Drain cleaning system report

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................................................... 2
PREFACE............................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Steps taken for efficient water drainage in past and present:....................................................................2
CHAPTER-2................................................................................................................................................................... 5
LITERATURE SURVEY.......................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Present Scenario:.......................................................................................................................................6
2.2 Legal And Institutional Framework.........................................................................................................7
Table 2.3 DCB Data.....................................................................................................................................10
2.3 Waste Generation And Collection.......................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Where Actually Lies The Problem..........................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................................................. 17
AUTOMATED DRAINAGE CLEANING SYSTEM................................................................................................. 17
3.1. Mechanism & Working:.........................................................................................................................17
3.2Components Required & Analysis...........................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................................................................. 19
CAD MODELLLING...........................................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................................................................. 40
CALCULATIONS........................................................................................................................................................40
CHAPTER 6................................................................................................................................................................. 44
ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES.......................................................................................................................44
6.1 Advantages :....................................................................................................................................................44
6.2 Challenges:......................................................................................................................................................45
CHAPTER 7................................................................................................................................................................. 47
7.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS...................................................................................................................47
CHAPTER 8................................................................................................................................................................. 48
8.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT.................................................................................................................................... 48
8.1.1 FOR ACADEMICS............................................................................................................................. 48
8.1.2 FOR INDUSTRY.................................................................................................................................48
8.1.3FOR SOCIETY.....................................................................................................................................48
8.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT...........................................................................................................49
CHAPTER 9................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................................... 50
APPENDIX...................................................................................................................................................................51
General information.............................................................................................................................................. 51
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................................57

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CHAPTER 1
PREFACE
1.1 Steps taken for efficient water drainage in past and present:
Water is a basic necessity of humans and all living beings. There is a plenty of water on earth
but that is not suitable for human use. Clean water is more important if used for some purpose.
The impurities present in water can cause hazardous and disease. As long as the draining
system is considered the function of the main drainage system is to collect, transport and
dispose of the water through an outfall or outlet. Impurities in drainage water can be only like
empty bottles, polythene bags, papers,etc.Today when the scheme like “Swatch Bharat
Mission” is at peak of their age and everyone working towards making their surrounding and
country clean, our group has sort to work out on a mechanism to make drains of our country
free from solid waste and hence playing a major role in cleaning our society.
The most striking feature of Harappan civilization (Indus Valley Civilization) is that the Indus
Valley people had constructed their drainage system on very scientific lines.
The drainage system of Mohen-jo-daro is so elaborate that “the like of which has not yet been
found anywhere in the world in any other city of the same antiquity.”
.1 Harappan civilization (Indus Valley Civilization) drainage system

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House drains emptied themselves into the main drains which ran under the main streets and
below many lanes. The Harappan people well knew that such drains were not to be left open.
The drainage system and drains were covered with bricks or stones and were provided with
inspection traps and main holes at regular intervals for inspection. Every care was taken that
the house-wives did not throw refuse or dirt in the drains. Every house had its own soak-pit
which collected all the sediments and allowed only the water to flow into the street drain. The
elaborate drainage system of the Harappan people shows that they had developed a high sense
of health and sanitation.
1.2 Hazardous waste: Semisolid or solid matters that are created by human or animal
activities, and which are disposed because they are hazardous or useless are known as solid
waste. Most of the solid wastes, like paper, plastic containers, bottles, cans, and even used cars
and electronic goods are not biodegradable, which means they do not get broken down
through inorganic or organic processes. Thus, when they accumulate they pose a health threat
to people, plus, decaying wastes also attract household pests and result in urban areas
becoming unhealthy, dirty, and unsightly places to reside in. Moreover, it also causes damage
to terrestrial organisms, while also reducing the uses of the land for other, more useful
purposes.
Fig 1.2 Waste
Therefore this problem needs immediate remedial measures.These impurities present in
drainage water can cause blockage or the drainage system. The drainage system can be
cleaned time to time manually or such a system can be designed that will automatically throw
out wastages and will keep the water clean. This project is designed to keep clean the drainage
system and helps the smooth working of the system. This project automatically cleans the
water in the drainage system each time any wastage appears and this form an efficient and

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easy way of cleaning the drainage system and preventing the blockage. It also reduces labour
and improves the quality of water that is cleaned. If the garbage are allowed to flow the will
end up flowing down to recreational beaches used for tourism purposes making a scene not
pleasurable to the eyes else these garbage flow to residential sites where they are burnt in a
way of getting rid of them, thereby causing climate change. The drainage systems are cleaned
when there is no water in them i.e. when it is not raining, but when it is raining the drainage
systems cannot be cleaned because of the harsh conditions of the rain which no one would
volunteer to endure to ensure garbage does not enter into the drainage systems.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
In many of urban areas in India after a short length of flow of sewage underground (200mm to
1200mm dia pipes), the sewage pipes are no longer able to take the large flow. The combined
sewage from these large pipes generally flows in open sewers – sewers that were originally
storm water courses. These now carry sewage continuously and occasionally storm water from
intense weather events. When these are choked or encroached to a point of being too narrow,
the water flow spills over its banks into nearby settlements. This occurs generally following
high intensity rainfall wherein the sewer /open storm drain can no longer take the large
combined water flow.
Among the many reasons which cause urban flooding in such water courses / open sewers are:
a) Encroachment of drain and reduction of flow area,
b) Improper maintenance of drainage /sewer system,
c) Blockages of drainage channels by USW (Ultra Solid Wastes) dumped along its flow path
upstream of these sensitive points.
The most common reasons found for such blockages are:
a) Accumulation of silt or dumped debris or
b) Disposal of solid waste in the channel.
Poor and unplanned solid waste management and insensitive attitude among the upstream
residents results in USW being dumped into the open sewers. Such dumped USW cannot be
transported through these narrow streams and results in sewer blockages. Solid wastes which
enter the drain comprise mainly of fermentables, cloth, plastic and paper. Fermentable organic
wastes of the dumped USW (e.g. food and garden wastes) as well as paper are rapidly
degraded under such wet conditions leaving behind a predominantly non biodegradable
complex of wastes that occasionally flows in the sewers or remains stuck at vulnerable points
along the water course. These non biodegradable wastes flow along with sewage in these
drainage channels and gradually accumulate at shallow regions in the path where the flow
rates are very low or the wastes encounter physical obstruction due to a shallow nature –
especially when the only sewage is flowing in these streams. The extent of such mass
accumulating at specific points along the flow gradually increases with increasing quantities
of USW being discharged into the streams.

