Drafting technology y3

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
HIGH SCHOOLS

Unit of Competency: Draft Architectural Layout and Details
Module No.: 1

Module Title:

Drafting Architectural Layout and
Details

AKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the teachers assigned to work on the Competency Based
Curriculum (CBC) and Contextual Learning Material (CLM) and
Competency – Based Learning Modules (CBLM) particularly in
TECHNICAL DRAFTING, wish to express our gratitude and appreciation for
having been given the chance to take part in this educational breakthrough.
With high hopes we look forward to the improvement of the TechnicalVocational Education of the country through the development of functional
materials such of these kinds.
Marikina Hotel
Marikina City
May 25-30, 2009
June 5-7, 2009
Technology Writers
Mario S. Gregorio
Tagum National Trade School
Tagum City, Davao Del Norte
Region XI
Alexander M. Latoga
Manuel S. Enverga Memorial School of Arts and Trades
Mauban, Quezon
Mirasol F. Dasig
San Pedro Relocation Center National High School
San Pedro, Laguna
Region IV-A, Calabarzon
Ariel F. Maglalang
Assemblywoman Felecita G. Bernardino Memorial Trade School
Lias, Marilao, Bulacan
Conrado C. Casulla
Pangasinan School of Arts and Trades
Lingayen, Pangasinan
Region I
Rolando V. Inay
E. Rodriguez Vocational High School
Nagtahan,Sampaloc,Manila

i

Percival Magaway
Cabarroguis Natural School of Arts and Trades
Region II, Quirino
English Teacher
Mercy F. Divina
Nagtahan, Sampaloc, Manila
Math Teacher
Emmanuel V. Dionisio
Science Teacher
Ma. Lenalyn Q. Manzano
Editorial Specialist
Estrelita Y. Evangelista Ed.D. (Ret.)
CESO VI
DepED-Director, BSE
Beatriz A. Adriano
Principal III
Carolina F. Chavez
Principal II
Muntinlupa Business High School
Facilitator
Orlando E. Manuel Ph.D.
Principal I
Cabarroquis National School of Arts and Trades
Gundaway, Cabarroquis, Quirino
Region II

ii

Math Specialist
Jesus L. Huenda
Senior Education Program Specialist
DepED-NCR
Encoders
Eduardo B. Dicion Jr.
Integrative School of Quezon City
U.P. Village, Diliman, Quezon City
Jomel Gail O. Ponce
One World Connection
31/F Wynsun Corporate Plaza
Ortigas Center, Pasig City

iii

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................. i-iii
DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY ....................................................................... 1
TECHNICAL TERMS .................................................................................... 2
LEARNING OUTCOME 1 ......................................................................3-4
INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1 .................................................................5-6
ACTIVITY SHEET # 1.1 ............................................................................ 7
SELF CHECK 1.1 ..................................................................................... 8
INFORMATION SHEET # 1.2 ............................................................... 9-27
SELF-CHECK 1.2 ................................................................................... 28
OPERATION SHEET 1.1 ......................................................................... 29
SELF-CHECK # 1.3 ........................................................................... 30-31
LEARNING OUTCOME 2 .................................................................. 32-33
INFORMATION SHEET # 2.1 ............................................................. 34-35
ACTIVITY SHEET # 1.1 .......................................................................... 36
SELF CHECK 2.1 ................................................................................... 37
INFORMATION SHEET 2.2 ................................................................ 38-40
SELF CHECK 2.2 ................................................................................... 41
ACTIVITY SHEET # 3.1 .......................................................................... 49
SELF CHECK 3.1 ................................................................................... 50
ACTIVITY SHEET # 3.2 .......................................................................... 54
SELF CHECK 3.2 ................................................................................... 55
OPERATION SHEET 3.2 .................................................................... 56-62
SELF CHECK 4.1 ................................................................................... 72
SELF CHECK 4.2 ................................................................................... 76
SELF CHECK 4.3 ................................................................................... 82
OPERATION SHEET 4.1 .................................................................... 83-89

SELF CHECK 4.4 .............................................................................. 90-91
INFORMATION SHEET 5.2 .............................................................. 99-104
OPERATION SHEET 5.1 ................................................................ 105-109
SELF CHECK 5.1 ................................................................................. 110
SELF CHECK 5.2 .......................................................................... 111-113
LEARNING OUTCOME 6 .............................................................. 114-115
INFORMATION SHEET 6.1 ............................................................ 116-118
OPERATION SHEET 6.1 ................................................................ 119-121
SELF CHECK 6.1 .......................................................................... 122-124
LEARNING OUTCOME 7 ..................................................................... 125
SELF CHECK 7.1 ................................................................................. 135
OPERATION SHEET 1 ................................................................... 136-138
SELF CHECK 7.2 ................................................................................. 146
OPERATION SHEET 7.2 ................................................................ 147-150
LEARNING OUTCOME 8 .............................................................. 151-152
OPERATION SHEET 8.1 ....................................................................... 157
ANSWER KEY .............................................................................. 158-174

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work at
your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and proper
attitude you need in Technical Drafting.
A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to
determine your level and need.
The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning task. This
page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.
After you accomplished all the tasks required, a post assessment is given to
check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s
and be ready for the next task.
Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better
understanding.

Program/ Course

:

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency

:

DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT
AND DETAILS

Module Title

:

Drafting Architectural Layout and Details

INTRODUCTION
Architectural layout and detail drawings are designed to develop the
technical skills and technical know-how of the students in architectural
drafting works. Students will learn to interpret and fully understand the
standard procedure in layouting and detailing of architectural working plans
and drawings.
This module covers how to prepare students learn to draw a
complete set of architectural working drawings.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
LO1 Plan and prepare for work
LO2 Prepare and set up tools and materials for drawing
LO3 Draft Site Development Plans
LO4 Draft Floor Plans
LO5 Draft Roof Plans
LO6 Draft Ceiling Plans
LO7 Draft Elevations and Sections
LO8 Prepare Presentation Drawings

1

TECHNICAL TERMS
Blueprint is a reproduced drawing of architectural plans and layout.
Ceiling is the overhead surface of a room or the material used to line the
surface.
Code is a system of accepted laws and regulations that govern procedure or
behavior in particular circumstances or within a particular profession
Elevation drawing is the exterior and interior works of a building. It is a
perpendicular or upright projection from the floor plan to show
vertical architectural or design details
Floor Plan is an orthographic projection of the floor of a building or a house.
Perspective is a drawing angle from which an object or structure is viewed.
Plan is a drawing or diagram on a horizontal plane of the layout or
arrangement of something.
Revision is an act of changing or revising.
Roof Plan is a roofing plan presenting roof types used.
Scaling refers to enlarging or reducing the drawing using architect’s scale.
Sections are drawings of an object as though they were cut in order to
expose the interior construction.
Site

is an area of land available for construction or the lot on which a

building is constructed. A building sites maybe a single lot, a series of lots,
or a subdivision. A lot is a piece of ground of specific size. A subdivision is a
large tract of land that is being developed.
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN or Lot Plan refers to the position and the
location of the building with property line, setbacks, approaches,
grade contours, landscape and other pertinent data in relation to
the site.
Working

drawing

is

a

finished

plan

drawing

containing

complete

information for the workmen.

2

Program/ Course

:

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency

:

DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT AND
DETAILS

Module Title

:

Learning Outcome 1

Plan and prepare for work

Assessment Criteria:
1. Drawing tools, materials, and equipment are identified based on
job requirements.
2. Elements of architectural working drawings are identified and
explained.
3. Work instruction is secured following standard operating
procedures.
4. Blueprint is interpreted according to architectural layout, drawing
or job requirements.
References:
Earnest R. Weidhaas. Architectural Drafting and Design 4th Edition
Paul I. Wallach. Basic Architectural Drafting, 1982
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th
Edition: 1960
Emmanuel P. Cuntapay. Implementing Rules and Regulation of the National
Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096), 2005
German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983
Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing,Delmar Publishing,
1977

3

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome 1: Plan and Prepare for Work
Learning Activities

Special Instruction


Remember important tools,
materials and equipment

2. Answer Self-Check no 1.1



Try to answer the self-check

3. Read information sheet no.



1.2 about architectural



Take note of the details of the
drawings
Remember architectural
abbreviations and symbols
Interpret blueprint reading
Determine tools and
materials used in working
drawings
1.2
Determine tools and
drawings
1.2-1
Remember architectural
abbreviations and symbols
Interpret blueprint reading
Determine tools and
drawings

1.1 about drawing tools,
materials and equipment.

working drawings

4. Answer Self-Check 1.2
5. Read Operation Sheet no.
1.2-1.
6. Answer Self-Check 1.2-1
1.2-2 to 1.2-12 about
architectural working










drawings
8. Answer Self-Check 1.2-2 to



1.2-2 to 12




12
1.3. about company rules
and regulations and
Standard Operating
Procedures (SOP)
10. Answer Self-Check no. 1.3

