The document provides an overview of using drama techniques in an English language classroom. It discusses elements of drama like plot, character, dialogue, and theme. It explains that drama focuses on the experience of the participants and can engage students' feelings in a motivating way. Various drama techniques are listed, including role-plays, improvisation, readers' theater, and using course materials. The benefits of drama for language learning are that it teaches to multiple intelligences, develops imagination, and boosts confidence through adopting different roles.
Techniques to teach drama in a language classroomRajeev Ranjan
Teaching Drama:
Techniques to Teach Drama in a Language Classroom
Drama is specific mode of fiction represented in performance. It is an important genre. It consists of various emotions. Drama is a potential resource to create wonderful activities to maximize language learning in the classroom with full of fun. Language learning should be a matter of fun. It is totally non-serious thing. Pupil should enjoy a drama class.
This document outlines three rebus activities for different year levels. The first activity for Year 4 involves recalling a story from the previous lesson using rebuses. The second activity for Year 5 has students learn about places in Malaysia by looking at pictures and answering questions. The third activity for Year 6 has students make a mind map about a topic like transportation after discussing what they already know and reading a text provided by the teacher.
Introduction to grammar & Approaches in teaching grammarConstance Chee
The document discusses various approaches to teaching grammar to young English language learners, including using grammar in context rather than in isolation, using the M-U-F (meaning, use, form) framework to introduce new grammar points meaningfully, and integrating grammar instruction with the teaching of other language skills like reading, listening, speaking and writing. It also compares descriptive and prescriptive grammar as well as covert and overt approaches to teaching grammar.
Direct method and grammar translation method haseema groupFatima Gul
The document compares and contrasts the Direct Method and Grammar Translation Method of teaching foreign languages. [1] The Direct Method aims to immerse students in the target language similarly to first language acquisition, using the target language exclusively and teaching grammar inductively. [2] In contrast, the Grammar Translation Method was originally used for dead languages and focuses on translating between languages, with little emphasis on speaking or listening skills. [3] Key differences include the Direct Method teaching grammar inductively while Grammar Translation uses rules, as well as the Direct Method emphasizing oral communication and Grammar Translation prioritizing reading and writing.
This document introduces the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach, which originated in the 1960s in response to limitations of the prior Situational Language Teaching approach. The objective of CLT is to develop students' communicative competence and ability to use language functionally. It focuses on meaningful tasks, collaboration, and negotiation of meaning rather than mastery of grammar rules. Techniques may include information sharing, role plays, simulations, and other pair and group activities to encourage communication in the target language.
Communicative Language Teaching is the cornerstone for approaches that have shifted from a grammar-based language view to a functional view of language where communication is the main objective. Such approaches are CBI (Content-based instruction) and TBI (Task-based instruction). Today, both CBI and TBI are the leading approaches most teachers are currently using to teach a second/foreign language around the world. Both approaches have been proven to be effective, and the most important thing is that students are truly learning to use language to communicate their ideas to different audiences.
This document discusses various topics related to grammar including definitions, different approaches or kinds of grammar (such as traditional, historical, comparative, functional, and grammar translation), grammatical theories (traditional, immediate constituent, tagmemic, and transformational), parts of speech, sentence structure, classification of words, errors in language, drills to practice grammar, and tests of grammar knowledge. It provides information on inductive and deductive approaches to teaching grammar as well as common grammatical errors at the lexical, grammar, discourse, and pronunciation levels.
Realia refers to real-world objects used in language classrooms to enhance learning. Using realia makes classes more memorable, engaging, and exposes students to authentic cultural experiences. It allows kinesthetic learners to learn through hands-on interaction with objects. Realia stimulates learning by engaging multiple senses. It helps students grasp new vocabulary and grammar more easily by providing visual context. Some examples of realia include food items, clothing, tools and other everyday objects.
Techniques to teach drama in a language classroomRajeev Ranjan
Teaching Drama:
Techniques to Teach Drama in a Language Classroom
Drama is specific mode of fiction represented in performance. It is an important genre. It consists of various emotions. Drama is a potential resource to create wonderful activities to maximize language learning in the classroom with full of fun. Language learning should be a matter of fun. It is totally non-serious thing. Pupil should enjoy a drama class.
This document outlines three rebus activities for different year levels. The first activity for Year 4 involves recalling a story from the previous lesson using rebuses. The second activity for Year 5 has students learn about places in Malaysia by looking at pictures and answering questions. The third activity for Year 6 has students make a mind map about a topic like transportation after discussing what they already know and reading a text provided by the teacher.
Introduction to grammar & Approaches in teaching grammarConstance Chee
The document discusses various approaches to teaching grammar to young English language learners, including using grammar in context rather than in isolation, using the M-U-F (meaning, use, form) framework to introduce new grammar points meaningfully, and integrating grammar instruction with the teaching of other language skills like reading, listening, speaking and writing. It also compares descriptive and prescriptive grammar as well as covert and overt approaches to teaching grammar.
Direct method and grammar translation method haseema groupFatima Gul
The document compares and contrasts the Direct Method and Grammar Translation Method of teaching foreign languages. [1] The Direct Method aims to immerse students in the target language similarly to first language acquisition, using the target language exclusively and teaching grammar inductively. [2] In contrast, the Grammar Translation Method was originally used for dead languages and focuses on translating between languages, with little emphasis on speaking or listening skills. [3] Key differences include the Direct Method teaching grammar inductively while Grammar Translation uses rules, as well as the Direct Method emphasizing oral communication and Grammar Translation prioritizing reading and writing.
This document introduces the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach, which originated in the 1960s in response to limitations of the prior Situational Language Teaching approach. The objective of CLT is to develop students' communicative competence and ability to use language functionally. It focuses on meaningful tasks, collaboration, and negotiation of meaning rather than mastery of grammar rules. Techniques may include information sharing, role plays, simulations, and other pair and group activities to encourage communication in the target language.
Communicative Language Teaching is the cornerstone for approaches that have shifted from a grammar-based language view to a functional view of language where communication is the main objective. Such approaches are CBI (Content-based instruction) and TBI (Task-based instruction). Today, both CBI and TBI are the leading approaches most teachers are currently using to teach a second/foreign language around the world. Both approaches have been proven to be effective, and the most important thing is that students are truly learning to use language to communicate their ideas to different audiences.