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2.1 Present Scenario:
Treating wastewater has the aim to produce an effulent that will do as little harm as possible
when discharged to the surrounding environment, thereby preventing pollution compared to
releasing untreated wastewater into the environment.[5]
2.1.1 Three stages of water treatment:
Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment.
a) Primary treatment: Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a
quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter
solids float to the surface.
b) Secondary Treatment: Secondary Treatment removes dissolved and suspended
biological matter.
c) Tertiary treatment: Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than
primary and secondary treatment in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or
fragile ecosystem (estuaries, low-flow rivers, coral reefs).
Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically.
Appropriate solid waste management of a city is crucial for public health and aesthetic
surroundings. It is essential for a clean look. Therefore, the removal of any scattered and
littered waste is as important as effective street sweeping and drain cleaning. This also brings
to focus the necessity of synergy in the design, construction and maintenance of roads, surface
(storm water) drains and storage, collection and transport of solid waste.
Fig 2.1 Municipal Solid Waste

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Due to its size and multiple activities, different types of solid waste are generated in Delhi:
• Municipal solid waste (from the domestic and commercial sectors and common areas such
as, parks, gardens, street sweepings and drain silt)
• Construction and demolition debris (C&D waste)
• Bio-medical waste (waste generated by health-care and veterinary establishments)
• Slaughterhouse waste (organized as well, as un-organized activities)
• e-Waste
• 'Special' waste (small quantities of toxic and hazardous waste generated by the household
and trade sectors)
• Industrial waste generated within the city area
The presence of these different types of waste streams complicates the solid waste
management scenario leading to deficiencies in planning and management. This is further
aggravated by the unplanned settlements – slums and squatter settlements. Apartfrom the
fundamental issue of service provision and problems of accessibility, some of these areas
undertake unauthorized recycling of plastics; batteries etc. which may have grave
environmental implications.
2.2 Legal And Institutional Framework
2.2.1 Legal Framework
The Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957 has section 42 C, 355-5.8; stating the functions
and role of MCD and citizens in disposal of the waste. The violation of
the sections 353, 354, 355(2), 356 and 357 are subject to fines ranging from Rs. 25 – 100
Section 357 (1) “Keeping rubbish and filth for more than 24 hours”, carries an additional daily
fine of Rs. 10. The brief obligation of MCD is to provide receptacles, depots and places for
waste disposal; and not necessarily house to house collection. It is the obligation of occupiers
to use these for disposal of their waste.
2.2 Institutional Framework
Municipal solid waste management being the responsibility of Local Bodies, the following
municipal entities are responsible for their respective areas:
1.Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD): Thus the MCD area includes urban areas, rural and
urban villages, slum clusters and regularized unauthorized colonies. The services of CSE

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include collection, transportation and disposal of municipal solid waste; road sweeping;
cleaning of surface drains, construction and maintenance of public conveniences.
It is a municipal corporation, an autonomous body that governs 8 of the 11 Districts of Delhi,
in the state of Delhi, India. It was one of three municipal corporations in the National Capital
Territory of Delhi, the others being New Delhi Municipal Council, and Delhi
Cantonment Board. "The MCD was among the largest municipal bodies in the world
providing civic services to more than estimated population of 11 million citizens in the capital
city.[1] The municipal corporation covers an area of 1,397.3 km² (539.5 mi²).
Within its jurisdiction are some of the most densely populated areas in the world. It has also
the unique distinction of providing civic services to rural and urban villages, resettlement
colonies, regularised unauthorised colonies, Slum/Squatter Settlements, private 'katras' etc.
Table 2.1 MCD data
2.New Delhi Municipal Council and (NDMC) : The activities include street sweeping
everyday; removal of the garbage deposited in 'dhalao' (masonry dustbins) and metallic bins;
and transporting the waste to MCD landfill sites at Ghazipur. The green (mainly horticulture)
waste is transported to the NDMC compost plant at Okhla.
S. Item Area Number Responsible
No. (sq. km) Department
1 Area 42.74 Health Department
2 Sanitation Circles 13
3 Number of 1800
1 Total area 1397.30 Conservancy and
2 Urban area 595.00
Sanitary
Engineering
(approx.) Department (CSE),
3 Rural area (approx.)795.00 presently changed
to the Department4 Administrative 12
zones of MCD of Environmental
Management5 Total number of More than
employees 52000 Services (DEMS)
6 Number of workers About 50000
(Safai Karmachari)