4

INFORMATION SHEET 1.1
LO1 Plan and prepare for work
Review on drafting tools, materials and equipment, their uses and care
Most architectural drafting works generally consist of freehand and
mechanical drawings. As such, the learner must know how to plan and
prepare carefully all drafting tools, materials, and equipment needed for the
required work or job.
It is presumed that all students are already aware on the tools and
materials needed in drafting works considering their prior learning in the
previous year level. However, it is necessary to review their previous learning
to prepare them for higher drafting activity.
Architectural drafting tools, materials and equipment
A. Tools:
1. Drawing pencil
2. Mechanical Pencil
3. Erasing shield
4. Protractor
5. Triangular Scale
6. French curve
7. Penknife or Pencil Sharpener
8. Compass
9. Dusting brush
10. Technical Pen
11. Templates
12. Leroy lettering pen
13. Tape rule/Pull-push rule

5

B. Materials:
1. T-square Parallel rule
3. Triangle Drawing paper
4. Tracing paper
5. Masking tape
6. Eraser
7. Sandpaper Block
C. Equipment:
1. Drawing board/table
2. Drawing stool
The importance, uses and maintenance procedure of these
tools, materials and equipment has been discussed in the previous
modules. It is presumed therefore that you are now ready for a series
of drafting activities.

6

ACTIVITY SHEET # 1.1
LO1. Plan and prepare for work
Situation:
Group the students into four and allow each group to assign its
leader and reporter. Each group must be provided with one (1) sheet
manila paper and a piece of pentel pen. Gather all the drafting tools
and materials and display them on the table.
Activity:
1. Give 10 minutes to each group to list down on the manila paper all
the displayed tools and materials according to its classifications.
Allow them to discuss its importance and uses in drafting and
drawing activity considering their prior learning in the previous
modules.
2. Another 5 minutes is allotted to each group to report its respective
outputs.
3. Each group is required to evaluate and give comments on the
output of the assigned reporter according to the following criteria:
a. Identification of tools according to each classification………40%
b. Presentation………………………………………………………30%
c. Delivery……………………………………………………………30%

7

SELF CHECK 1.1

Directions: Identify what is referred to in each number. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
______1. An instrument used for drawing vertical and oblique lines.
______2. An instrument used for dividing lines or distance into equal parts.
______3. Used for marking out distances, as well as, measuring purposes.
______4. A flat piece of plastic with standard symbols and used as guide for
drawing images on plans.
______5. Used to hold and fasten drawing paper on the drawing board.
______6. Most common grade of pencil used in architectural drawing.
______7. Used to draw arcs and circles.
______8. Used to draw horizontal lines and serves as guide for triangles.
______9. A thin transparent paper used for reproduction in blueprint.
______10. Instrument used to reduce or enlarge measurement and distances
and for transferring measurement to the drawing paper.
______11. Used in place of the standard drawing board and T-square.
______12. A high technology machine for drawing purposes.
______13. Used to remove smears of pencil and ink lines.
______14. A pen used for inking mechanical lines.
______15. Instrument used for measuring degree angle.
______16. Used to sharpen pencils into desired lead point.
______17. A thin sheet of metal used when erasing pencil and inked lines to
protect other drawing lines.
______18. It helps pencil lead into a conical shape points.
______19. It is used in setting a line degree angle.
______20. Serves as substitute instrument in sharpening a pencil into
desired points.

8

ARCHITECTURAL WORKING DRAWINGS
The architectural working drawings together with the specifications
are the most important parts of the documents constituting the contract.
Information on the designs, locations, and dimensions of the elements of a
building is found on the architectural working drawings while information
on the quality of materials and workmanship is found in the specifications.
A good architectural working drawing gives the contractor the exact
information he needs. It should be clear, simple, and orderly arranged, and
accurately drawn so that scaled measurements will match with dimensions.
The finished drawings made by the architect, or draftsman and used
by

the

contractor

are

called

architectural

working

drawings.

The

architectural working drawings, together with the specifications and the
general conditions, form the legal contract between the owner and the
contractor. Since the working drawings are a major portion of the contract
documents, they should be very carefully drawn.
Students will be able to interpret, identify tools and materials used in
working drawings and fully understand the standard procedure in layouting
and detailing architectural working plans and drawings.

9

Elements of Architectural working drawing
A complete architectural working drawing of a house generally includes
the following:
1. Architectural sheets
a. Sheet # 1 - Title page and index (Exterior perspective, site
development plan or plot plan, and vicinity map or location
plan is often included in the plan).
PERSPECTIVE is the view as seen by the eyes or it shows the
appearance of the finished building. This drawing represents the
actual form of the proposed building. (See perspective on the
next page).
SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN is the outline and

measurements

ofthe proposed building and its placement on the property. it
shows

the

withproperty

position

and

the

location

of

the

building

line, setbacks, approaches, grade contours,

landscape and other pertinent data in relation to the site. A site
development plan is drawn using a scale not smaller than
1:200meters. (seesite development plan on the next page.)
LOCATION PLAN is the top view of the site or lot where the
proposed house will be built. It shows the position of the house
inside the lot, the number of the adjacent lots, streets or lanes
before or beside the lot, and the North sign. The location plan is
usually located near the title block. The main line symbol of the
North sign is generally parallel to the side border line of the
drawing paper and points upward.

10

Sheet # 1
SAMPLE BLUEPRINT OF A ONE-STOREY HOUSE

11

Title Page and Index generally includes title block, table of
contents, labels, and the name of the duly licensed and
registered Geodetic Engineer who approves the lot survey plans.
Title Block in House Plan
The title block in house plans includes the following
information:
1. Owner’s name
2. Location or address of the proposed house
3. Lot and block numbers
4. Signature of architect or civil engineer who approves the
plan
5. Draftsman’s name or initials
6. Date when plan was drawn or completed
7. Scale as shown
(See title block in sheet #1)
b. Sheet # 2 – Floor plan, of a 2 Storey House. It includes the Ground
Floor Plan and Second Floor Plan) with complete Elevation.
FLOOR PLAN is the top view of the floor area of a house. The
cutting plane line for this top view passes between the upper
and lower window sills. It represents the arrangement of rooms,
doors, windows and other features located in the floor plan.

12

ELEVATION is the front or side view of a building. It shows the
design of the house, height dimension, materials finish and
complete information on specification.

13

Sheet # 3 - Sections, Roof Plan, and Reflected Ceiling Light

14

SECTION is the view showing the inside part of the building
either in cross- section or longitudinal section.
ROOF PLAN is one showing the outline of the roof and the major
object lines indicating ridges, valleys, hips, and openings.
REFLECTED CEILING PLAN is the complete plan design of house
ceiling.
BALUSTER DETAIL is the detail of the vertical railing along a
staircase or balcony railing.

d. Sheet # 4 - Doors and Windows Schedule, Detail of kitchen, and
Detail of Toilet and Bath
DOORS and WINDOWS SCHEDULE is a complete specification
of doors and windows in terms of width, height, types,
materials and quantity.
KITCHEN DETAIL is a drawing of kitchen floor plan with
complete specifications.
TOILET and BATH DETAIL is a drawing of toilet and the floor
plan that shows complete features of toilet and bath.

15

d. Sheet # 4 - Doors and Windows Schedule, Detail of kitchen,

16

ARCHITECTURAL ABBREVIATIONS:
BALCONY – BALC

CEILING LINE – CL

METER – M

BATHROOM – B

ELEVATION – ELEV.

MILIMETER – MM

BEDROOM – BR

SECTION – SEC.

AT - @

MASTER BEDROOM - MBR

FLOOR – FLR

DOWN SPOUT –DS

LIVING ROOM – LR

CONCRETEHOLLOW

VERTICAL – VERT.

DINING ROOM – DR

BLOCKS – CHB

NOT TO SCALE – NTS

KITCHEN – K

CORRUGATED – CORR

FLOOR LINE – FL

LAVATORY – LAV

CEMENT – CEM

GROUND LINE – GL

TOILET & BATH – T & B

BOTH WAYS – B.W.

FINISH FLOOR LINE –

BUILDING – BLDG

ON CENTER - OC

FFL

BUILT-IN – BLT-IN

DOWN – DN

FINISH GROUND LINE-

CABINET – CAB

FGL

Architectural Symbols
Familiarizing all the architectural symbols is a prerequisite for all
students in architecture and drafting technology programs considering that
their future works will be on the architectural activity. It would be difficult
for them to interpret drawing or blueprint unless they have familiarized all
the architectural symbols.
The following illustrations are the architectural symbols:
a. Doors and windows symbols that are shown in the floor plan.