This document discusses various topics related to grammar including definitions, different approaches or kinds of grammar (such as traditional, historical, comparative, functional, and grammar translation), grammatical theories (traditional, immediate constituent, tagmemic, and transformational), parts of speech, sentence structure, classification of words, errors in language, drills to practice grammar, and tests of grammar knowledge. It provides information on inductive and deductive approaches to teaching grammar as well as common grammatical errors at the lexical, grammar, discourse, and pronunciation levels.
Realia refers to real-world objects used in language classrooms to enhance learning. Using realia makes classes more memorable, engaging, and exposes students to authentic cultural experiences. It allows kinesthetic learners to learn through hands-on interaction with objects. Realia stimulates learning by engaging multiple senses. It helps students grasp new vocabulary and grammar more easily by providing visual context. Some examples of realia include food items, clothing, tools and other everyday objects.
Language Learning Through Tasks & ActivitiesBishara Adam
The document discusses using tasks and activities to support language learning for children. It describes tasks as the environment for learning and should be used to check understanding and evaluate learners. Tasks engage active learners and help make sense of activities, though teachers need to ensure real understanding. Demands on learners and support provided are important to balance. Tasks should break activities into clear language learning goals and manageable steps. Stages of preparation, core activities, and follow up help structure effective tasks. Balancing demands with appropriate support produces optimal language learning.
Community Language Learning (CLL) is a method for teaching language that uses the students' native language. The teacher acts as a counselor who translates between the native language and the target language. This creates a supportive relationship where students can express themselves freely in their native language at first. Over time, students build independence speaking in the target language through activities like translation, tape recording, reflection, and group work. CLL aims to reduce students' anxiety and help lower-level learners improve their speaking skills.
This document discusses different approaches to teaching grammar, including deductive and inductive approaches. It emphasizes that the primary learning experience comes from students practicing language themselves, rather than just listening to explanations. Effective grammar teaching balances presentation with practice activities like drills, exercises, elicited dialogues, and games to allow restricted and authentic output. Clarification can involve short teacher explanations, guided discovery through questioning, or self-directed discovery.
The interaction hypothesis proposes that comprehensible input and negotiation for meaning during face-to-face interaction contributes to second language acquisition. There are two forms of the hypothesis: one that emphasizes comprehensible input and another that suggests interactions provide negative evidence and focus learner attention. While interaction may aid language learning, it is not absolutely necessary, and its role is complex as interactions are not always positive.
The document discusses the PPP (Presentation, Practice, Production) teaching method. It involves three stages: presentation of new language, practice of that language through drills and exercises, and production which allows students to use the language more freely in activities like role-plays and discussions. The presentation stage introduces new structures and concepts. The practice stage focuses on accurate use through activities like drills. The production stage aims for fluency and has students apply what they learned in more communicative ways. The three stages together provide an effective way for students to learn language communicatively.
The document summarizes research on teaching grammar deductively versus inductively. It describes a study that compared teaching 10 French grammar points deductively by explaining rules first versus inductively by exposing students to example sentences first without explanation. Students performed better on immediate and delayed tests of the grammar points when they were taught inductively, discovering the rules through meaningful examples and communication rather than being directly taught the rules. The document concludes with criteria for effective inductive grammar lessons, noting students can communicate using new structures before being taught the linguistic rules.
This document discusses strategies for teaching speaking skills. It begins by noting that speaking proficiency is a major concern for many language learners and teachers. However, grammar and vocabulary often receive more focus than speaking skills. The document then explores several strategies teachers can use to develop students' speaking abilities, including:
1. Using activities that combine language input and opportunities for students to communicate, in order to move beyond just learning forms to practicing communication.
2. Helping students learn scripts for common speaking situations and strategies for clarification, to build confidence in managing conversations.
3. Creating role-plays and discussions that simulate real-world contexts and tasks, allowing students to practice a range of communicative functions.
The Direct Method is a language teaching method that uses only the target language in instruction and refrains from using the students' native language. It was established in Germany and France in 1900 in response to dissatisfaction with the Grammar Translation Method. Key features include teaching vocabulary through visual aids and an inductive approach to grammar, with a focus on oral communication skills like questioning and answering. Principles of the Direct Method include conducting class exclusively in the target language, initially teaching everyday vocabulary and sentences before introducing grammar, and emphasizing correct pronunciation and oral communication.
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) originated from changes in British language teaching in the late 1960s that rejected a focus on grammar mastery and emphasized communicative competence instead. CLT is based on theories that language is communication and is acquired through use. It aims to make communication the goal and teaches language skills interdependently through meaningful tasks. CLT lessons typically involve group work, information sharing activities, and role plays to encourage risk taking and free practice using language for various functions.
The audiolingual method is an oral-based language teaching approach that was influenced by structural linguistics and behavioral psychology. It uses repetition and drilling of grammatical patterns to help students form new habits in the target language. Teachers present new vocabulary and structures through dialogs, which students then practice through imitation, repetition, and pattern drills with the goal of overcoming their native language habits. The focus is on oral skills and grammar is induced, not explicitly taught. Student interaction is teacher-directed and the primary role of students is to respond to stimuli while the teacher controls the learning process.
This document discusses approaches to teaching grammar. It defines grammar as the system of rules governing word arrangement and relationships in sentences. Whether and how to teach grammar depends on factors like age, language level, education, skills, and language needs. For adults, some explicit grammar instruction can aid learning if contextualized and not overwhelming. Children benefit more from indirect instruction through structured input and error correction. Beginning learners should not focus too much on grammar to avoid hindering fluency development. The document also outlines different approaches to teaching grammar, including text-based, context-built, and test-teach-test methods.
The document summarizes the Direct Method approach to language teaching. It was developed in the late 19th century as an alternative to the Grammar Translation Method. Some key points of the Direct Method include: exclusively using the target language, inductive grammar instruction, emphasizing oral skills and communication over translation, and basing lessons on everyday vocabulary and real-world topics rather than linguistic rules. Techniques include reading aloud, question-answer exercises, and conversation practice.