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employees
involved with
sanitation
Table 2.2 NDMC data
3.Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB): In the cantonment area also, the roads and markets are
swept and garbage is lifted.
Presently, the Cantonment is governed by the Cantonments Act, 2006 and various Policy
letters and Instructions of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of India issued from
time to time. Though the Board functions as a local municipal body, yet it is under the
administrative control of Directorate General Defence Estates (DGDE), New Delhi and
Principal Director, Defence Estates, Western Command, Chandigarh.
The Cantonment Board consists of eight elected Members, three nominated Military Members,
three Ex-officio Members (Station Commander, Garrison Engineer and senior executive
Medical Officer), one representative of the District Magistrate. An officer of the Indian
Defence Estates Services which is a central civil service is posted as the Chief Executive
Officer (CEO) as well as the member secretary of the Board. The board is headed by the
President Cantonment Board (PCB) who is the Station Commander and also presides over the
meetings of the cantonment board. The term of the elected Members is of 5 years. The Vice
President is elected from amongst the elected.
The Cantonment Act lays down both the mandatory and discretionary functions of the Board
such as education, public health, sanitation, roads, street lighting, water supply and birth and
death registration. For the purpose of administration and civil representation the cantonment
board is divided into eight wards. There are various other rules such as the cantonment
account code, cantonment fund servant rules, cantonment land administration rules and
cantonment property rules which emanate from the Cantonment Act.
Fire fighting, water supply, public health, street lighting, birth & death registration,
horticulture, primary education and sanitation are the prime departments of Delhi Cantonment
Board. The various departments of Delhi Cantonment Board collectively operate to strengthen
the civic infrastructure of the city.
1 Area 42.97 Health Department
2 Number of 450

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Table 2.3 DCB Data
2.3 Waste Generation And Collection
2.3.1 Waste Collection Services
Total sweeping staff available with MCD and NDMC is in ratio of 1:216 persons and 1:326
persons respectively. This is above (better than) the prescribed norms of 1:500 in Central
Public Health and Environmental Engineer Organisation (CPHEEO) manual. Within the
municipal area, some zones have been contracted out to private contractors for functions
ranging from the primary collection to waste disposal. They have their own sweeping staff,
waste collectors and vehicles to transport the waste from collection points to disposal sites.
MCD has privatized collection of municipal solid waste in 6 zones through 3 private operators,
in order to save costs and improve efficiency in service delivery. These operators have to put
sets of two bins (blue and green coloured) for collection of non-biodegradable / recyclable and
bio-degradable waste respectively. These bins are emptied into separate vehicles of similar
colour daily. The operators are also expected to do segregation of bio-degradable and non-
biodegradable solid waste before the waste is collected into separate vehicles.
NDMC has 900 community bins (masonry built) and 1000 metallic skips (open containers of
about 1m3
capacities).
2.3.2 Waste Generation
In the absence of a streamlined and completely controlled system of solid waste management,
the available data is based on per capita generation from some studies (e.g., done by NEERI,
19991
, Delhi Master Plan 20212
, State of Environment Report for Delhi, 20013
), vehicle trips
and fragmented data from landfill records. Table 12.1 gives some idea of the waste generation,
arrived at from such sources:
employees involved
with sanitation

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Fig 2.2 Waste pile
Table 2.4: Waste Generation arrived
Source: Public Health Department of MCD, NDMC and DCB
* 700 g per capita per day for calculation of projected generation in 2021 as per CPEHHO
Manual on solid waste Management
Quoted in Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (Status Report
for Delhi 21) prepared in 2001: 6000-6300 TPD for MCD, 350-400 TPD for NDMC and
about 100 TPD for DCB, the total generation in the National Capital Territory of Delhi shown
as around 6500-7000 TPD
S. No. Local Body
Existing Projected *
generation for generation for 2021
2001in TPD in TPD
1
Municipal Corporation of
Delhi 6300 15100
2
New Delhi Municipal
Council 400 550
3 Delhi Cantonment Board 100 100

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1
As per Delhi Master Plan, 2021 (the generation in 2001 being shown as 5250, 245 and 48
TPD for MCD, NDMC and DCB respectively)
2
State of Environment Report for Delhi, 2001, prepared by TERI quote the total figure at
6000-7000 TPD form the NCT (6300, 400 and 100 TPD for MCD, NDMC and DCB
respectively)
A news paper report (Times of India, May 14, 2006, New Delhi) pegs the solid waste
generation at 8000 TPD and garbage dumped at the three landfill sites at 7435 TPD.
According to a study carried out by IL&FS Ecosmart in 2005, the total generation is around
7700 TPD. The website of NDMC (as accessed on 12.08. 2006) notes lifting of 200-210 TPD
garbage from its area.
Keeping in view the somewhat varying figures, it is proposed that the present generation of
municipal solid waste may be taken as 6500 TPD for MCD, 400 TPD for NDMC and 100
TPD for DCB (total for NCT 7000 TPD) . The figure is corroborated by the figure of waste
collection of 6500-7000 TPD presented in a paper by MCD.
2.3.3 Constituents of Waste:
The variation of biodegradable waste ranges from 61.54% for industrial areas to 90.48% for
APMC. This indicates marked variation in the biodegradable component of MSW in
accordance with the land use pattern. Industrial areas are considered to generate relatively less
amount of biodegradable waste while APMC market is considered to generate maximum
amount of biodegradable waste. However, majority of land use like, MIG, LIG, HIG, EWS,
Local fruits / vegetable markets, institutional areas public / semi public areas and villages are
generating waste with a biodegradable component ranging from 71% to 76.5%. This indicates
that the Dhalaos catering to these areas are receiving waste from mixed land use areas existing
in the vicinity.
The variation in recyclable waste ranges from 1.85 from APMC to 8.24% from industrial
areas. The extent of recycling is indicated by the values of individual constituents at the
source and at the disposal site. It is evident from this table that the recovery of the recyclable
constituent includes paper, plastic, glass crockery, clothes, metal, etc. Paper, plastic and rag
contributed a major fraction while glass, metal contributed to a lesser extent. Recyclables from
APMC market are expected to be minimum (Refer Table 12.2)
4
(National Workshop on Municipal Solid Waste Management: Sharing of Experiences and
Lessons Learnt, New Delhi, July, 2005 and sponsored by HUDCO, USAEP and WSP).