17

b. Doors and windows symbols that used to represent doors on floor
plans and elevation drawings

18

c. Door, window and staircase symbols that are shown in the
elevation plans.

19

2. Structural Sheet
a. Sheet # 5 - Foundation plan, Roof Framing Plan, Truss Detail, and
Column/Footing/Beam Schedules

20

FOUNDATION PLAN a structural excavation plan of footings and walls of a
building.
ROOF FRAMING PLAN a structural framing plan of the roof plan with
complete specification.
TRUSS DETAIL a complete structural detail of a common or typical truss of
a building.
COLUMN/FOOTING/BEAM SCHEDULE a complete specification of column,
footings, and beam in terms of sizes, materials and quantity.

b. Sheet # 6 - Detail of Footings, Construction Notes and General
Notes
FOOTINGS a part of foundation directly supporting the column or post of a
house. A detail drawing of building footings with specific
requirements.
CONSTRUCTION NOTES a sub-complete detail of wall footings, lintels,
beams, and other required structural features to present in the plan.
GENERAL NOTES a complete specification and legend of structural features
presented in the plan.

21

Sheet # 6 - Detail of Footings, Construction Notes and General Notes

22

3. Plumbing Plan/Layout
a. Sheet # 7 - Water and Sewage System Plan

23

Plumbing Plan is the complete drawing detail of water and sewage
distribution.
Water System Plan is the drawing of flow of water in the house from main
water source.
Sewage System Plan is the drawing flow of sewage from the house
to main canal and septic tank.

Sheet # 8 - Storm Drainage System, and Septic Tank Detail

24

Storm Drainage System shows the flow of water waste from the
lavatory, floor drain, and downspout from roof to storm drainage.
Septic Tank it is the depository of human excreta and a drainage
reservoir for all washing done in the kitchen and bathroom. The
main section of septic tank is the digestive chamber and the
leaching well.

4. Electrical Plan
Sheet # 9 - Lighting layout, Power and Auxiliary layout, Location
plan, Panel board Detail, Load Schedules and Specifications
Electrical Plan a plan consists of lighting plan, power layout and
specification details of the house.
Lighting layout an electrical plan that shows the flow of house lightings
Power & auxiliary layout an electrical plan that shows the flow of
convenience outlet and other auxiliary outlet in the floor plan.

25

Sheet # 9 - Lighting layout, Power and Auxiliary layout, Location
plan, Panel board Detail, Load Schedules and Specifications

26

ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED:


ACU – AIR CONDITIONING UNIT



WHEATHER PROOF OUTLET – OWP



M –METER -



CB – CIRCUIT BREAKER/ PANEL BOARD – PB -

27

SELF-CHECK 1.2

A. Identification.
Directions. Identify what is referred to in each number and write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
______1. A drawing sheet that contains perspective, site development title,
page and sheet index.
______2. A drawing of the lot showing the setback and development of the
house in relation to the lot.
______3. The top view of the site or lot where the proposed house will be
built.
______4. Generally includes title block, table of contents, and

labels for

signs and sealed of the duly licensed and registered professionals
in the plans.
______5. He signs in the lot survey plans.

28

OPERATION SHEET 1.1

ARCHITECTURAL WORKING DRAWINGS
After all the drawings are performed, it is also necessary to expose the
student in tracing activity. This activity is commonly applied in industry
especially in the reproduction of the architectural plans. All drafting works
must be done first in the preliminary process using sketching sheet. The
final outputs are those drawings which are done through tracing activity.
Below is a activity on tracing the drawing.
Steps in tracing architectural working drawing sheet no. # 1:
1. Prepare all tools and materials needed.
2. Fasten sheet #1 and tracing paper on drawing board. Be sure it is aligned
horizontally by the T-square and aligned vertically with the triangle.
3. Trace border lines using T-square, 300 x 600 triangle, and technical pen
point 0.8-1.0.
3. Trace all the labels in title block and index using technical pen point 0.3 –
0.6.
4. Trace first all vertical lines using big triangle 300 x 600. Follow all
horizontal lines using T-square before tracing all the curved and irregular
curved lines using French curved instrument or templates.
5. Trace all the labels and dimensions using technical pen point 0.1-0.4.
6. Finalize the drawing by checking and erasing all unnecessary lines.

29

SELF CHECK 1.3
A. Identification
Direction: Identify the following architectural abbreviations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Elev.____________
FFL. ____________
DN ____________
O.C ____________
CHB ____________

6. FLR.
7. GL.
8. NTS
9. FL
10. @

____________
____________
____________
____________
____________

B. Enumeration
1. Give at least 2 specification features found in the roof plan, 6
features in sections, and 2 features from reflected ceiling plan.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
2. Give at least 3 specification features in drawing doors and
windows schedule, 3 main features in kitchen detail, and 4
features from toilet and bath details. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
3. Give at least 5 specification features in foundation plan, 5
features in roof framing plan, and 5 features from truss
detailing, and 5 features in column/footings/beam schedules.
C. Direction: Identify the following architectural symbols:
1.
____________________
4.

2.

3.

___________________
5.

________________
6.

_____________________ ___________________
7.
_____________________

8.
___________________

_________________
9.
__________________

10.

30

Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Score

Criteria

(Tick the corresponding pts.)

Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
Performance Criteria:
 Accuracy
50 pts
45 pts
40 pts.

-

the output is accurately done.
two to five errors are observed on the output.
six to ten errors are observed on the output.

 Speed
10 pts 8 pts
6 pts.
 Neatness
25 pts.
20 pts
15 pts

-

the output is done 2 hours before the time.
the output is done on time.
the output is done after the allotted time.
has no error.
has two to three erasures.
has four or more erasures

 Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - all pieces of information are completely indicated and legibly printed
in gothic letters or mechanical lettering.
12 pts. - all pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.
10 pts. - all pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing and misspelled.
8 pts. - pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are
missing misspelled.

31

Program/ Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAFTING

Unit of Competency

:

DETAILS

Module Title
Learning Outcome 2.

:

Prepare and set up tools and materials for
drawing

Assessment Criteria
1. Drawing tools, materials, and equipment are selected and prepared
according to job requirements
2. Working drawing tools, materials and equipment are properly set
up according to standard procedure.
3. Company rule, regulations and SOP are properly discussed.
References:
Earnest R. Weidhaas. Architectural Drafting and Design 4th edition
Paul I. Wallach. Basic Architectural Drafting, 1982
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10th
editon: 1960
Emmanuel P. Cuntapay. Implementing Rules and Regulations of the
Philippines (PD 1096), 2005
Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:
1977

32


Learning Outcome 2: Prepare and set-up tools and materials for drawing
Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 2.1



Take note of the details

about drawing tools, materials and



Remember

equipment

important

tools,

materials and equipment

2. Answer Self-Check 2.1



Try to answer the self check



Answer the self check

3. Read information sheet no. 2.2
about

procedure

for

setting-up

drawing equipment
4. Answer Self Check 2.2

33

LO2.1 Drawing tools, materials and equipment
This lesson is only a review of your prior learning in technical drawing
particularly on the proper use and care of drawing tools, materials and
equipment. The purpose of this discussion is to allow the students review
and recall its importance in the Drafting Technology works.
The Importance of Drawing tools, materials and equipment

a. Drawing/Drafting tools
These refer to the sets of tools that are used in all drafting works or
activities especially if the activity requires mechanical presentation. Prior to
the start of drafting activity, it is expected therefore that all drawing tools
needed must be available in the work station to ensure that the assigned
task can be accomplished according to customers or client’s standard.
The following are the common drafting tools
1.

Drafting Table/Drawing Board (24” x 36” /0.61cm x 0.91cm)

2.

T-Square (36” /0.915 cm. length)

3.

Triangles -300 x 600 and 400 x 450 ((@ least 0.30 each length)

4.

Triangular Scale – 1:100, 1:75 in range

5.

Technical Pens/G-Tech pen/Pilot pen – (From point: 0.0, 0.1,
0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0)

6.
7.

Pencil Sharpener or Pen knife
Drawing Templates – Circular templates, Furniture template,
Ellipse template,

8.

Protractor (medium size)

9.

Dusting Brush

10.

Sand paper pad (fabricated fine coarse sand paper
attached to wood or board pad)
34

11.

Erasing shield

12.

Pull-push rule

13.