The Audio-Lingual Method was developed during World War II to teach soldiers foreign languages quickly and effectively. It was based on behavioral psychology principles of stimulus-response and habit formation. Grammar and vocabulary were taught through repetitive drills and memorization rather than explanation. The focus was on oral proficiency through imitation and practice. However, criticisms emerged in the 1960s based on Chomsky's theory of innate language knowledge and generative grammar, challenging the behaviorist assumptions of Audio-Lingualism. While drill-based practice remained important, learners' creative abilities were acknowledged.
The document summarizes 6 proposals for classroom teaching of second languages: 1) Get it right from the beginning focuses on structure and accuracy; 2) Just listen...and read is based on comprehensible input through listening and reading; 3) Let's talk emphasizes meaningful interaction and negotiation of meaning; 4) Two for one refers to content-based instruction where students learn a subject and language; 5) Teach what is teachable suggests some structures develop predictably while others depend on individual factors; 6) Get it right in the end emphasizes form-focused instruction and explicit error correction. Each proposal is accompanied by summaries of 2-3 research studies providing evidence for or against the approach.
The document discusses the Direct Method approach to teaching foreign languages. It notes that the Direct Method avoids translation and uses demonstration and visuals to directly convey meaning in the target language. Some advantages are that it focuses on practical communication skills through listening and speaking, emphasizes vocabulary over grammar, and promotes real use of the language. However, disadvantages include the lack of teachers trained in this method, insufficient attention to reading and writing skills, difficulty applying it in large classes, and higher costs associated with materials.
The Audio-Lingual Method was developed during WWII to rapidly teach soldiers foreign languages. It focused on habit formation through repetition and drills without error. The teacher strictly modeled the target language, and students mimicked through dialog memorization and pattern practice drills. The goal was automatic language use by overcoming native language interference. Grammar was induced, not explicitly taught.
The document discusses integrating the four main language skills - reading, writing, listening, and speaking - into the classroom. It argues that production and reception are interconnected and interacting involves both sending and receiving messages. Integrating the skills allows students to learn in a natural way through authentic language use and tasks that build upon each other to encourage communication.
The natural approach is a language teaching method based on how people acquire first and second languages naturally. It focuses on developing basic communication skills through meaningful interactions in the target language. Benefits include students interacting at their own level without being forced to respond immediately. However, critics argue it ignores essential course design factors and simply borrows techniques from other methods without unique methods of its own.
This document discusses teaching speaking skills in a second language classroom. It begins by outlining the objectives and reasons for teaching speaking, such as its importance for language learning and students' evaluations of their progress. It then defines speaking and describes its features. Next, it defines teaching speaking and the rationale for using communicative approaches and collaborative learning. Some examples of communicative activities are then provided, such as discussions, role-plays, simulations and storytelling. Guidelines for teachers on conducting speaking activities are also outlined.
The document discusses the key principles and techniques of communicative language teaching (CLT). It emphasizes that CLT focuses on developing students' communicative competence through meaningful, authentic activities that require real communication. CLT aims to engage students in using language functions for different purposes and considers fluency and accuracy equally important goals. Errors are viewed as a natural part of the learning process.
Using drama in the classroom is a powerful teaching tool that captures students' attention. Drama activities can have surprising results and transform both actors and audiences. Drama provides an excellent platform for exploring practical and theoretical aspects of language. It allows language to be used in context and come to life in an interactive and visual way. The benefits of drama include the acquisition of meaningful interaction, assimilation of pronunciation and prosody, and contextualized learning of vocabulary and structures.
This document discusses how to use drama and movement activities to engage students in foreign language learning. It recommends dramatizing everyday situations through role plays, stories, jokes, and other group activities. Some benefits highlighted are that drama increases student motivation and attention, helps develop communication skills, and maintains classroom energy. Suggested teacher roles include organizer, prompter, and participant. Potential issues like noise and shy students are also addressed.
Language Learning Through Tasks & ActivitiesBishara Adam
The document discusses using tasks and activities to support language learning for children. It describes tasks as the environment for learning and should be used to check understanding and evaluate learners. Tasks engage active learners and help make sense of activities, though teachers need to ensure real understanding. Demands on learners and support provided are important to balance. Tasks should break activities into clear language learning goals and manageable steps. Stages of preparation, core activities, and follow up help structure effective tasks. Balancing demands with appropriate support produces optimal language learning.
Community Language Learning (CLL) is a method for teaching language that uses the students' native language. The teacher acts as a counselor who translates between the native language and the target language. This creates a supportive relationship where students can express themselves freely in their native language at first. Over time, students build independence speaking in the target language through activities like translation, tape recording, reflection, and group work. CLL aims to reduce students' anxiety and help lower-level learners improve their speaking skills.
This document discusses different approaches to teaching grammar, including deductive and inductive approaches. It emphasizes that the primary learning experience comes from students practicing language themselves, rather than just listening to explanations. Effective grammar teaching balances presentation with practice activities like drills, exercises, elicited dialogues, and games to allow restricted and authentic output. Clarification can involve short teacher explanations, guided discovery through questioning, or self-directed discovery.
The interaction hypothesis proposes that comprehensible input and negotiation for meaning during face-to-face interaction contributes to second language acquisition. There are two forms of the hypothesis: one that emphasizes comprehensible input and another that suggests interactions provide negative evidence and focus learner attention. While interaction may aid language learning, it is not absolutely necessary, and its role is complex as interactions are not always positive.
The document discusses the PPP (Presentation, Practice, Production) teaching method. It involves three stages: presentation of new language, practice of that language through drills and exercises, and production which allows students to use the language more freely in activities like role-plays and discussions. The presentation stage introduces new structures and concepts. The practice stage focuses on accurate use through activities like drills. The production stage aims for fluency and has students apply what they learned in more communicative ways. The three stages together provide an effective way for students to learn language communicatively.
The document summarizes research on teaching grammar deductively versus inductively. It describes a study that compared teaching 10 French grammar points deductively by explaining rules first versus inductively by exposing students to example sentences first without explanation. Students performed better on immediate and delayed tests of the grammar points when they were taught inductively, discovering the rules through meaningful examples and communication rather than being directly taught the rules. The document concludes with criteria for effective inductive grammar lessons, noting students can communicate using new structures before being taught the linguistic rules.