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Table 2.5: Comparative Analysis of Physical and Chemical Characteristics
2.4 Where Actually Lies The Problem
Sewerage is the core element of physical infrastructure that determines the environmental
status of any settlement and as such requires minute planning, development and management.
Development of appropriate sewage carriage system with efficient treatment is the key
element, which acts as a prerequisite for facilitating balanced and harmonized development.
Augmentation of existing inadequate systems/treatment facilities as well as adoption of new
Parameter HIG MIG LIG EWS APMC Local Institutional
Commer
-cial
Public
& IndustrialVillage Landfill
Fruits / Area Area Semi Areas Areas
Composi-
tion Vege- Public
(%)
table
Markets Areas
Biodegra-
dable 74.9 72.86 72.96 71.28 90.48 76.59 74.63 68.76 74.03 61.54 71.08 62.5
Recyclable 3.86 4.74 5.2 5.99 1.85 4.25 5.00 5.07 5.11 8.24 4.38 3.84
Inert 1.01 1.67 1.43 2.16 0.33 1.16 1.43 1.37 2.37 2.02 1.30 2.75
Others 2.72 3.05 3.95 3.4 0.42 2.18 2.71 8.32 3.20 7.91 3.42 2.45
Bulk
Density 0.36 0.373850.3677 0.374 0.372020.3746510.359392 0.3755470.348420.3746 0.349910.35666
(MT/m3
)
Ash and
Fine
17.4
4 17.68 16.46 17.17 6.92 15.82 16.23 16.48 15.29 20.29 19.82 28.46
Earth
Content
%
Moisture %44.5 48.78 45.37 47.19 64.7 47.89 48.4 49.92 57.9 31.425 36.80 44.6
Calorific 10481109.471048 1096 1760 1321 1139.8 1133.46 1451.751014.3 1346 1366
Value
(kCal/kg)
C/N Ratio 21.2 21.35 20.7 20.19 30.03 22.56 17.82 22.52 24.82 19.05 25.76 22.26

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technologies of waste treatment for small and marginal settlements and rural areas presents a
gigantic task demanding special efforts.
In the Regional Plan -2001, it has been proposed that the DMA and priority towns should treat
sewage before it is discharged into the watercourses or on land or used for irrigation. The
other towns where it is not possible to provide a proper system due to topography and for want
of resources, low cost sanitation measures may be adopted which can be replaced by regular
sewage system subsequently. Sewage should be treated to bring the pollution level to
permissible limits as stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Pollution Control
Boards irrespective of the type of disposal of the sewage. As far as possible, areas where the
annual rainfall exceeds 75 cm, separate systems for sewage and storm water are recommended.
Rural areas, where piped water supply system exists, should be provided with sewerage
system with treatment facilities. Low cost sanitation measures such as sanitary latrines with
septic tanks and soak pit should be provided in the villages with hand-pumps based water
supply.
A review of Regional Plan-2001 was done in the year 1999, in which it was observed that
only 20% towns of NCR were covered with partial sewerage system, while the rural areas did
not have any access to such facilities. Since the last decade, no major progress has been made
with regard to sewage treatment plants. The rivers (mainly Yamuna) and various seasonal
streams had been converted into “Nallahs” which carry untreated sullage polluting
downstream areas. Some newly developed urban areas namely Faridabad, Gurgaon (in
Haryana) and NOIDA (in U.P.) have installed sewage treatment plants provided by
development authorities but reportedly not fully functional due to a variety of reasons.
2.4.1 Existing Situation and Issues
Recent studies reveal that at present barring Delhi, where 80% population is covered under
sewerage and 1,500 mld of waste water is being treated, the sewerage cover ranges from 30 to
70% in U.P. and 60% to 80% in Haryana in the DMA (now CNCR) towns only. Among the
CNCR towns, treatment facilities are available in Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad and NOIDA.
No sewerage treatment facility is available in any of the priority towns of U.P. Sub-region or
Rajasthan Sub-region. Coverage of sewerage system in various priority towns ranges from
40.0% to 70.0% in Haryana, 3.0% to 5.0 % in Rajasthan and 0.0% to 30% in Uttar Pradesh.
Status of availability of sewerage system and treatment facilities in some of the NCR towns in
the year 2000 is given at Annexure 9/I. Not enough database is available to determine the
position of sanitation in rural areas. However, the overall picture is dismal. High incidence of
water borne diseases in NCR is indicative of the poor state of sanitation in the region.