Drafting Light

b. Drawing/Drafting Materials
These are sets of consumable items that are specifically used in
drafting works or activities. The draftsman cannot perform his drafting task
without these items.
The following are the required materials needed in drafting works:
1. Bond Paper (short and Long)
2. Tracing paper
3. A4 drawing paper
4. Drawing pencil – HB, F, 2H
5. Mechanical pencil – point 0.3, 0.5
6. Pen and Ink Eraser
7. Masking Tape
8. Ink (Staedler/Rotring)
9. Cartolina Paper
c. Equipment
These items are also essential in producing quality drafting
output especially if the assigned task requires mechanical
manipulation. Although, these items are so expensive, however, these
are important in making the drawing output presentable and
convincing to the clients.
The following are some of the equipment needed in drafting task:
1. Drafting machine
2. Leroy Lettering Pen
3. Computer

35

Situation:
Randomly select fifteen (15) students from the class for a
required

activity

relative

to

tools,

materials

and

equipment

identification. Group them into three (3) groups and allow them to
choose their respective group leader. Put a long table that could
conveniently accommodate several sets of drawings tools and
materials in drafting.
Activity:
1. In line formation, let the three groups to fall in line at least 2
meters distance from the table where sets of tools and materials
are displayed.
2. Give 10 minutes for each group to perform the activity by requiring
each member of the three group to come forward as fast as he can
and immediately pick any tools from the table.
3. Demonstrate a non-verbal description that best explains the use of
such tools or materials. (See to it that all members are given the
opportunity to do the same as what had been done by the first
member).
4. The students who were not included in the activity shall evaluate
the performance of each group.
Note: The group that will be declared champion shall be given 25
points credit per member. While the second and third placers
shall be given 20 and 15 points respectively.

36

SELF CHECK 2.1
Direction. Enumerate the following. Write the answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
A. Five most common tools in drafting architectural layout and details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Four most needed materials in architectural layout and details.
1.
2.
3.
4.
C. List three important equipment needed in layouting Architectural
details
1.
2.
3.

37

Procedure in Setting up Drawing tools, Materials and Equipment and
standard procedure
In preparation for a required task in drawing architectural layout and
details, a draftsman should plan, prepare, and select tools and materials for
a particular planning layout. This is to ensure the correct setting of
standard procedure and accuracy of drawing plans. Some of the key tools
used in drafting architectural plans are described and illustrated in this
learning Outcome.
The drawing tools, materials and equipment are very expensive items,
however these are important in all drafting tasks. Considering its cost and
value in drafting activity, it is also important to take care and maintain its
usability.
With this, the following considerations are strictly emphasized as
Standard Operating Procedure during and after the utilization of the drafting
tools, materials and equipment:
a. Before the start of drafting activity:
1. Select the tools, materials and equipment which are needed in
the assigned task.
2. Properly set up the required tools and materials in a place
which is convenient for you to move and execute your work.
3. Clean the table and tools, see to it that these are free from the
dust and other elements that would cause damage to your work.
4. Wash your hand with clean water.

38

b. Activity proper:
1. Perform the activity by following the standard operating
procedure per job requirement.
2. Properly manipulate all the tools and equipment that are
used in the activity.
3. In case of meeting an errors or mistakes along the way of
activity ( for instance misprinting of lines, letters, and other
forms of mistakes) use appropriate eraser for a particular
mistakes.
c. After the activity:
1. Submit your output to your teacher for checking
2. Check all the tools and materials to ensure that nothing has
lost.
3. Return the tools and materials to the assigned tool keeper for
safekeeping.
4. Withdraw your borrower’s card from the tool keeper to as
document that you have returned the borrowed tools and
materials.
5. Clean your work station before leaving.
Other important Practices that must be observed in the work station or
work place
There are important practices that must be observed in the work
setting. The following are:
1. Observe safety precautions:
a. Never smoke inside the work station
b. Never use any tools and equipment without having it clean first.
c. Avoid talking with your co-students during working period.
d. Always turn off the lights, air condition, ceiling fan, computer
units, and other equipment before leaving the work station.
39

e. Maintain cleanliness in the work station.
f. Use tools and equipment properly.
2. Observe punctuality of attendance.
3. Avoid making quarrel with your co-students.
4. Observe and practice the value of respect.
5. Return the borrowed tools and equipment on time.
6. Observe and practice proper disposal of waste.

40

SELF CHECK 2.2
Directions: Enumerate the following. Write the answers on a separate sheet
of paper
A. Identify five drafting tools and materials to be prepared before
drawing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. Give at least five steps for fastening the drawing paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. Cite at least five steps in setting-up drafting tools, materials and
equipment.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

41

Program/ Course

:

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency

:

DETAILS

Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 3

:

Draft Site Development Plan

Nominal Duration

:

10 hours

1. Technical description of lot is drawn according to approved lot
survey.
2. Building blueprint is drawn according to architectural drafting
standards
3. National Building Code and Architectural Standards are properly
observed according to job specification
4. Dimension lines, dimensions and drawing titles are indicated
according to architectural drafting standards.
5. Drafting tools and equipment are used according to architectural
drafting standards.
References:
Earnest R. Weidhaas. Architectural Drafting and Design, 4th edition, 1987
Paul I. Wallach. Basic Architectural Drafting,1982
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing, 10th edition; MacGraw, Hill Book
Company,10th editon: 1960
National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096), 2005
Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing;
1977

42


Learning Outcome 3. Draft Site Development
Learning Activities
1. Read Information Sheet no.

Special Instruction











Perform operation 3.1

3.1 about site development
plan
2. Answer Self Check no 1
3.2 about lot mensuration
and plotting
4. Answer Self Check no 3.2.
5. Read Operation 3.2

43


LO3 DRAFT SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN is the outline and measurements of the
proposed building and its placement on the property.
This shows the position and the location of the building with
property line, setbacks, approaches, grade contours, landscape
and other pertinent data in relation to the site. A site development
plan is drawn using a scale not smaller than 1:200meters.

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

44

SITE is an area of land available for construction or the lot on which a
building is constructed. Building site maybe a single lot, a series of
lots, or a subdivision. A lot is a piece of ground of specific size. A
subdivision is a large tract of land that is being developed.
PLANNING CONSIDERATION IN DEVELOPING THE SITE
 Location of a proposed house on the lot. The location of the house
must be considered in order to determine the locations of the rooms and
the house itself on the lot. Some lots are located on swampy grounds
and others on hilly or rugged terrain. Still others are sited near rivers,
highways, streets and squatter areas. The front part of the house
generally faces the street or away from ugly views like the back parts of
neighboring houses, a swampy area, and thick bushes.


Many want their bedrooms to face the sunrise – which is, on the
eastern side of the lot. Others, especially those who work at night, prefer
their bedrooms located on the west side. The breeze at the site may
determine the location of the living room and toilet or bathrooms. The
height of the flood waters in the locality should also be considered in
determining the distance of the first floor from the ground. This is
especially true in low areas. In high locations the floor may be 20 cm.
only from the ground level.



As earlier mentioned the house may be located at the center of the lot.
Or one of its sides may be exactly on a lot line or fence. In this case, a
firewall which is made of concrete, adobe, and concrete hollow blocks
should be constructed on this side of the house.

 Like and dislikes of the family member. This factor is usually
considered when the family is rich and can afford to pay for the services
of an architect or draftsman. Before he designs the house, the architect
or draftsman has to first interview the members of the family to get
information about their interests, hobbies, and the like. From such
interviews, he will get to know whether the family wants a library or
study room, a social hall, a playroom, a music room, a swimming pool, a
45

carport or garage, servant’s quarters, a driver’s room, a landscaped
garden, a balcony, and a roof garden.
Property Lines are those lines working outside of the lot area.

Setback refers to the distance at how far a building can be built within the
property lines.
















Zoning refers to the legal restrictions on size, location, and type of
structures to be built on a designated area.

46

Zoning Laws
One major area covered by building code is the zoning laws. Zoning
laws are designed to keep different areas of a community from interfering
with each other. In some cities or towns, separate areas are set aside for
specific uses. Examples are residential, commercial, and industrial. These
are established and protected by zoning laws.
In addition, zoning laws establish standards for construction in
different sizes and uses.
One of the first things an architect must do before designing a
building is to read the building codes. The intended use of the building
has to be within the limits of zoning laws. Also, the size of the lot must be
large enough to meet the requirements.

Building Code are local laws that set standard for structural design within
the community.
This is a collection of local laws that regulate the building of
homes and other structures. These legal requirements are intended
to protect the safety and health of the people who live and work in the
buildings. They regulate restrictions concerning the construction of
buildings to provide safety to the occupants.
All constructions in an area must meet the requirements of
building codes. Some of the designs and construction features covered
by building codes include:





Qualifications of persons who can design building within the area.
Structural design that can be used
Lot sizes for certain types of buildings
Types and sizes of materials that can be used.

47

National Building Code Rules:
1. For one-storey wooden or frame house, the height of the floor plan
from the ground should not be less than 1.50 m.
2. Walls with window opening should not be less than 2.00 m. from the
lot line of fence. In other words, adjacent houses should not be at
least 4.00 m. from each other.
3. The front part of a house should not be less than 3.00 m. from the lot
line along the street.
4. No windows should be constructed along a wall of a house if this wall
is flush with or exactly on the lot line.