This document discusses strategies for teaching speaking skills. It begins by noting that speaking proficiency is a major concern for many language learners and teachers. However, grammar and vocabulary often receive more focus than speaking skills. The document then explores several strategies teachers can use to develop students' speaking abilities, including:
1. Using activities that combine language input and opportunities for students to communicate, in order to move beyond just learning forms to practicing communication.
2. Helping students learn scripts for common speaking situations and strategies for clarification, to build confidence in managing conversations.
3. Creating role-plays and discussions that simulate real-world contexts and tasks, allowing students to practice a range of communicative functions.
The Direct Method is a language teaching method that uses only the target language in instruction and refrains from using the students' native language. It was established in Germany and France in 1900 in response to dissatisfaction with the Grammar Translation Method. Key features include teaching vocabulary through visual aids and an inductive approach to grammar, with a focus on oral communication skills like questioning and answering. Principles of the Direct Method include conducting class exclusively in the target language, initially teaching everyday vocabulary and sentences before introducing grammar, and emphasizing correct pronunciation and oral communication.
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) originated from changes in British language teaching in the late 1960s that rejected a focus on grammar mastery and emphasized communicative competence instead. CLT is based on theories that language is communication and is acquired through use. It aims to make communication the goal and teaches language skills interdependently through meaningful tasks. CLT lessons typically involve group work, information sharing activities, and role plays to encourage risk taking and free practice using language for various functions.
The audiolingual method is an oral-based language teaching approach that was influenced by structural linguistics and behavioral psychology. It uses repetition and drilling of grammatical patterns to help students form new habits in the target language. Teachers present new vocabulary and structures through dialogs, which students then practice through imitation, repetition, and pattern drills with the goal of overcoming their native language habits. The focus is on oral skills and grammar is induced, not explicitly taught. Student interaction is teacher-directed and the primary role of students is to respond to stimuli while the teacher controls the learning process.
This document discusses approaches to teaching grammar. It defines grammar as the system of rules governing word arrangement and relationships in sentences. Whether and how to teach grammar depends on factors like age, language level, education, skills, and language needs. For adults, some explicit grammar instruction can aid learning if contextualized and not overwhelming. Children benefit more from indirect instruction through structured input and error correction. Beginning learners should not focus too much on grammar to avoid hindering fluency development. The document also outlines different approaches to teaching grammar, including text-based, context-built, and test-teach-test methods.
The document summarizes the Direct Method approach to language teaching. It was developed in the late 19th century as an alternative to the Grammar Translation Method. Some key points of the Direct Method include: exclusively using the target language, inductive grammar instruction, emphasizing oral skills and communication over translation, and basing lessons on everyday vocabulary and real-world topics rather than linguistic rules. Techniques include reading aloud, question-answer exercises, and conversation practice.
The Audio-Lingual Method was developed during World War II to teach soldiers foreign languages quickly and effectively. It was based on behavioral psychology principles of stimulus-response and habit formation. Grammar and vocabulary were taught through repetitive drills and memorization rather than explanation. The focus was on oral proficiency through imitation and practice. However, criticisms emerged in the 1960s based on Chomsky's theory of innate language knowledge and generative grammar, challenging the behaviorist assumptions of Audio-Lingualism. While drill-based practice remained important, learners' creative abilities were acknowledged.
The document summarizes 6 proposals for classroom teaching of second languages: 1) Get it right from the beginning focuses on structure and accuracy; 2) Just listen...and read is based on comprehensible input through listening and reading; 3) Let's talk emphasizes meaningful interaction and negotiation of meaning; 4) Two for one refers to content-based instruction where students learn a subject and language; 5) Teach what is teachable suggests some structures develop predictably while others depend on individual factors; 6) Get it right in the end emphasizes form-focused instruction and explicit error correction. Each proposal is accompanied by summaries of 2-3 research studies providing evidence for or against the approach.
The document discusses the Direct Method approach to teaching foreign languages. It notes that the Direct Method avoids translation and uses demonstration and visuals to directly convey meaning in the target language. Some advantages are that it focuses on practical communication skills through listening and speaking, emphasizes vocabulary over grammar, and promotes real use of the language. However, disadvantages include the lack of teachers trained in this method, insufficient attention to reading and writing skills, difficulty applying it in large classes, and higher costs associated with materials.
The Audio-Lingual Method was developed during WWII to rapidly teach soldiers foreign languages. It focused on habit formation through repetition and drills without error. The teacher strictly modeled the target language, and students mimicked through dialog memorization and pattern practice drills. The goal was automatic language use by overcoming native language interference. Grammar was induced, not explicitly taught.
The document discusses integrating the four main language skills - reading, writing, listening, and speaking - into the classroom. It argues that production and reception are interconnected and interacting involves both sending and receiving messages. Integrating the skills allows students to learn in a natural way through authentic language use and tasks that build upon each other to encourage communication.
The natural approach is a language teaching method based on how people acquire first and second languages naturally. It focuses on developing basic communication skills through meaningful interactions in the target language. Benefits include students interacting at their own level without being forced to respond immediately. However, critics argue it ignores essential course design factors and simply borrows techniques from other methods without unique methods of its own.
This document discusses teaching speaking skills in a second language classroom. It begins by outlining the objectives and reasons for teaching speaking, such as its importance for language learning and students' evaluations of their progress. It then defines speaking and describes its features. Next, it defines teaching speaking and the rationale for using communicative approaches and collaborative learning. Some examples of communicative activities are then provided, such as discussions, role-plays, simulations and storytelling. Guidelines for teachers on conducting speaking activities are also outlined.
The document discusses the key principles and techniques of communicative language teaching (CLT). It emphasizes that CLT focuses on developing students' communicative competence through meaningful, authentic activities that require real communication. CLT aims to engage students in using language functions for different purposes and considers fluency and accuracy equally important goals. Errors are viewed as a natural part of the learning process.
Using drama in the classroom is a powerful teaching tool that captures students' attention. Drama activities can have surprising results and transform both actors and audiences. Drama provides an excellent platform for exploring practical and theoretical aspects of language. It allows language to be used in context and come to life in an interactive and visual way. The benefits of drama include the acquisition of meaningful interaction, assimilation of pronunciation and prosody, and contextualized learning of vocabulary and structures.