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2.4.2 System Drawbacks and Lack of Coverage
The expansion of sewerage network has lagged behind the growth of population resulting in
overflow of sewage into drains causing river pollution or creation of cess pools in low lying
areas of the towns/settlements. There are imbalances in the coverage of municipal sewerage
systems in various parts of the cities. Significant portion of the city population living in
marginal settlements, unauthorized colonies and urban villages etc. has been devoid of regular
municipal sewerage systems. In old cities like Delhi, sewerage system of the walled city is
quite old and overloaded, which requires phased replacement or rehabilitation.
Development authorities which are associated with development of new areas in various
towns/cities tend to take care of sewerage system in newly developed sectors only. Many a
times no sewage treatment facilities are provided there and untreated sewage is allowed to
flow into the nearest open drain/water bodies or even just allowed to spread over large tracts
of land. Provision of sewerage system and treatment facilities in the existing areas is
considered as the sole responsibility of the local bodies which have neither sufficient financial
resources nor appropriate technical staff to provide such facilities. They are totally dependent
upon the State Government for this, whose resources are also limited.
2.4.3 Lack of Operation & Maintenance and Management Effort
Poor maintenance of the sewerage system by the local bodies and development authorities (in
their respective areas of maintenance) has resulted in blocking and overflowing of sewers,
open manholes and back-flows. The inadvertent act of throwing street sweepings and garbage
by street sweepers into manholes/open drains results in blocking of sewers and creates cess
pools resulting in environmental degradation, foul smell and disease. Re-densification of
population in the existing townships and lack of proportionate improvement in sewerage
systems have resulted in overflowing of sewers and manholes due to insufficient carrying
capacity of sewers, thus, resulting in environmental degradation of the towns. Age old system
of cleaning of sewers is still followed instead of use of modern machines like jetting cum
suction machines, which are quick and do not damage the skin of the sewers, which is one of
the main causes of subsidence of sewers.
2.4.4 Lack of Waste Minimization and Recycling/Reuse
The emphasis should be on waste minimization, which will help in improving the
environment as a whole. Recycled waste water should be promoted for non-drinking purposes.

16
Hotels, industrial units and large installations should be asked to recycle their waste water.
Fiscal measures such as quantum based taxation for waste water should be taken up which
will not only reduce the cost of treatment for the municipalities but will ultimately help in
improving the overall environment of the cities
2.4.5 Other Areas Lacking Adequate Focus
Besides, other aspects/areas, which need attention include:
I. Population living in marginal settlements and slum areas lack coverage.
II. Small and medium towns and large villages, having population above 5,000
persons,should be provided with the requisite sewerage/sanitation facilities.
III. Phased augmentation/replacement of sewers in congested areas of the cities.
IV. Suitable legislation/amendments to check mixing of industrial waste with
domestic sewage and disposal of untreated sewage into open drains.
V. Rural settlements need special focus where presently no sanitation exists.

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CHAPTER 3
AUTOMATED DRAINAGE CLEANING SYSTEM
We are trying to built a modified version of Bar Screening system which won’t require any
external power supply working. Basically, we will integrate the system with the pelton turbine.
3.1. Mechanism & Working:
1.The automated mechanism is basically designed to filter out the solid waste of the running
drains and hence removing the possibility of any blockage of the flowing waste water.
2.The turbine is the power (rotation) generating element that functions on the hydraulic power
and hence then drive the chain mechanism.
3.The power generated by the turbine is being transmitted through the sprocket-chain
arrangement from turbine shaft to mechanism driving shaft and hence the chain mechanism
is being driven.
4.The chain mechanism is being fitted with the wire mesh filter that just picks up the solid
waste while the liquid waste flows through the mesh.
5.The size of mesh holes can be adjusted in order to decide the different size of solid waste we
are working on.
6.The system is being adjusted at an angle so that mesh is able to hold the solid waste.
7.The storage box is kept where the solid waste is collected and later that box can be cleaned
to remove the collected waste.
3.2Components Required & Analysis
S.No. Component Quantity Specification
1 Angle Rod 4 40cm
2 Angle Rod 4 26cm
3 Square Rod 2 75x2.5x2.5cm
5 Square Rod 10 75x1x1
6 Sprocket 6 N.A.
7 Bearing 6 N.A.
8 Shaft 3 N.A.
9 Chain 3 170cm

18
11 Prong 2 N.A.
12 Sheet Metal 1 2x2m
13 Circular Rod 1
Dia. 0.5 cm,
Length=1m
Table 3.1 Components

19
CHAPTER 4
CAD MODELLLING
Respective Screenshots:
Fig. 4.1 Dimensions

31
Fig. 4.13 Sprocket Side View

32
Fig 4.14 Component Dimension (1)

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40
CHAPTER 5
CALCULATIONS
5.1DESIGN OF MECHANISM SHAFT
(Reference K. Mahadevan and K. Balaveera Reddy)
 Material : Carbon Steel ( Water Quenched)
 Permissible Tension: 655 MPa.
 Permissible Shear Stress: 462 MPa.
 Yield Stress(σ) = 414 MPa.(In Tension)
 Yield Stress(τ) = 241 MPa (In Shear)
 Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 207 GPa.
 Modulus of Rigidity ( G) = 82 GPa.
 Density = 7808 Kg/M3.
Shaft Dia = 10 mm
Length of Shaft (l) = 28 mm
Volume = (π/4)d2
l = 2.199 x 10-5
Mass = Volume * Density = 2.199*10^(-5) * 7808 = 0.1717kg
Weight = 0.1717*9.81 = 1.684 N.