48

LO3. DRAFT SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Situation:
Group the students into four. Assign leader to each group. Each
group must be provided with ½ sheets of manila paper, T-square,
triangle, pencil and a piece of pentel pen. Leader of the group will
draw lots for different shapes;

Activity:
1. Each group will draw the assigned shape in a ½ sheet of manila
paper using the provided tools. Imagine that it is a big drawing of a
residential lot. All the side lines will be label as property lines.
2. As a residential lot, it needs to put the following inside and outside
of the lot:
a. A setback space from all the sides of the lot to produce lot
occupancy.
b. One or two streets along the sides of the lot.
c. Pick an appropriate roofing’s for the lot occupancy.

d. Draw the gate entrance assuming the front of the lot adjacent to
the street constructed.
3. Each group is required to evaluate and give comments on the
output of the assigned leader according to the following criteria:
a. Functionality………40%
b. Presentation……....30%
c. Reporting…………...30%
Total

100%

49

SELF CHECK 3.1
Directions: Identify what is referred to in each number. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.
______1. The outline and measurements of the proposed building and its
placement on the property.
______2. It refers to the legal restrictions on size, location, and type of
structures to be built on a designated area.
______3. A piece of ground of specific size.
______4. These local laws that set standard for structural design within the
community.
______5. These are designed to keep different areas of a community from
interfering with each other.
______6. It is a space requirement from the lot line along the street.
______7. It refers to the distance at how far a building can be built within the
property lines.
______8. It is a space requirement of walls with window opening from the lot
line of fence.
______9. It is a space requirement to each other of adjacent houses
according to NBC.
______10. Lines which are working the outside of the lot area.

50

LO3 DRAFT SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN


LOT MENSURATION AND PLOTTING

Types of Lot
1. Inside lot Is a lot surrounded on each side by other lots
2. Through lot is a lot having frontage on two public streets or highways
3. Corner lot is a lot with at least two adjacent sides meeting on a
corner of two streets.
4. Open lot is a lot bounded on all sides by streets or pathways
Percentage of Lot Occupancy
1. Every building, except those especially mentioned in the building
ordinance, shall be limited in its occupancy.
Limitation of Lot Occupancy
a. To secure natural light and ventilation
b. For better fire protection
2. Limits of Lot Occupancy
Domestic building on inside lot Domestic building on corner lot Non-Domestic building on inside lot Non-domestic building on corner lot -

70%
90%
90%
95%

Measurement of Lot Occupancy
1. Measurement of lot occupancy shall be taken at ground level
2. Items not included in measurements:
a. Court
b. Yard
c. Light well
(Light Well - same as close court only, it has no passages it is
used only for illumination and ventilation. Doors are used only
for maintenance.)

Open Court

Close Court
51

Lot Plotting
Protractor is an instrument graduated in angular degrees for measuring and
laying out angles.
Types of Protractor

900
900

O - Origin

O - Origin

00

180
0

00
Half Circle Type (1800)

900
270
0

Half Circle Type (3600)
Note: It is suggested that diameter of protractor is not less than 4”.
Bigger protractors are naturally accurate.
Units of Protractor
Full Circle contains 4 quadrants
One quadrant - 900 (degrees)
One degree – 60’ (minutes)
One minute – 60” (seconds)
How to use Protractor
1. ZERO CENTER the protractor on given point of desired angle.
2. ALIGN 0-AXIS (base of protractor) against one side of desired
angle.
3. MARK OFF desired angle at the edge of protractor (start reading
from 0-degree)

52

Setting the Protractor
00
Mark off

0- Degree
Desired angle

900

H-axis
O - Origin

O-axis of protractor
V-axis

180
Procedure in Lot Plotting

0

1. NORTH is always to be pointed vertical up with respect to the paper.
2. Bearing is read, plotted and marked off directly as, DUE NORTH, DUE
SOUTH, DUE WEST, or DUE EAST
3. PLOTTING starts with point 1 and ends with point 1
4. Compass axes North-South and West-East are zeroed in each point and
bearing marked off.
5. DRAFTING PRACTICES IN LOT PLOTTING
a. All drawings and labels are inked.
b. Use only standard plotting paper if submitted as part of Contract
Document
c. Lot points are represented by small circle and point no. indicated
near it within the lot whenever possible
d. Bearing and Magnitude are centered to lot line and within the lot
whenever possible
NOTE: Bearing and Magnitude must be written and readable from
South West quadrant.
e. Lot No. and Block No. are written at the center of lot.
f. Subdivision streets are indicated as Street Lot No. ____. It is
directly centered and parallel to respective streets
g. Scale is indicated under the NORTH symbol for non-documentary
work and proper position for documentary Plotting Paper

53

LO3. Lot mensuration and Plotting
Direction:

A. Given the following diagram. Mark-off bearings using

protractors by applying the procedures in lot plotting and measure the lot
line using ruler.
Scale: 1cm : 1m

North

N

W

East

N

South
°

NW

S

NE

Position of a Protractor


E

W

N

N

SE

SW
S

E

S

W

S



Direction:B. Draw the following bearing magnitude with corresponding
distance using ruler and protractor. Scale: 1cm.=1m.
a. N 15°30’ E, 7m
b. E 48°40’ S, 11m
c. W 25°20’ N, 7m
d. S 49°50’ W, 9m
e. Start at point 1, N150 30’ E, 7m., point 2, E 150 25’S, 9m, point
3, S 450 36’ W, 8m., point 4 connect to point 1. Get the
measurement and bearing magnitude of pt. 1-4.
54

SELF CHECK 3.2
Directions: Enumerate the following. Write the answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
A. Different types of lot.
1.
2.
3.
B. Three (3) steps in using protractor in plotting the lot.
4.
5.
6.
C. Units of protractor in drawing a Lot Plan.
10.
11.
12.
D. Three (3) drafting practices in lot plotting
13.
14.
15.

55

OPERATION SHEET 3.2

LO3. Procedure in drawing a Site Development Plan:
1. Draw the given property lines of the lot using T-square, triangles,
triangular scale and protractor.
Given: 12.25 m. x 16.75 m.
Scale: 1: 100m.
2. Indicate dimensions of lot including bearing magnitude.
3. Lot points are represented by small circle and point no. indicated
within the lot whenever possible.

SMALL CIRCLE

W 600 25’ S., 16.75
m.

N 350 40’ E., 12.25 m.

4. Locate lot center. Analyze the lot shapes, streets, adjacent lots and
consider the lot plan guides when designing areas of occupancy.
56

5. Plan and measure the setbacks of all corners of the lot plan

2.00 m.
setback

Setback sample

N 350 40’ E., 12.25 m.

setback

Setback sample

W 600 25’ S., 16.75
m.

setback

2.00 m.
setback

57

6. Draw and finalized design of occupancy plan.

2.50 m.

setback

setback

setback

LOT OF OCCUPANCY

W 600 25’ S., 16.75 m.

setback

N 350 40’ E., 12.25 m.

setback

setback

2.0 m.

58

7. Draw the desired roof type on the occupancy plan.

2.50 m.
N 350 40’ E., 12.25 m.

setback

setback

setback

W 600 25’ S., 16.75 m.

setback

setback

setback

2.0 m.

59

10. Indicate all symbols required in the plot plan.
11. Indicate the perimeter dimensions including compass direction.
12. Indicate the necessary utility line to be shown in the plot plan.
13. Letter all the labels required.
14. Indicate the scale used.
15. Finalize the drawing.

N

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN
SCALE:

1:100 M.

60

A. Drawing Problem
Directions: Draw the site of a given survey lot below. Use appropriate tools
and materials.
Given:
Use scale 1:100 meter.
Start from point no. 1, N 440 33’E’, 197.38M., from point 1., S790 00’W;
6.55 M. point 2, from 2, N 100 21’ W; 17.04M. point 3, from point 3, N780
25’ E; 6.51 M. point 4, point 4, S 100 30’ E; 17.11 M. point 5.
Scoring Rubrics

Criteria

Score

Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total


61

 Accuracy
50 pts

-


45 pts

-


40 pts.

-


10 pts

-

the output is done 2 hours before the time.

8 pts

-


6 pts.

-


 Speed

 Neatness
25 pts.

-

has no error.

20 pts

-


15 pts

-


15 pts. - all pieces of information are completely indicated and legibly printed
in gothic letters or mechanical lettering.
12 pts.

- all pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.

10 pts.


8 pts.

- pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are

Program/ Course

:

TECHNICAL DRAFTING

62

Unit of Competency

:

DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT
AND DETAILS

Module Title

:


LO4 Draft Floor Plan
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
1. Drafting tools are used according to architectural practices
2. Walls, windows and doors, fixtures and fittings are drawn according to
architectural design standards
3. Grid and dimension lines are drawn according to architectural design
standards
4. Metric scale is used according to the magnitude of plans to be drafted.
5. Letterings and labels are indicated according to drafting standards.