This document discusses how to use drama and movement activities to engage students in foreign language learning. It recommends dramatizing everyday situations through role plays, stories, jokes, and other group activities. Some benefits highlighted are that drama increases student motivation and attention, helps develop communication skills, and maintains classroom energy. Suggested teacher roles include organizer, prompter, and participant. Potential issues like noise and shy students are also addressed.
The document discusses using drama in the classroom as a powerful teaching tool. It captures students' attention and can transform the classroom into a quasi-real language situation. Drama provides opportunities for personal growth, exploring language aspects practically, and developing communicative skills. The language comes alive in context through improvisation, making learning fun and memorable. Benefits include meaningful interaction, assimilation of pronunciation/prosody, vocabulary/structure acquisition, and confidence in the target language. Drama also improves cooperation, critical thinking, social awareness, and a healthy release of emotion.
The document discusses using role plays and drama on "Magic Adventure Day" to make English classes more dynamic and motivate students. It proposes organizing one day a week where students reinforce topics through playful role playing activities. Examples of informal lesson plans for role plays are provided. Role plays are said to help students develop communication skills and use language pragmatically in context. The proposal must be submitted to the school director and shared with the community. Role plays allow students to communicate ideas and emotions through assuming perspectives in make-believe situations.
The document discusses various activities to develop speaking skills, including conversation, dramatization, group discussion, storytelling, debate, interview, role-play, classroom dialogues, extempore speech, and description. Conversation establishes a link between language and situation and makes students express thoughts spontaneously. Dramatization involves acting out prose or poetry and improves speech habits. Group discussion makes every student participate and develops interactive and thinking skills. These various techniques provide opportunities for students to practice and improve their speaking abilities.
This document discusses using drama as a teaching tool in the classroom. It defines drama and identifies its basic elements such as role playing, narrative, language, and symbols. It dispels common myths about drama requiring special skills or spaces. The document explains that drama can be incorporated across subjects to encourage communication, critical thinking, and engagement. Specific drama strategies are presented, such as role playing, hot seating, and mantle of the expert. Examples are given of how these strategies can be applied to different subject areas. Overall, the document advocates for using drama in the classroom to create a fun environment that helps students learn.
The document provides guidance for activities and techniques to promote speaking skills in English language learners. It recommends that teachers create a communicative classroom where students can engage in authentic tasks that require real-life communication, such as group discussions, role plays, simulations, information gaps, brainstorming, storytelling, interviews, story completions, class reporting, playing cards, picture sequencing/narrating, picture describing, and finding differences in pictures. The document also provides suggestions for teachers, such as providing opportunities for student speaking time, reducing corrections, involving speaking practice both in and out of class, and diagnosing individual student difficulties.
This document discusses how to incorporate drama across the curriculum. It defines drama and identifies common myths, such as needing acting experience. Drama can be used through various strategies like role-playing, readers theatre, and hot-seating. These strategies help students learn by encouraging communication, cooperation, imagination and critical thinking. The document provides examples of using drama in subjects like history, science, math and ESL. It emphasizes that drama creates an engaging learning environment and helps students learn in fun ways.
Drama techniques like role plays, theater, and drawing can effectively teach English to children by engaging them in interactive and meaningful contexts that promote communication. Traditional grammar-focused teaching fails to develop communicative skills. Drama breaks the monotony and forces children to use English. It increases motivation, self-confidence, pronunciation, vocabulary, and cooperative learning while improving oral and written skills. Teachers should assess students' participation, progress over time rather than the final product, and evaluate their own teaching methods. Specific drama techniques are suggested, including choosing topics, creating dialogs, practicing roles, and assessing students and teaching methods. Websites on using drama in English language teaching are provided.
The communicative approach views language as a tool for communication. The goal is to develop students' communicative competence by having them use the language for meaningful purposes through tasks and activities. It focuses on fluency over accuracy and sees culture as everyday lifestyle. Lessons incorporate information gap, choice, and feedback activities. The syllabus is based on functions, notions, tasks or skills. Errors are tolerated during fluency activities.
(Presentation) How to teach Speaking March 2023.pptxMohamedAtef576773
This document provides guidance on teaching speaking skills. It defines speaking as building and sharing meaning through verbal and non-verbal communication in various contexts. The main objectives are to develop teachers' ability to teach speaking and students' oral proficiency. It emphasizes the importance of speaking and recommends providing authentic speaking practice and real-life situations to develop students' fluency. Suggested activities to promote speaking include discussions, interviews, role plays, storytelling and picture describing. Teachers should involve students, reduce teacher talking time, and provide feedback to develop students' confidence in speaking.
This document discusses using drama activities and techniques for teaching English. It defines drama as a tool for exploring and expressing human feelings that is fundamental to human behavior and culture. There are many benefits to using drama in the classroom, such as providing motivation, opportunities to use language in varied contexts, and rich language experiences for students. Drama is a highly valued teaching method because it allows students to use their existing knowledge to develop new understanding and helps develop skills like creativity, communication, and appreciation of literature. The document then provides examples of different drama activities that can be used, such as role-plays, improvisation, mime, puppet plays, and radio dramas. It concludes that drama is an appealing strategy that promotes cooperation, collaboration
This document provides guidance for teaching drama in the classroom. It outlines key skills and concepts students should develop in drama, including improvising roles, scripting and performing plays, and providing feedback. It emphasizes modeling appropriate language, challenging students, allowing reflection time, establishing ground rules, and varying teaching techniques. The document also discusses using drama to understand other subjects and using students' cultural knowledge. It provides examples of classroom drama techniques like teacher roles, freeze frames, conscience alleys, thought tracking, hot-seating, and group discussions.
This document provides information on using drama as a learning tool in the classroom. It discusses how drama can be used to stimulate interest, convey knowledge, and improve comprehension and retention of curricular material. Some examples of how drama can be applied in the classroom include role playing situations to learn new skills, developing scenarios to introduce concepts, and dramatizing events from stories or history. The document also discusses creative drama, role playing, and improvisation/pantomime as drama techniques that can be used in the classroom.
Reader's Theater is a strategy that allows students to practice their oral reading skills by reading a script aloud without memorizing, blocking, costumes, or additional props. Students read from a script to bring the story to life for an audience through vocal expression.