41
Now Calculating bending stress on shaft :












I
M
y

Now, M = 0.20609 N-m.
y = d/2
σ = 2.099 MPa
Now calculating the torosion for the shaft :

42












J
T
r

=======================================
=
=====
Now, T = F*r = m*gSin60*r = 8.495 N-m. (Taking maximum Load = 19.62 N)
J = (π/32) x d4
τ = .0033976 MPa
Principle stress=
σ1 = 2.09922 MPa.
σ2 = 00MPa.
According
t
o Von Mises Theory
σe = (σ1^2 + σ 2^2 – σ1*σ2/)^(1/2)
σe = 2.09922 MPa.
FOS = 198 ( Approx.)
Hence the design of the shaft is safe
DESIGN OF SHAFT BEARING OF MACHANImSM
(Reference K. Mahadevan and K. Balaveera Reddy)
Radial Load(Fr) = 9.81N
Dia of Shaft = 10mm
Let the life of bearing be 25000Hrs
M=25rpm
Assuming this life as average life
= 25000x60x25
=37.5million revolution
Designing the bearing for 90% reliability i.e. its rated life =
(L90/L50) = (ln (1/0.9)/ ln (1/0.5))^(1.17)
Taking the bearing No. 6300
This bearing is having the dynamic load capacity (C) = 636080
Static Load carrying capacity ( Co) = 3570
Now Fr/Co = 0.0027
Now the value of ‘e’ = 0.19

43
Fa = 0 ; V = 1 ( as inner race is rotating)
Therefore, (F/V x Fr) = ∞ ;
X = 0.56 Y = 2.3
Peq = ( X x V x Fr) + Y x Fa
P eq = 2.45
Now
Peff = Ka x Kf x Peq
Where Ka = Shock Factor = 1.8
Kf = Temperature factor = 1.2
Peff = 4.414
Working Dynamic load on Bearing ( C1)
C1 = Peff x L^(1/3) = 8.6390 N
As(C > C1) i.e (allowable dynamic load > working dynamic load)
Hence bearing 6300 is safe to use for given application.
DESIGN OF THE CHAIN DRIVE
(Reference Vijay Kumar Jadon book)(page no. 154 , t . no. 12.3)
Power Transmitted on the Breaking Load ( F)
P = (F x V)/(n X k) =
Where K = K1 x K2 x K3 x K4
n = Factory of Safety ( n=4)
K1 = 1.25 (Mild Shocks)
K2 = 1.1 (Idler Shocker)
K3 = 1.25
K4 = 1.25 ( Angle b/w Line joining sprockets)
K5 = 1.5 ( Periodic Lubrication)
K6 = 1.5 ( Running Factor)
K = 4.83398
Using Chain 06B ( Accq. To ISO)
Pitch of chain = 12.7 mm ( simple chain)
Velocity = w*r ( r= 0.04 for sprocket)
N = 25 RPM
V= 0.1047 m/s
P=1.83 W
Power Transmitted = F*V = 8.495 x 0.1047 = 0.8894 W.
Now Force ( Permissible) = 10.8077
Force Applied = mg*sin60 = 8.495
As Permissible force is greater than working force, Hence Chain drive is safe.

44
CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES
6.1 Advantages :
1) Automated Systems
Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating
equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens,
switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other
applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have
been completely automated.
The biggest benefit of automation is that it saves labor; however, it is also used to save energy
and materials and to improve quality, accuracy and precision.
The term automation, inspired by the earlier word automatic (coming from automaton), was
not widely used before 1947, when Ford established an automation department It was during
this time that industry was rapidly adopting feedback controllers, which were introduced in
the 1930s.Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic,
pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices and computers, usually in combination. Complicated
systems, such as modern factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these combined
techniques.
2) Low in cost
Our system is very low in cost because we are using very simple mechanism and also we have
incorporated those components which are being used in simple bicycle construction. So we
can say that our mechanism will be very easy to construct and it will not incur any high labor
cost and also the cost components will be very low and all and all It will be low in cost.
3) Easy maintenance
Our mechanism will be very easy to maintain because it is having components which are
detachable in nature and we will be able to maintain each and every component individually
and also if any particular needs to be replaced so we can replace them readily, and since we
have said earlier that our components are very simple in nature so this makes our system more
maintainable.
4) It is used almost in all types if Drainage (Large, Small & medium).
Our system can be used in all types of drainage like we can vary the dimensions of our
mechanisms according to the needs like we can vary the size of the mechanism according to
the narrow or broad drainage. We always observe that in our daily life usually drains are
leaking in slum areas where drains are very narrow and also residing region are also narrow
so we have to design our mechanism accordingly and this mechanism gives us that freedom.
5) This device is suitable to hold flat type plate (maximum length 1.5 feet).
With the help of this mechanism we can hold the flat type plate of maximum length 1.5 feet
from this we are trying to say that our mechanism is able to handle vast variety of objects of
variety of widths and sizes which makes it very flexible to use.