References:
Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing, Macmillan Company,
1999.
Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and Design, fifth
edition, 1986
Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and Design, fourth
edition, 1988
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing, 10th edition, MacGraw, Hill Book
Company, 1988
German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2, Phoenix Publishing, 1983
Max B. Fajardo Jr., Planning and Designers Handbook, Second Edition
The National Building Code of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules
and Regulations.


63

Learning Outcome 4: Draft Floor Plan
Learning Activities

Special Instruction

4.1 about floor plan features.


Try to answer the self check.



2. Answer self-check no. 4.1 to







Try to perform the self check.

test your knowledge about floor
plan features.

4.2 about use of appropriate
scale.
test your knowledge about
the use of appropriate scale.
5. Read information no. 4.3 to
architectural

drafting

standards
architectural

drafting

standards.
7. Read operation sheet no. 4.1
about the steps in drawing a
floor plan.
8. Answer self check no. 4.4.


64

L.4. FLOOR PLAN FEATURES
Floor Plan
Floor plan is the top cross-sectional view of the floor area of a house.
The horizontal cutting plane line for this top view passes between the upper
and lower window sills or one meter above the floor line. It shows the size
and arrangement of the rooms. It also presents the sizes and locations of the
stairs, door and windows openings, and partitions and walls. Sometimes it
includes the kind of furnishings in each room. However, the materials
required for constructing permanent or integral parts of each room such as
bedroom closets, kitchen cabinets, etc., should also be accounted for in the
bill of materials.

B
EAVE LN..

A

A

B

FLOOR

PLAN

SCALE: 1:100 M.

In multi-storey buildings, a separate floor plan is drawn for each floor
level when the layout of the room is not in each floor. However, when two or

65

more floor levels have the same arrangement and features, one typical floor
plan representing all the identical floors will suffice to be drawn.
Room Requirements and pointers in planning a floor plan
1. Living Room is the center of the living area in most homes. It should
be centrally located and should be adjacent to the outside entrance
and to the dining area, but the entrance should not lead directly into
the living room. Recommended sizes should be at least 2.00m x 3.00
small, 3.7m. x 5.5m. average or optimum size would be 6.1 x 7.9 m. in
rectangular shape.
2. Bedroom is a room for sleeping and taking rest of the family. Ideal
number of rooms for low cost housing should be two bedrooms,
master’s bedroom and bedroom. Preferably, there should be a toilet
and bath in master’ bedroom and a built-in cabinets or closets.
3. Dining Area is the area where greatly depend on eating habits of the
occupants. This should be located between the living room and
kitchen.
Its size and shape are determined by the size of the family.
4. Kitchen is the place for preparation of food and connecting the work
triangle area for storage and mixing center, preparation and cleaning
center and cooking center. There should be a storage hanging kitchen
cabinet with a minimal width of 0.60 meter.

Types of Kitchen

66

2. . L-shaped type

3. Corridor type

68

5. Bathroom is where the toilet and tub or shower are separated to save
economically in plumbing. As much as possible keep the toilet near
69

the kitchen. The bath and toilet must be near the bedrooms,
accessible to the living room even without passing through other
rooms. The toilet and bath are generally located between bedrooms. In
a two-storey residential house, the bedrooms, toilet, and bath are
often located on the second floor. In this case, the stair must go up
from the living room or hall if there is any. The stair is generally L or
U-shaped and has a landing.
Bathroom Doors and Windows Bathroom door could be small as 5560 cm. except for utility bathroom which requires not less than 70.cm.
wide to allow passage of equipment as required. In general, bathroom
wall contain only one door.
6. Entrances Entrance is divided into several different types; the main
entrance, the service entrance, and the special- purpose entrance. The
entrance is composed of an outside waiting area like the porch,
marquee or lanai and an inside waiting area like foyer or entrance
hall. It provides for and controls the flow of traffic into and out of a
building.
The main entrance provides access to the house. It is the one through which
guests are welcomed and from which all major traffic patterns radiate. The
main entrance should be readily identifiable. It should provide shelter to
anyone awaiting entrance.
The service entrance provides access to the house through which supplies
can be delivered to the service areas going through other parts of the house.
It should also provide access to parts of the service area like the garage,
laundry or workshop.
The special-purpose entrances and exits do not provide for outside traffic.
Instead they provide for movement from the inside living area of the house
to the outside living areas. A sliding door from the living area to the patio is

70

a special-purpose entrance. It is not an entrance through which street,
drive, or sidewalk traffic would have an access.
7. Garage and Carports.
A garage is an enclosed structure designed primarily to shelter an
automobile. It maybe used for many secondary purposes – as a
workshop, as a laundry, or for storage space. It is usually attached to
the house in some manner to provide a sheltered entry.
A carport is a garage with one or more of the exterior walls removed. It
may consist of a free-standing roof completely separate from the
house, or it may be built against the existing walls of the house.

SELF CHECK 4.1
71

LO4.1 Floor Plan features
Direction: A. Multiple Choice: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of
the answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A part of the house where sometimes used for eating and relaxing.
a. porch b. living area c. bedroom d. dining area
2. It provides for and controls the flow of traffic into and out of a
building.
a. special purpose exit b. door c. entrance d. exit door
3. This room is generally located between the bedrooms.
a. Bathroom b. dining area c. kitchen d. foyer
4. This has an access to kitchen and living room.
a. Bathroom b. dirty kitchen c. dining hall d. dining area
B. Enumeration: Identify the following.
a. Types of kitchen
5.
6.
7.
b. Fixtures in kitchen “work triangle”.
8.
9.
10.

72

LO4. Use of appropriate scale in drawing a Floor Plan
Scales
The architectural draftsman normally uses an architect’s scale for reducing
and enlarging the scale size measurement.

There are two system of

measurement, Metric system and English system.

Metric System
73

Always remember that the smallest the number used in metric scale,
the bigger the size in the triangular scale whereas, the largest the number
used the smallest size of actual measurement.
1:05 m.

1: 100 m.

1:10 m.

1: 200 m.

1:20 m.

1: 300 m.

1: 30 m.

1: 400 m.

1: 40 m.

1: 500 m.

1: 50 m.

1: 600 m.

1:75 m.

1:1000m.

Note: The scale of 1:1000 m. or more is being used in Lot Plan and other
topographical drawings.
Full size scale
The 1:1 is a full size scale and each division measures 1 mm. in width
with the numbering of the calibrations at 10mm intervals. This same scale
is convenient for ratios of 1:10, 1:100, and 1:1000

Half size Scale
The 1:2 is one-half size scale and each division is equals to 2 mm.
with the calibration numbering at 20-unit intervals. In addition, this scale is
convenient for ratios of 1:20, 1:200, and 1:2000.

ARCHITECTURAL USE OF METRIC SCALE
74

USE

FLOOR PLANS

DETAILS

0.4 mm. equals to 1 M.

1:1250


1:500

12 mm. equals to 1 M.

1:200


1:100


1: 80

12.5 mm. equals to 1M.

1:50

25 mm. equals to 1M.

1:20

PLOT PLANS

1:2500

1:40

PLAT PLANS

COMPARISON TO 1 METER

1:75

CITY MAP

RATIO

50 mm. equals to 1M.

1:10


1:5


SELF CHECK 4.2
75

LO4. Use of appropriate scale
Directions: A. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer and
write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the appropriate scale for plot plan.
a. 1:2500 and 1:1250 b. 1:75,1:50,1:40 c. 1: 5, 1:10, 1:20
d. 1 :100, 1:80
2. Its equivalent is ten millimeters in metric figures.
a. O.0010 b. 0.010 c. 0.100 d. 0.10
3. It is equal to one hundred centimeters.
a. 0.100 b. 0.0100 c. 1.00 d. 10.0
4. It is also equivalent to one half kilometer.
a. 1,000 meters b. 50 meters c. 500 meters d. 500 decimeters
5. It is a kind of scale equivalent to 1:1.
a. half scale b. full scale c. metric scale d. none of the above
B. Metric figures.
Directions: Convert the following into metric figures.
1. One meter and five centimeters. __________
2. Ten meters and two decimeters. __________
3. Ninety centimeters. ________________
4. Seventy five centimeters. _____________
5. One kilometer. _________________

76

LO4. Architectural drafting design standards
Legal Provisions:


Section 806 of the National Building Code (NBC). Size and
Dimension of Rooms:

a. Room for human habitations should be 6.00 square meters with at
least a dimension of 2.00 meters.
b. Kitchens should be 3.00 square meters with at least a dimension of
1.50 meters.
c. Bath & Toilet – 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.90
meters.