This document provides an overview of using constructivist principles and emotional intelligence to engage students in learning. It discusses how activities like art, music, games, and drama can help students connect emotionally and achieve learning goals. Specific examples are given, such as using a painting to teach vocabulary words about emotions, writing song lyrics to practice grammar, and performing a reader's theater about "The Very Hungry Caterpillar." The document aims to demonstrate practical ways to incorporate socio-affective techniques into language teaching.
Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) emerged in the 1970s as a result of experts realizing that students needed to develop communicative competence rather than just mastering linguistic structures. CLT aims to make communication the goal of language teaching by using authentic materials and meaningful, collaborative tasks. It focuses on using language as a means of communication rather than just studying structure. Key characteristics include using real contexts, providing opportunities to develop strategies, and practicing functional language. The teacher takes on roles like adviser and instructor, while students are active communicators responsible for their own learning. Techniques include role plays, problem-solving tasks, and using real-world materials like menus or newspaper articles.
- First Part: Despite its importance, teaching speaking has long been undervalued, often taught through repetition of drills or memorization of dialogues.
- Second Part: To effectively teach speaking, teachers should create a classroom environment with real-life communication, authentic activities, and meaningful tasks. Some activities that promote speaking are discussions, role-plays, simulations, interviews, and storytelling.
- Third Part: When teaching speaking, teachers should provide maximum opportunities for student speaking practice and reduce their own speaking time, while giving positive feedback and not overly correcting pronunciation mistakes. A variety of in-class and out-of-class speaking activities can help improve students' skills.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. • A play has many of the
same elements as a short
story. We learn about these
elements mainly through
the characters' words and
actions.
• Plot
• Setting
• Character
• Dialogue
• Theme
• Drama as performance
• Audience
• Stagecraft
• Types of stage
• Stage facilities
• Set Design
• Costume Design
• Lighting Design
• Sound Design
• Technical Design
2
3. Theatre
• Refers to performance
• ‘Drama‘ refers to work
designed for stage, the
body of written plays i.e. the
text.
• Concerned with interaction
between actors and
audience
• Teachers taking a theatre
Drama in the
classroom
• ‘Drama’ is largely
concerned with
experience by the
participants/students
• Teachers with a drama
focus refer more to
‘experience’ or ‘living
through’ improvisations
3
4. • A: How much did he ask for?
B: Ten thousand.
A: Did he really?
B: Yes he did.
• Dramatise dialogue above using
the following tones:
•Happy
•Sad
•Angry
•Surprised 4
5. • Drama techniques
• Theatre techniques
• Creative drama
• Drama in ESL situation
• Drama in language teaching
• In essence… activities which have the experience
of the participants as the goal
5
6. • It is fun and entertaining motivation to learn.
• Provides varied opportunities for different uses of
language
• Engages feelings a rich experience of language
for the students.
• Learner-centered can only operate through
active cooperation.
• A social activity the social and communal (as
opposed to the purely individual, aspects of
learning). 6
7. 7
• A universal form of human expression
• Emotion, gestures, and imitation are universal forms of
communication understood in all cultures
• Learning thru mimicry and role-modeling
• Teaches to multiple intelligences
• Drama games, activities, and productions develop all of
Gardner's intelligences, but are particularly strong in Spatial,
Bodily/Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Linguistic, and Intrapersonal
Intelligences.
• Using drama as a teaching tool activates many of the innate
human intelligences often neglected by traditional methods of
8. 8
• Develops the imagination
• develops students' writing, speaking, and creative self-
expression
• A multi-sensory mode of learning
• Research has demonstrated that the emotional involvement in
drama activities promotes a deepening of understanding and
improved retention of the information.
• Reaches students who struggle in traditional schooling
• Drama is a kinesthetic (movement) teaching method that
benefits those students who learn best by doing (moving their
bodies). Also see Total Physical Response
9. • It does not mean grammatical structures are not
important – focus on language in use.
• This is why drama can be such a useful pedagogic
tool.
• CONTEXT is key
9
10. • Bolstering students’ confidence in alternative
language use through assuming different roles
•Students break out of familiar “school” or “classroom”
roles constructed by peers
• Adopting different styles/registers
• Expressing emotions through language
• Learning to “think on your feet”
10
11. • Fostering interpretation through role play of
scenes/related situations
• Adopting characters’ languages and perspectives
• Exploring related conflicts/issues through role play
of similar situations
•Create peer-conflict scene related to a peer conflict in a
story or novel
11
12. • Move away from drama as an elite activity e.g. just
the “drama kids”
• Engage all students through large-group
improvisation / small-group role-play
• Importance of a context of trust and safety
•Students feel comfortable experimenting with different
roles / language use
12
13. • Role play, simulation, drama, and game are sometimes used
interchangeably, but they do illustrate different notions.
• Some scholars believe that the difference between role play
and simulation is in the authenticity of the roles taken by
students.
• Simulation is a situation in which the students play a natural role, i.e. a
role that they sometimes have in real life (e.g., buying groceries or
booking a hotel).
• In a role play, the students play a part they do not play in real life (e.g.,
Prime Minister, Managing Director of a Multinational Company or a
famous singer).
• Other scholars consider role play as one component or element of
simulation (Greenblat, 1988; Crookall & Oxford, 1990). 13
14. • Icebreakers: Exercises/warm-ups/games
• Improvisation, role play
• Mime/Charades
• Nonverbal tableaux/statues
• Body sculptures
• Group tableaux of a scene from a text
• Oral interpretation/poetry slams/choral readings /readers’
theater
• More extended drama simulations e.g. Process drama,
Reader’s Theatre, Scripted skits
• Play production
• Materials exploitation (e.g. dramatising coursebook materials 14
15. • Activities or modes of discussion used to help
individuals ease into a group setting.
• Done in groups
• May involve physical activities
• Should suit the intended purpose
15
16. • Improvisation is a kind of activity done without
preparation.
• Students create a scene, speak, act, react, and
move without preparing. The decisions for what to
say or do are made on the spot. The scene is
created as they go.
• Participants must pay attention to their partners in
order to react appropriately. This forces them to
listen carefully, to speak clearly, and to use 16
17. • Improvisation is a great way to get students
communicating as they would outside the classroom.
Outside the classroom, students must be able to speak
and act without preparing (planning what to say, looking
in the dictionary, writing words, etc.).
