This document summarizes several potential problems that can occur while drilling beds, including abnormal pressure, unconsolidated formations, shale instability, key seats, and ledges. Abnormal pressure can result from rapid sedimentation, evaporite deposition, piezometric surface contrasts, diagenesis processes, tectonic activity like folding and faulting, salt diapirism, and uplift. Unconsolidated formations can cause particles to separate and fall downhole. Shale instability can occur through mechanical or chemical mechanisms involving swelling and weakening. Key seats refer to wear points where the drill string changes direction. Ledges form from sequential soft, hard, and fractured formations wearing differently and potentially sticking the drill string.

1. Drilling Beds
Problems

2. • Abnormal pressure
• Unconsolidated Formation
• Shale Instability
• Key Seat
• Ledges

3.  Abnormal pressure:
Formation pressure tends to increase with depth according to the hydrostatic
pressure gradient, in this case 0.433 psi/ft. Deviations from the normal
pressure gradient and its associated pressure at a given depth are considered
abnormal pressure.

5.  Abnormal pressure
• Depositional Effects
• Piezometric surface
• Diagenesis
• Tectonic Effects

6. Depositational effect: Rapid Sedimentation
In this situation the sediment cannot compact and the contained
water is subjected not only to hydrostatic forces, but also to the
weight of newly deposited sediment, therefore it will created high
pressure zone

8. Depositional Effects:Deposition of Evaporites
The deposition of evaporites can create high abnormal
pore pressures in the surrounding zones .When salt is
deposited, the pore fluids in the underlying formations
cannot escape and therefore become trapped and
abnormally pressured.

9. Piezometric Surface Contrasts:
The piezometric surface is the point to which the fluid in a reservoir will
rise under a pressure head resulting from a difference in elevation

10. Diagenesis Processes:
Diagenesis is a term that refers to the chemical alteration of rock
minerals by geological processes. Diagenesis of montmorillonite clays to
illite clays results in an expulsion of interlayer bound water . If this
water cannot escape from the compressing shales abnormal pressure
can develop.

11. Tectonic Effects:
Tectonic activity can result in the development of abnormal pore
pressure as a result of a variety of mechanisms including: folding,
faulting, uplift and salt Salt Diaparism.

12. Tectonic Effects: Fault
When crossing faults it is possible to go from normal pressure to
abnormally high pressure in a short interval.

14. Tectonic: fold
The additional horizontal tectonic stress created by folding compacts
the clays laterally. For the formation to remain normally pressured, the
increased compaction must be balanced by pore water expulsion. If
the formation water cannot escape, abnormal pressure results.

16. Tectonic: Salt Diapirism
Salt exhibits plastic behaviour at elevated temperatures and pressures
and due to its low density will move upwards to form salt domes in
overlying formations. Salt has no porosity and no permeability and
therefore can be a perfect seal

18. Tectonic:Uplifit
If a normally pressured formation is uplifted to a
shallower depth then the formation will appear to have
an abnormal pressure due to the fact that the
formation pressure has more hydrostatic pressure than
a corresponding normally pressured zone at the same
depth.

19.  Unconsolidate Formation:
This situation could happen when drilling
into unconsolidated formations such as
gravel, sand, pea, etc. Since bond between
particles are weak, particles in the
formations will separate and fall down
hole. If there are a lot of unconsolidated
particles in the annulus, the drilling string
can possibly be packed off and stuck.

20. Shale instability:
Reaction between the shale and drilling fluid causes
the shale to swell, weaken, and eventually fall/collapse
into the wellbore.

21. Shale Instability: Mechanical Instability
mechanical rock instability can occur because the in-situ stress state of
equilibrium has been disturbed after drilling. The mud in use with a
certain density may not bring the altered stresses to the original state;
therefore, shale may become mechanically unstable.

22. Shale instability: Chemical Instability
Water in the mud absorbed by shale formations causes swelling effect
on formations. When there is a lot of water, shale will not be able to
hold their particles together and finally falls apart into the well. Finally
shale particles will jam a drill string.The shale instability is a chemical
reaction which is time dependent.

24. Key Seat:
While drilling, with high tension and
torsion in a drilling string, the drill
string creates wear, called key seat at
wellbore where there are changes in
direction. The soft to medium hard
formation has a great tendency to get
key seat.

25. Ledges:
Ledges are occurred while drilling in
sequential formations which have soft,
hard formations, and naturally fractured
formations. Stabilizers in BHA and tool
joint easily wear soft formations and
naturally fractured formations, however,
the hard formations are still in gauge (hole
size not change). If there are a lot of ledges
in the wellbore, the drillstring can get
stuck under ledges.