Section 1207. Stairs, Exit, and Occupant Loads.
Width and Height. Every required exit doorway shall have a size to
permit the installation of a door not less than 900 millimeters in width
and not less than 2.00 meters in height.
Stairways width. Stairway serving an occupant load of more than 50
shall not be less than 1.10 meters. While stairway serving an
occupant load of 50 or less shall be 900 millimeters wide.
Rise and run. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 200
millimeters and the run shall not be less than 250 millimeters.
Other guidelines must be observed in the arrangement of rooms
in drawing floor plan:
1. Built-in cabinets or closets are usually found in the bedrooms,
kitchen, and dining room. Open shelves may be constructed in the
kitchen and dining room.
2. In some one-storey houses, the bedrooms toilet, and bath are
elevated from the other rooms. In this case, the stairs leading to
these rooms must be indicated on the floor plan. Two or three
steps, each has 18 or 19 cm high from each other and 25 cm wide,

77

may be shown in the plan. All these measurements must be drawn
to scale.
3. Since most of the time is spent by the members of a family in the
bedrooms at home, these rooms must be located far from noise,
dust, and polluted air coming from garbage pits or from the
kitchens and toilets of the neighboring houses.
4. If furnitures and house appliances are to be shown in each room,
these furnishings should be drawn on the same scale in the floor
plan.
5. If the floor plan will be traced on tracing paper in order to indicate
the electrical or water connections, these furnishings should not be
shown on the tracing.
6. In presentation drawings, the landscaping around the floor plan
may be added.
7. It is on the floor plan where the cutting plane lines for at least two
full-sectional elevations (cross and longitudinal) are indicated.
These sectional elevations are usually labeled as Section A-A and
Section B-B, depending on the capital letter used at the extremities
of the cutting plane lines. These cutting plane lines need not be
continuous or straight. They are often drawn in colored ink. ( see
illustration)
8. Windows and Doors symbols should be indicated in the outer walls
of the floor plan opposite to door and windows openings to
determine the total number and specification.
Entrance and Exit. There shall be at least one entrance and another
one for exit. Windows opening should be 10% of the total floor
square area according to the National Building Code.
Example:
Bedroom size of 3.00m x 40.00 = 12 square meters x 10% = 1.20m
window width opening.

78

Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) for walling and partitions
Sizes:


CHB - 0.10 T x 0.40 W. x 0.20 H. (4” T x 16”W x 8”H) is used for
interior walls or sometimes exterior wall with no heavy loads.



CHB - 0.15 x 0.20 x 0.40 (6” x 8” x 16”) is used for exterior wall
sometimes for interior wall.



Plastering of CHB wall should not be less than 0.015 mm. or not more
than to 0.05 cm in thickness.

Note:
In lay outing floor plan walls, it should be scaled with same sizes of all
actual materials to be used. If the occupancy wants to use 0.10 x 0.20 x
0.40 CHB plus plastering of 0.015 mm thickness on both side walls, the
total thickness of the wall is 0.13 cm. On the other hand, likes to use 0.15 x
0.20 x 0.40 CHB plus plastering of 0.015 mm thickness on both sides a
total average is 0.018 cm. since it is very hard to layout the accurate scale of
0.18 wall thickness, so most draftsman prefer to use 0.20 cm. wall in lay
outing floor plan.
Wall Openings
Entrance door is preferably with 0.90 cm. to 1.00 m. width.
Bedroom door has a minimum width of 0.80 cm.
Toilet and Bath door have a minimum width of 0.70 cm. to 0.80 cm.
Minimal width of windows is preferably 0.60 cm.
Other appliances and fixtures are required to be drawn in the floor plan
for space requirements
Eave lines are hidden roof lines which also indicated in the floor plan.
Trees, Plants symbols are required to be drawn in the development of site
plan if needed.

79

Architectural Symbols used in drawing floor plan

80

SELF CHECK 4.3
LO4. Architectural drafting design standards

Directions: A. Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is the standard thickness of wall in meter using 4” x 16” x 8” CHB .
a. 0. 20 m. b. 0.10 m. c. 0.18 m. d. 0.13 m.
2. Standard thickness of wall in meter using 6” x 16” x 8” CHB.
a. 0. 20 m. b. 0.10 m. c. 0.20 m. d. 0.18 m.
3. It is the standard size of an entrance door opening.
a. 0.90 m. b. 0.80 m. c. 0.75 m. d. 1.00 m.

4. They are overhang roof lines in hidden lines form of floor plan. a.
dormer b. canopy c. eave line d. shed line
5. It is a minimum area of Kitchen.
a. 4.00 sq.m. b. 3.00 sq.m. c. 5.00 sq.m. d. 7.00 sq.m.
B. Draw the symbols of the following:
6. Interior door –
7. Swinging door –
8. Double door –
9. Accordion door –
10. Bay window -

82

OPERATION SHEET 4.1
LO4. Steps in drawing a Floor Plan
1. Prepare the needed tools and materials.
2. Use the correct scale.

83

3. Construct the wall thickness. Use 0.15cm. CHB for the major walls.
Start from the center of the wall.

84

4. Divide the floor area to other areas of the house. Use a 10 cm
interior wall partitions. Compute each area of the house, then check
the total floor area

85

5. Lay out the position of doors and windows by center line and by
their widths with a 4H pencil. The standard width of doors is 90-95
centimeters like the main entrance door. While 80 centimeters for
bedrooms and service doors and 0 .75 centimeters for toilet and bath
doors.

86

6. Label each part of the floor plan. Draw the kitchen and apply the
work triangle principle in designing the kitchen. Draft the toilet and
bath draw the fixtures properly.

87

7. Lay-out extension lines. Use any dimension limits and lay out
dimensions legibly and never repeat dimensions.

88

8. Draw the schedule of doors and windows. Name doors and windows
by sizes. Finally, draw the roof line of the floor plan.

89

SELF CHECK 4.4
LO4.6. Procedure in drafting floor plan
Directions: Using the same operation. Draw the floor plan area
Given: A floor plan of 6.00 x 9.00 m. with two bedrooms. Use a scale of
1:100. Use correct tools for the right job.

Scoring Rubrics
Criteria

Score

Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total

90

 Accuracy
50 pts

-


45 pts

-


40 pts. -


 Speed
10 pts

-

the output is done 5 minutes before the time.

8 pts

-


6 pts.

-


 Neatness
25 pts. -

no errors made on the output.

20 pts

-


15 pts

-


15 pts. - all pieces of information are completely indicated and legibly
printed in gothic letters or mechanical lettering.
12 pts.

missing.

10 pts.


8 pts.

- pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are
misspelled.

91

Program/Course

:

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency

:

DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL
LAYOUTS AND DETAILS

Module Title

:

DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL
LAYOUTS AND DETAILS

LO5. - Draft Roof Plans

Assessment Criteria
1. Different types of roofs are correctly identified.
2. Elements of roofs are properly discussed.
3. Dimensions of roof plan are indicated and should match floor plan
dimensions.
4. Lines are drawn according to drafting standards
5. Architectural standard symbols are used.
6. Drawings are laid out according to sheet contents
7. Roof plan and framing details are drawn according to
architectural drawing standards.

References:
Giesecke, Mitchell and Spencer. Technical Drawing Macmillan
Company,1982
Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and Design,
fifth edition 1999
Donald Hepler, Paul I. Wallach, Architecture Drafting and Design, fourth
edition 1999
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing 10th edition MacGraw Hill Book
Company 1987
German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2 Phoenix Publishing 1983.
Max B. Fajardo Jr., Planning and Designers Handbook, Second Edition,
1980
The National Building Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules
and Regulations 2005

92

Learning Outcome 5: Draft Roof Plans
Learning Activities

1. Read Information Sheet no. 5.1.
about terms and definitions

Special Instruction

 Remember the terminologies
 Try to answer self-check no. 5.1.

related to roof plan.

2. Answer Self check no.5.1
3. Read information sheet no. 5.2 on
types of roofs

 Try to answer self-check no. 5.2

4. Perform task on Self check no. 5.2
5. Read operation sheet no. 5.3
about the elements or features
of roof and framing plans.