• Improvisation gives students the skills and confidence to
be successful when communicating outside of the
classroom.
• To watch videos of how to use improvisation in the ESL
classroom, go to http://esldrama.weebly.com/drama.html
17
18. • Improvised role play might involve the class dividing
into pairs to act out a spontaneous exchange
between shopkeeper and customer.
• Scripted role play is based on similar situations with
the dialogue written out for the participants in
advance.
• As a variation, learners are not given access to
each other's lines until the dialogue is enacted.
18
19. • Allows Ss to engage in, explore and learn about the
everyday roles that occur in their familiar experience; the
roles carried out by their parents or care-givers and
members of their community.
• Allows Ss to express their emotions, positive and
negative, in appropriate ways.
• Allows Ss to explore their own self-image and identity. It
helps build self esteem.
• Encourages speaking and listening skills and leads to
shared understanding, effective communication and
cooperation. 19
20. • Select a scene from a text or a related situation
• Define the conflicts/tensions in the scene or
situation
• Define the social situation/context, roles, role
attributes/agendas, desired goals
• Provide information to students for small-group role
plays
20
21. • Select a topic lending itself to a large-group role
play
•an issue facing students in the school that must be
resolved by the school board
•a censorship case, trial, election, etc.
• Students in class adopt different roles
• Students send written/online messages
•Students persuade others/build alliances
• A final decision is made by a board/jury 21
22. • Might involve students in creating individual
fictitious characters in a specific context (e.g.
people living in different countries or village who
speak and write to each other over a period of
time).
22
23. • Process drama is performed for the sake of the act of doing it –
not for an audience, not for a production, and it doesn't need to
be rehearsed. The audience can simply be the performers
themselves. In process drama, the importance is working
through a problem, and seeing it from many perspectives.
• Process drama allows the participants to experience a topic from
many perspectives – to dig deep into meanings and feelings. It
creates an atmosphere of exploration. Because the end product
is not the focus, students work at every moment to produce to
the best of their ability. In this way, process drama can be seen
as more meaningful, productive, and well-rounded.
• For more information, please refer to the following website
http://esldrama.weebly.com/process-drama.html
23
24. • Students read a story or script (usually with narration) aloud.
• The focus of readers' theatre is on the voice and vocal elements,
rather than visual elements. A set and props are not needed.
• In reader's theatre, a script is chosen, made, or adapted. Students
can help with this process, or it can be done by the teacher.
• Students choose a character from the script and memorize their
lines, which helps imprints the correct pronunciation in the
students' minds.
• Because readers' theatre focuses on vocal expression, and
students have the opportunity to practice repeatedly;
pronunciation is a key component. Readers' theatre is the ideal
tool for perfecting certain aspects of pronunciation – use of 24
25. • In plays, students are assigned a character, and they must plan or read
the lines of the character and dramatize the actions. In plays, students
must listen to their partners in order to know when it is their turn.
Although listening is not as necessary in a play as it is in improvisation,
students still must know when it is their turn to speak.
• When students are asked to take a role in a play, they can imagine and
plan how to act in situations for which they do not yet have the
language skills. This gives them the confidence to try their newly
acquired language outside the classroom.
• There are many purposes for introducing role-play scripts into the ESL
classroom. Students can read for the main idea, read for details, read
to write a different ending, read to understand character’s motivations,
read to find grammar points, or learn vocabulary in context, among
other purposes.
25
26. • Dramatising course book materials and literary
texts e.g. poems, short stories, news report
• The basic concept is to take a piece of literature
that the students can appreciate, and act it out.
• Younger children tend to enjoy acting out the story
as it is being read, whereas older children enjoy
exploring the concept or theme of the entire story.
26
27. 27
• Before/After the dialogue/text
•Getting students to predict & dramatise what they think
happens before or after a coursebook text or dialogue
• Key word to role play
•Giving learners key words from a coursebook dialogue and
getting them to write their own scenarios from the key words
& acting them out, before or after they read the originals.
• Hot off the press: ‘Live’ interviews
•Where a coursebook text reports an interview with someone,
getting students to actually act it out with all the
paralinguistic features.
28. • Begin with warm-up activities
•Importance of comfort/confidence
•Being physically loose
• Move to focus just on nonverbal
•Charades/tableaux activities
•Body sculptures
• Emphasize nonverbal communication
28
29. • Employ situations in which students vary language /
speech-act performance
•Differences in intent, power, register, formality, emotion,
audience
• Saying “Hi” to evoke different meanings
• Reflect on ways of performing language to
construct alternative meanings
29
30. • Select short texts suitable to performance or
memorization
• Reflect on the meaning to be conveyed
• Mark up the text in terms of emphases and pauses to
convey certain meanings
• Practice performing the text
• Perform the text for the class
• Poetry Slam:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJJ03Z6stf4
• Choral Reading: 30
31. Students:
• select challenge/experiences in their
own lives or portrayed in texts
•Conflicts with peers or parents
•Challenges in school/workplace/families
• write dialogue for one-acts
• rehearse and revise dialogue
• perform one-acts for the class
31
32. Students:
• select roles/parts/director
•Small groups may each do different plays
• discuss interpretations and how to convey those
interpretations
• rehearse performances
• perform for the class
• share reactions to the plays
32
33. 33
• The spectacle a play presents in performance, its
visual detail
• Set – Physical setting and backdrop that is the
background for the action
• Props – Furniture, objects, etc. that provides
physical context to play and can play important
dramatic symbol
• Costume – Reveal the characters, reflect their
changing fortunes
• Lighting – Sets mood
• Sound effects – We hear but don’t see the action
34. 34
• Context: These activities "set the scene" or add information as the
lesson progresses.
Soundtracking
Voices or instruments are used to create a mood or
paint a picture.
Costuming
Costuming is used as an introduction to culture or a
lifestyle of a character.
Defining the space
Furniture is arranged to represent the place where the
action happens.
Diaries, journals,
letters
Written in or out of role as a reflecting experience.
Still image
Devising an image using bodies to crystallize a moment,
theme, or idea.
Simulations
Events are simulated to highlight timing, decision-making,
and problem-solving.
35. 35
Mantle of the
expert
The group becomes endowed with specialist knowledge
relevant to the situation (e.g. archaeologists, art critics,
etc.). There are no "wrong" answers.
