, thickness and strength of the filter cake, and differential pressure between the wellbore and formation. The ideal filtration results have minimal fluid loss and a thin, tough filter cake.
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Koya University is the first university established in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq in 2003. It has 4 faculties and 25 departments including a School of Medicine that opened in 2014. The Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya University was established in 2004 and provides students with highly qualified teaching staff, laboratories, scientific visits, internships, and opportunities to participate in international conferences. The SPE Koya Student Chapter was founded in 2016 as part of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, which is the largest individual-member organization serving oil and gas professionals worldwide.
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This document provides a quick guide to the Harvard referencing style. It explains that Harvard referencing requires citations in the text to direct the reader to the full references listed alphabetically in the reference list. The guide gives examples of how to reference various sources like books, journal articles, websites and more using the Harvard style of author surname and date. It emphasizes being consistent in capitalization, punctuation and formatting of references.
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This document provides an overview of drilling fluids and their role in drilling operations. It discusses the components and properties of drilling fluids, including continuous and dispersed phases as well as additives. The types of drilling fluids are described, including water-based muds, oil-based muds, gases, and gas-liquid mixtures. The key functions of drilling fluids to support drilling operations are also outlined. The document concludes with discussions of pressure terminologies and examples of calculations related to drilling fluid properties and components.
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Drilling Fluid Engineering-Gel Strength.docx
1. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
1
Koya University
Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Engineering Department
Third Stage
Drilling Lab.
Gel Strength
Prepared By: Sarwar Salam
Group: B
Experiment Date: Mar. 3rd
2017
Submit in Date: Apr. 06th
2017
Supervised by: Mr.Pshtiwan - Mr.Mohammed
2016-2017
2. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
2
Aim of Experiment:
The aim of this particular experiment is to determine on of
the most important drilling fluid properties under static
conditions; which is the Gel strength.
3. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
3
Introduction and Theory:
Gel strength is the shear stress of drilling mud that is measured at
low shear rate after the drilling mud is static for a certain period of
time. The gel strength is one of the important drilling fluid
properties because it demonstrates the ability of the drilling mud to
suspend drill solid and weighting material when circulation is
stopped. ( Foundation, Concrete and Earthquake Engineering,2013)
We use the 3-rpm reading which will be recorded after stirring the
drilling fluid at 600 rpm from a rheometer. Normally, the first
reading is noted after the mud is in a static condition for 10 second.
The second reading and the third reading will be 10 minutes and 30
minutes, respectively. You may wonder why we need to record the
3-rpm reading after 30 minutes.
The reason is that the 30 minute-reading will tell us whether the
mud will greatly form the gel during an extensive static period or
not. If the mud has the high gel strength, it will create high pump
pressure in order to break circulation after the mud is static for long
time. Furthermore, increasing in a trend of 30-minute gel strength
indicates a build-up of ultra-fine solid. Therefore, the mud must be
treated by adding chemicals or diluting with fresh base fluid.
In other words, Gel strength is the measurement of the suspension
properties of a drilling fluid. Gel strength is measured with a
rheometer or shearometer and is reported in pounds per 100 square
feet.
4. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
4
Gel strength is of the upmost importance, especially in coarse-
grained soils (sand, gravel and rock). In a vertical hole, we remove
solids with viscosity and velocity. In HDD, we don’t have velocity
working on our side because of the pumps we use and the size of
reamers we may be using. We can’t depend on annular velocity. In
addition, annular velocity rates that may be desirable in vertical
applications may erode the less consolidated soils that are
encountered at depths as shallow as 3 to 4 feet as are often
encountered in utility HDD. We make the comment that the primary
responsibility of a bit or a reamer is considered to be cutting a bore-
path through the soil, the actual cutting operation.
The secondary responsibility, which is of equal importance, is to
mix the soil that is being cut into aslurry with the fluid. It then
becomes the responsibility of the fluid to suspend these solids and
keep them in suspension until they can be transported out of the
hole. This resulting slurry (solids + fluid) becomes the conveyor belt
to remove at least enough solids to make room for the product line.
It is important to remember that, unlike vertical drilling, there is
never an empty hole. The slurry (solids + fluid) aids in supporting
the ceilings of these horizontal bore-paths. The solids will not
remain in suspension to maintain the slurry without gel strengths.
(Baroid Industrial Drilling products,2016)
5. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
5
Equipment, Martials and Devices:
The Baroid Rheometer is a coaxial cylindrical rotational
viscometer, used to determine single or multi-point
viscosities. It has fixed speeds of 3 (GEL), 100, 200, 300 and
600 RPM that are switch selectable with the RPM knob.
Additionally, the same switch set to the VAR position
enables speed selection of between 3 and 625 RPM, by
manual adjustment of the variable knob.