45
6) It can handle maximum load of 1kg.
Our mechanism is able to handle the maximum load of 1kg so it proves that it can carry
variety of loads of starting from carry bags to disposables, etc.
6.2 Challenges:
1) Turbine Power from Drainage needs to be maintained.
Turbine power needs to be maintained because sometimes flow of the water can be very high
which may be not essential for the operating function. It is one of the disadvantages which
can be very important to consider.
2) It is able to clean solid waste only
This is one of the most important disadvantage to ponder upon, Actually It can only able to
clean the solid waste only. So due to this drawback we cannot clean the liquid and semi liquid
wastes and this the vital drawback on which we have to ponder upon.
3) Waste storage tanks need to be emptied from time to time.
This is the most vital drawback n which we have to ponder upon. Since we have to empty the
tank time to time which can make the work somewhat tidy and tough. But we can remove this
drawback by inculcating the sensor mechanism which will send the message to the
municipality about the status of the storage tank so that they can manage the operation to
collect the garbage but as of now we cannot incorporate the sensor mechanism because we
have to consider the cost constraint also but in future we can think of it.
4) Width of the mechanism is limitation as it can clean drain width up to its width only.
This drawback is also vital to discuss because we have to think that our mechanism can only
collect the garbage coming in the area equal to the width of the frame of the mechanism. But,
we can remove this drawback by confining all the solid waste by confining them in the area
equal to the area of the frame of the mechanism but as of now we can consider as a drawback.
5) Needs maintenance as it include mechanical components.
Since our mechanism is having mechanical components which are detachable also so we have
to regularly maintain those components. Since, our mechanism is in constant touch with the
water and is also made up of metal frame so slowly our structure corrodes and also vibrational
and frictional losses also causes a failure which make us to maintain frequently. So to
overcome this drawback we can paint the structure and also use frame of different material
but we have to keep in mind of the cost constraint.
6) Cannot withstand higher loads.
Since our mechanism can withstand 1kg of load which is an advantage up to an extent but for
industrial usage we have to increase its capacity to much higher values but again we are in
initial phase and we are designing this project for small purposes but in near future we have to
increase its capacity for applying it to industries.

46
7) Less capacity of storage tank.
Since initially we are using this mechanism in remote areas as a consequence of that we are
keeping the capacity of storage tank less but in near future we have to increase its capacity but
we are keeping in this mind.

47
CHAPTER 7
7.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
7.1.1.KEY FINDINGS
Drainage Cleaning System is a social incentive project where we tried to present a much
better procedure to keep our drain clean and thus providing the way to a cleaner and safer
surrounding.
We performed the following test and results are being discussed as follows:
 Weight Lifted: We tried to present the model where the model is successfully able to
lift the 1 Kg of the drainage APMC i.e solid waste. With the constraint of the size and
budget the project performs excellent in its parameters.
 Speed of the Drain: As the setup which performs excellently on the constraints
condition that have been designed in view of the real life drain condition, we try to
provide the drain with the minimum speed of 5 Km/Hr and able to derive out the
results that the battery is getting charged and able to run the mechanism.

48
CHAPTER 8
8.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT
As the project has been based on the baseline to make integration of the benefits for human
health, societal concerns and national cleanliness policy. Therefore it covers many section of
proportionate benefits to the all sphere of our present life.
Explaining all the present benefits in respective category:
8.1.1 FOR ACADEMICS
 Drainage Cleaning System is basically a agglomeration of the basic mechanical
components that we have gone through regressively during out past four year of
cirruculum.
All the basic components that majorly consist of the Chain drives, Bearings, Welding,
Turbine etc components are finely integrated to build to structurally simple project.
 Moreover the last add on the project to give and edge effect harnessing of the flow
energy of the drain gives the project the much needed future scope of exploitation of
the renewable resource.
8.1.2 FOR INDUSTRY
 Presently as a nation, India purposefully focus on two major things. Firstly as young
and fast growing nation we are concentrating to pull out the maximum from out
manufacturing sector with a touch of Start-ups as thing of sub-topic focus.
Our Project, as being new in the market network will provide the entrepreneurs the
much needed ideas to blend the technology with societal benefits and harness the
market.
 Secondly, as a nation we are focusing on the Public benefits in the policy making and
providing the young generation the employment and environment safety. While being
a high-market potential project conserves the profit for the industry section with the
advance of providing the corporate social benefits.
8.1.3FOR SOCIETY
 In a modern society where luxury has become a necessity in the urban and rural hub,
there lies a section of the population who still lives on meager just enough to satisfy
its hand to mouth needs. Sanitations is one of the very basic amenities required for the
basic living of a man and providing with such a technological and economical
instrument which can change the pathetic sewerage condition of the town and cities of
mediocre India.
 With such a potential instrument of employment generation in the society through
industry co-operation, this product land you in the win-situation for the people.

49
8.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The projects Drainage cleaning system definitely serves the many dimensions the human
needs and definitely presents a bright future aspect in this domain.
With technological advancement this core-mechanical project can be revolutionized to
include the technology like GSM etc, to make the working of the Municipal Boards of the
cites more viable.
The project can be incorporate the automatic dustbin lifting system and hence the project can
be tech-abled.