Meetings
The group meets, plans action, makes decisions, and suggests
solutions.
Interviews
Students interview people, groups, or characters to reveal
information, attitudes, motives, aptitudes, and capabilities.
A day in the life
A chronological sequence of what happened before the action in
the story is experienced or brainstormed.
Reportage
Reporters represent how ideas and truths can be distorted by
media and outsiders.
Teacher in role
The teacher adopts a suitable role to excite interest, control the
action, or provoke tension.
36. 36
Re-enactment
An event is re-enacted in detail to reveal what might have
happened.
Ritual
Students enact stylized traditions to understand other cultures
and rituals.
Analogy Working on a parallel situation that mirrors the real problem.
Masks
Wearing masks to change perspectives of situations and
encounters.
Caption making
Groups devise slogans, titles, and verbal summaries of visual
presentations.
Ceremony Groups create unique special events to mark significance.
Mimed activity
Students act without speaking. Emphasizes movement rather
than dialogue.
37. 37
• Involves moving away from familiar structures and
routines which feel safe into approaches which are more
open-ended and unpredictable.
38. • In ESL contexts, the possibilities are limited by the fluency
and language ability of the students.
• Younger learners: The enthusiasm and exuberance can
turn into problems of discipline.
• Older learners: There may be problems of inhibition and
embarrassment.
• Despite the enormous potential for drama to motivate and
engage the students, in practice drama can sometimes be
flat and fail to inspire.
38
39. PRIMARY (KSSR)
1
Year 1-3: Structured Reading
Program (2003)
Literature in Language Arts Module: Pupils will
be guided to plan, organize and produce
creative works for enjoyment.
2
Year 4-6: Children’s
Contemporary Literature
Program (2006)
An intensive reading program based on 2-3
prescribed texts (poem and short story) per
year; different texts for 3 regions and between
SK and SJK
SECONDARY (KSSM)
1
Year 1-5: Literature Component
in English Language (2000)
Included in PT3 and SPM Paper 2
Meant to inculcate values and broaden outlook
2
Year 4-5: Literature in English
(Elective) (1990)
Inculcate ability to enjoy the experience of
reading literature; understand and respond to
literary texts through an exploration of areas of
39
40. • Literature Component in English Language
• 2000: Forms 1 and 4
• 2001: Forms 2 and 5
• 2002: Form 3
• Compulsory component; forms 20% of the SRP/PT3 and
SPM English language paper
• Cycle 1: 2000 – 2009
• Cycle 2: 2010 – 2014
• Cycle 3: 2015 – 2019
• Literature in English Elective (Forms 4 & 5)
• Cycle 1 – 4: 1990 – 2006 (i.e. 4 years per cycle)
• Cycle 5: 2007 – 2014
• Cycle 6 and 7: 2015 – 2019; 2020 – 2024 (Same texts)
40
41. • English Language is allocated FIVE 45 minute periods a
week; including ONE period for the Literature Component in
English Language
• A range of texts are offered in the secondary school
curriculum and covers Malaysian, British, European,
Australian, American and African works.
• Learners are expected to be able to follow a storyline and
understand a poem and to give their own personal response
to the text.
• The study of these texts is meant to inculcate values and
broaden learners’ outlook.
41
42. Poetry:
• Poetry for Pleasure (RK
Sadler & TAS Haylar)
• News Break (Max Fatchen);
• Sad I Ams (Trevor Millum)
Short Story:
• Short Story Arena (Walter
McVitty)
• Fair’s Fair (Narinder Dhami)
• Graphic Novel:
• 20,000 Leagues under the Sea
– Jules Verne (Kedah, Perlis,
Kelantan, Penang, Perak)
• King Arthur – Retold by Janet
Hardy-Gould (Terengganu,
Pahang, Johor, Sarawak,
Sabah, Labuan)
• The Swiss Family Robinson –
Johan D Wyss (Selangor,
KL/Putrajaya, Negeri Sembilan, 42
43. 43
Poetry:
• Poetry for Pleasure (RK Sadler & TAS Haylar)
• My Hero (Willis Hall)
• What is red (Mary O’Neill)
Short Story:
• Short Story Arena (Walter McVitty)
• Cheat! (Alan Bailie)
Drama:
• One thousand dollars and other plays (Oxford University
Press)
• A Night Out (O. Henry)
44. 44
• Poetry:
• Poetry for Pleasure (RK Sadler & TAS Haylar)
• Poisoned Talk – Raymond Wilson
• The Day the Bulldozers Came – David Orne
• Novel:
• We didn’t mean to go to sea – Arthur Ransome (retold by Ralph
Mowat). (Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Penang, Perak)
• The Elephant Man – Tim Vacary. (Selangor, KL/Putrajaya,
Negeri Sembilan, Malacca)
• Moby Dick – Herman Melville (retold by Kathy Burke). (Johor,
Pahang, W. P. Labuan, Sabah, Sarawak)
45. • Poetry:
• A Poison Tree (Selected by: Pie
Corbett and Valerie Bloom)
• The Living Photograph (J Kay);
• The Charge of the Light Brigade -
extract (Lord A Tennyson)
• A Poison Tree (W Blake)
• What ever happened to Lulu? (C
Causley)
• Short Story:
• Leaving No Footprint – Stories
from Asia (Retold by Kay West)
• Tanjung Rhu (Mingfong Ho)
• Changing their skies – Stories
from Africa
• Leaving (M.G. Vassanji)
• Drama:
• Five Short Plays (Oxford
University Press)
• The Right Thing to Do (Martyn Ford)
• Novel:
• Sing to the Dawn – Mingfong
Ho (Kelantan, Terengganu,
Perak, Penang)
• Dear Mr Kilmer - Anne Schraff
(Perlis, Kedah, Selangor, W. P.
K.L. & Putrajaya, N Sembilan,
Melaka)
• Captain Nobody - Dean
Pitchford (Johor, Pahang, W. P.
Labuan, Sabah, Sarawak)
45
46. • BEFORE CLASS: Each group (3-4 students) to
search the Net and come up with the following
activities:
•5 Icebreakers/Warm up activities.
•5 improvisation activities
•5 role play activities
•5 creative drama activities
• Upload into Discussion Forum in iFolio 46