(Figure 1) (Baroid Rheometer) (Drilling lab manual,2014)
6. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
6
Procedure:
1-Preparing a mud of known density (i.e. any drilling
fluid can be used, even if the density was unknown).
2-Stir a sample at 600 RPM for about 15 seconds
3-Turn the RPM knob to the STOP position.
4-Wait the desired rest time (First time 10 seconds).
5-Switch the RPM knob to the GEL position, Record
the maximum deflection of the dial before the Gel
breaks, as the Gel strength in Ib/100ft2
.
6-Repeat 4 and 5 for 10 min Rest time.
7. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
7
Discussion:
1-Explain the Gel Strength briefly?
The gel strength is the shear stress measured at low
shear rate after a mud has set for a period of time (10
seconds and 10 minutes in the standard API procedure,
although measurements after 30 minutes or 16 hours
may also be made). The gel strength quantifies the
ability of the fluid to have strength when static, in order
to suspend cuttings, and flow when put under enough
force.
2-What does the Thixotropic property means?
Thixotropic property means, Property of drilling fluid
for being Semi-solid at static conditions (i.e. when
circulation is stopped) and Liquid when it’s pumped.
3- Why it is necessary for a drilling fluid to have gel
strength property?
During drilling process we may get faced with
situations that the Circulation process will stop! And as
it is known the mud that‘ve been circulated for a period
of time contains solid particles, cuttings and crushing,
that will gradually (i.e. in high Gelly muds) or instantly
8. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
8
(i.e. in low gelly muds) deposit and accumulate at the
bottom of the well. Which can cause stuck of drilling
string and drilling bit balling as well.
To avoid such problems, the mud engineer should
carefully control the gel strength of the mud.
4-What factors will affect the Gel strength of drilling
fluid in WBM?
The following causes will result in the high gel
strength in the water base mud:
Bacteria, Drill solid, Salt, Chemical contamination as lime,
gypsum, cement, and anhydrite, Acid gases as Carbon Dioxide
(CO2), and Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S). (Drilling mud, 2010)
5-What factors will affect the Gel strength of drilling
fluid in OBM?
For an oil base drilling fluid, there are several points
that will cause the high gel strength in the mud system
as follows:
Over treatment with organic gelling material
Build-up of fine solid particles in the mud (Drilling mud, 2010)
6-Why the student results of test observations was in
a wide range difference?
When performing the test, there were some noticed
factors which they lead to wide range results of student
9. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
9
test observations. One of these factors might be errors
and/ Or differences in the previously prepared mud,
another factor can be the error of the reading of test
apparatus reading, because students should have a quick
and accurate sense to measure the reading correctly.
7-Imagine that, during the drilling process you get
circulation stopped, what will be your prior steps?
At any instant of time if the drilling process got the
stopped circulation either it was expected (i.e. having
prior information that the circulation will stop at
specified time) or non-expected (i.e. sudden situation to
stop circulation, kick or drilling mud loss ,..etc.) the
drilling and mud engineers prior step would be to check
the gel strength of the mud, and if it was at fair level,
then the gel strength additives should be added. To
avoid risk of stacked assembly down-hole.
8-Why the Gel property of the drilling fluid increases
with time?
The Gel strength is the function of the drilling fluid’s
internal forces which combine particles together to form
semi-solid compound of mud and cuttings. However,
The more the mud gels during shut down periods ,the
more pump pressure will be required to initiate
circulation again.
10. Drilling Lab. Gel Strength
10
References:
1-Foundation, Concrete and Earthquake Engineering (2013) Gel
Strength of Drilling Mud [Online] Available from: http://civil-
engg-world.blogspot.com/2011/05/gel-strength-of-drilling-
mud_08.html [Accessed: Feb.5th
2016].
2- Bariod Industrial Drilling Products (2016) Drilling Fluid
Properties (Horizontal Applications) [Online] Available from:
http://www.baroididp.com/idp/resources/technical-
assistance/publications/tech-papers/fluid-properties-for-
horizontal-applications/horizontal-apps.page?node-id=hm8zxxls
[Accessed:Feb.6th
2016]
3-Cariflex Polyisoprene Products (2013) Wet-Gel Strength
Improvement [Online] Available from:
http://www.kraton.com/products/cariflex/Cariflex%20IR%20lat
ex%20-%20Wet%20Gel%20Strength.pdf [Accessed: Feb. 6th
2016]
4- Drilling-Mud (2010) Gel strength [Online] Available
from: http://www.drilling-mud.org/gel-strength/
[Accessed: Feb. 6th
2016]
5- Jaf,Pshtiwan.T.M., Drilling Engineering Laboratory
Manual,June 2014, Faculty of Engineering,Koya
university