50
CHAPTER 9
Conclusion
Cleaning of drains/gutters has always been a problem. Labors cleaning gutters & drain seems
unethical and also leads to a high risk of them catching infections or poisoning due to large
amounts of waste/chemicals in them. Also throwing of bottles/plastics and other such objects
into the gutters lead to narrowing and eventually blockage in gutter flow. This leads to
overflow in many cases. So here we provide a fully automated drain gutter cleaning
mechanism to tackle these modern day gutter jamming issues. Our system uses an automated
gutter/drain cleaning system that lets fluids flow through it but catches large solid waste like
bottles & plastic and accumulates it. So gutter cleaners need to just clean these gutter cleaning
systems installed at points instead of cleaning entire gutter floors. Our system consists of
metal teeth based jaws that wait at the bottom of the mechanism. It is mounted in a frame to
hold the system upright in the gutter. The vertical frame bed is used to let liquid flow but
catch all solid waste. The mechanism consists of a filter basket on top of it. After particular
time intervals the jaw lifts up using a motorized shaft which is connected using a chain to the
jaws. It then reaches the top and turns upside down to dump the solid waste. Now after
dumping the waste, the motor rotates again to bring the jaw again to the bottom position to
collect more waste. The system is a very efficient way to cleaning gutters & drains and also
requires very low power since it will only rotate once or twice a day to dump the solid waste.
Water is a basic necessity of humans and all living beings. There is a plenty of water on earth
but that is not suitable for human use. Clean water is more important if it is used for some
purpose. The impurities present in water can prove hazardous and can cause diseases. As long
as the drainage system is considered the function of the main drainage system is to collect,
transport, and dispose of the water through an outfall or outlet. Impurities in drainage water
can be any like empty bottles, polythene bags, papers etc. These impurities present in
drainage water can cause blockage of the drainage system. To avoid such situation these
impurities are needed to be taken out time to time for the smooth working of the drainage
system. The drainage system can be cleaned time to time manually or such a system can be
designed that will automatically throw out these impurities and will keep the water clean. This
project is designed with the objective of keeping clean the drainage system and helps the
smooth working of the system. This project automatically cleans the water in the drainage
system each time any impurity appears, and this forma an efficient and easy way of cleaning
the drainage system and preventing its blockage. It also reduces labor and improves the
quality of water that is cleaned.
Now we can reach the conclusion that with the help of our project AUTOMATED
DRAINAGE CLEANING SYSTEM that:
 We can apply this project in remote and slum areas with effectiveness.
 Since drains are linked with hygiene and in slum areas this is major problem and we
can apply this project in those areas and can safeguard health of the people.
 Our project is very useful in monsoon because in rainy season our drains are usually
are overflowing and they can be blocked by solid wastes.
 We can incorporate this project with SWACCH BHARAT ABHIYAAN which is a
revolution in present times.
 We can say that in India our drains and sewage paths are open so this project or
mechanism can become very handy and use to clean them.
 Our project is very easy to operate since we are using this mechanism to generate
electricity to drive the mechanism itself (self driven) and is very easy to maintain.

51
APPENDIX
General information
Table A.1: SI Units and abbreviations
Quantity Unit Unit symbol
Basic units
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic
temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Derived units
metre=second2
m s 2
Acceleration, linear
Acceleration, angular radian=second2
rad s 2
Area metre2
m2
Density kilogram=metre3
kg m 3
Force newton N (= kg m s 2
)
Frequency hertz (Hz = s 1
)
Impulse, linear newton-second N s
Impulse, angular newton-metre-second N m s
Moment of force newton-metre N m
Second moment of area metre4
m4
Moment of inertia kilogram-metre2
kg m2
Momentum, linear
kilogram-
metre=second kg m s 1
Momentum, angular
kilogram-
metre2
=second kg m2
s 1
Power watt
W (= J s 1
= N m s
1
Pressure, stress pascal Pa (= N m 2
)
Sti ness (linear), spring
constant newton=metre N m 1
Velocity, linear metre=second m s 1
Velocity, angular radian=second rad s 1
Volume metre3
m3
Work, energy joule J (= N m)
Electrical units
V (= W A 1
)Potential volt
Resistance ohm Ò (= V A 1
)
Charge coulomb C (= A s)
Capacitance farad F (= A s V 1
)
Electric field strength volt=metre V m 1
Electric flux density coulomb=metre2
C m 2
Magnetic units
Magnetic flux weber Wb (= V s)
Inductance henry H (= V s A 1
)
Magnetic field strength — A m 1
Magnetic flux density — Wb m 2

52
A General information
Different types of bolt

56
Different types of counter shunk

57
REFERENCES
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_cleaner
2. nevonprojects.com/automated-draingutter-cleaner-projec
3. www.internationaljournalssrg.org/IJIE/2016/Special-Issues/.../IJIE-ICEIET-
P119.pdf
4. Author: Dr .K.Kumaresan M.E, Ph.D, Author B: Prakash.S, Author C:
Rajkumar.P, Author D: Sakthivel.C, Author E: Sugumar.G
Park College Of Engineering And Technology
Coimbatore
5. SEMI-AUTOMATIC DRAIN FOR SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT OF
FLOATING MATERIALS
Author A: Ganesh U , Author B: Vinod V Rampur, Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Department, PESITM, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
6. http://esatjournals.net/ijret/2016v05/i07/IJRET20160507043.pdf
7. https://www.alibaba.com › Service Equipment › drain cleaner
8. www.madehow.com › Volume 7
9. CUTTING EQUIPMENT www.lincolnelectric.com/en-
us/equipment/Pages/welding-cutting-equipment.aspx
10. www.aws.org/publications/WeldingJournal
11. Precision Manufacturing at our ISO-Registered Facilities
www.ustsubaki.com/sprockets.html
12. www.wordreference.com/es/translation.asp?tranword=shaft
13. Stress-Strain Diagrams for Engineering Materials
https://gradeup.co/stress-strain-diagrams-for-engineering-materials-i-2cc925aa-
bde4-11e5-a3cb-9342f77a04d7

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