6. Answer self check no. 5.3

 Try to answer self-check no. 5.3
 Try to perform the said activity

8. Read about information or
sheet no. 5.4 on the
procedure in drafting roof
plan.

93

LO5. Draft Roof Plans
Definition of technical terms
Angle iron is a structural piece of rolled steel shaped to form a 900 angle.
Butterfly roof is a roof with two sides sloping down toward the interior of
the house.
Dome is a hemispherical roof form.
Dormer is a structure projecting from a sloping roof to accommodate a
window.
Eave is a part of a roof that projects over a wall.
Fascia is a surface finish material used to cover another surface.
Flashing is the material used for covering exposed places outside the
building like firewalls.
Flat roof is a roof with a minimum pitch for drainage.
Gable is the triangular end of an exterior wall above the eaves.
Gable roof is a roof that slopes from two sides only.
Galvanize is a lead and zinc bath treatment to prevent rusting.
Gambrel roof is a symmetrical roof with two different pitches or slopes on
each side.
Hip rafter is the diagonal rafter that extends from the plate to the ridge to
form the hip.
Hip roof is a roof with four sloping sides.
Mansard roof is a roof with two slopes on each sides with the lower slope
much steeper than the upper.
Overhang is the horizontal distance that a roof projects beyond a wall.
Pitch is the angle between the top plate and the ridge board. It is also
referred to as the rise over the run.
Purlin is a horizontal structure member which hold rafters together.
Rafters are structural members used to frame a roof.

94

Ridge is the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.
Ridge cap is a wood or metal cap used for roofing at the ridge.
Rise is the vertical height of a roof.
Roll roofing is a material of fiber and asphalt manufactured in rolls.
Shed roof is a flat roof slanting in one direction.
Shingles are thin pieces of wood or other materials that ovelap each other in
covering a roof.
Truss is a prefabricated triangular shaped unit used for supporting roof
loads over long spans.
Valley is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.
Valley rafter is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping
roofs.

Roof
It is the external upper covering of a house or building. It shows the
size, shape and the type of materials that should be used in the roofing
system.

Types of Roofs
There are different types of roofing system that are commonly used in
the building construction. The following are:
1. Gable Roof has a pitch on two sides but no pitch on the gable ends. This
type of roof is used extensively on Philippines bahay kubo and raw
houses in subdivision. The pitch or angle of a gable roof varies from the
high pitch roofs found on chalet A-frame style buildings to the low pitch
roofs found on most ranch homes.

95

GABLE ROOF

2. Hip roofs are used when eave-line protection is desired around the entire
perimeter of the building. Hip roofs are very popular in warm climates.
they are commonly used on Regency and French Provincial homes.

HIP ROOF

96

3. Flat roofs are used to create a low silhouette on modern homes. Slightly
heavier rafters are needed for flat roofs. Built-up asphalt construction is
often used on flat roofs.

FLAT ROOF

4. Shed roofs are higher at one end than the other. They may be used
effectively when two levels exist where additional light is needed.

SHED ROOF

97

5. Overhang is a roof type where the pitch is low and extends on the side of
the building perpendicular to the rafters direction. It should provide
additional protection from the sun and rain.

OVERHANG ROOF

These five roofing system are commonly used in the construction sector.
However, there are other types of roofs that are rarely used in the
construction.

98


Roof Plan
A roof plan is one showing the outline of the roof and the major object
lines indicating ridges, valleys, hips and openings. The roof plan is not a
framing plan, but a plan view of the roof. To develop a roof framing plan, a
roof must be stripped of its covering to expose the position of each
structural member and each header. The roof plan can be used as the basic
outline for the roof framing plan. Below are samples of blueprint drawings
of roof plans, roof framing plan and other informative drawings.

SAMPLE ROOF PLAN

99

Elements or features of roof and framing plans

1. Roof Plan
The roof plan indicates the following:
a. Roofing sheets are materials laid to cover the total area of roofing
space of the building.
b. Ridge roll is a plain G.I. sheet is usually laid at the center top of
ridge of the building.
c. Ridge cap is the material used when the roofing system is in the
form of hip roof.
d. Eaves line or gutter line is shown in the form of imaginary line to
indicate the gutter line.

ROOF PLAN

100

Different types of roofing sheets:
1. Corrogated G.I sheet
2. 4-V corrugated sheet
3. Ardex corrugated sheet
4. Kanalelas corrugated sheet.
5. Steel bricks
6. Colorbond custom orb

MILANO LONGSPAN STEEL BRICKS

101

1. Roof framing plan
There are important elements that must be shown in the roof framing
plan. They are shown in the form of line symbols, such as:
a. Trusses
b. Purlins
c. Ridge roll line
d. Ridge cap line
e. Eaves or gutter line
f. Dimension

ROOF FRAMING PLAN

Each of these elements can be better understood as you recall
your knowledge in the previous discussion particularly in the
presentation of technical terms in the preceding modules.

103

ROOF FRAMING SHOWING THE THICKNESS OF EACH MEMBER

104

OPERATION SHEET 5.1
LO5. Draft a roof plan

Roof plan is the upper part of the building. This can be drawn through
the following steps (see the operating steps):
1. Given: a scaled floor plan.

105

2. Draw or trace the given scale floor plan into a form of hidden lines
without doors and windows.

3. From end line of the floor plan, lay out a standard 1.00 m. eave lines
around the floor plan.

1.00 m. Eave line

106

4. From eave lines, extend a 0.20 m. lines for gutter width, and analyze
how many and where to indicate a 0.10 m. circular holes for
downspout.
0.20 m.

0.20 m.

5. Select roof types required. From rectangular form of floor plan, get the
center and project a line along the eave lines.

center

107

6. If hip roof types will be used, project a 450 angle in all corners of eave
lines intersecting the center line to create a hip roof. From drawn hip
roof layout, draw two lines at 0.10 m. width on both sides
representing the ridge roll width.

7. Project a symbol (thin lines) for roof covering materials to be used,
indicate from the center of roof slopes a perpendicular arrowheads
with word label of slopes.

108

8. Complete the drawings with proper dimensioning and labels, then
finalize the drawing.

109

SELF CHECK 5.1
Directions: Multiple Choice: Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of
the best answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A horizontal structural member which hold rafters together
a. Rafter b. Purl in c. Rise d. Run
2. A prefabricated triangular shaped unit for supporting roof loads over
long spans
a. Truss b. Shingles c. Rise d. Ridge
3. The top edge of the roof where rafters meet
a. Ridge b. Rafter c. Overhang d. Purlins
4. The internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof
a. Ridge b. Rise c. Purlin d. Overhang
5. The angle between the top plate and the ridge board
referred to as the rise over the run.
a. Pitch b. Slope c. Valley d. Truss
9. A roof with four sloping sides
a. Shed b. Hip c. Gable d. Mansard
10. The part of a roof that projects over a wall
a. Overhang b. Eave c. Fascia d. Gutter
11. A surface finish material used to cover another surface
a. Flashing b. Fascia c. Overhang d. Dormer
12. A flat roof slanting in one direction
a. Gable b. Hip c. Dormer d. Shed
13. A diagonal rafter that extends from the plate to the ridge to form a
hip roof type
a. Purlins b. Hip Rafters c. Truss d. Flashing
14. The triangular end of an exterior wall above the eaves
a. Gable b. Hip c. Overhang d. Mansard
15. The vertical height of a roof
a. Rise b. Run c. Ridge d. Eave
110

SELF CHECK 5.2
Problem Solving
Directions: Given a floor plan as shown below, to draft a roof plan
appropriate to the given sizes and shapes.
Note: All sides must have an overhang of 1.50m.

111

Scoring Rubrics
Criteria

Score

Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
 Accuracy
50 pts

-

the output is accurately done

45 pts

-

two to five errors are observed on the output

40 pts.

-

six to ten errors are observed on the output

10 pts

-

the output is done 5 minutes before the time

8 pts

-

the output is done on time

6 pts.

-

the output is done after the allotted time

 Speed

 Neatness
25 pts.

-

has no error

20 pts

-

has two to three erasures

15 pts

-


112

Lettering/Labeling
15 pts.

-

all pieces of information are completely indicated and
legibly printed.

12 pts.

-

all pieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.

10 pts.


8 pts.

- pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are missing
and misspelled.

113

Program/ Course

:

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency

:

DETAILS

Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 6

:

Draft Ceiling Plan

1. Elements or important features of ceiling plan are properly
identified.
2. Ceiling plan is drawn according to architectural drafting standards.
3. Lighting fixtures and fire protection devices are located according
to architectural drafting standards.
References:
Earnest R. Weidhaas. Architectural Drafting and Design, 4th edition
Paul I. Wallach. Basic Architectural Drafting,1982
French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; McGraw, Hill Book Company,10th
Edition; 1960
National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096), 2005
German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing; 1983
Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing,
1977

114


Learning Outcome 3. Draft Site Development
Learning Activities

Special Instruction













Perform operation 3.1

6.1 about the definition of
terms

in

planning

house

ceiling
2. Answer Self Check no 6.1
6.2

about

ceiling

plan

fixtures
4. Answer Self Check no 6.2
5. Read Operation 6.1

115

LO6. DRAFT CEILING PLAN
Definition of Terms
Acoustic is the science of sounds in housing, materials used to keep
down noise within a room or to prevent it from an over head
lining inside of a room
Ceiling Joist is the structural member in building construction that
holds the ceiling board
Ceiling board is a ceiling covering materials
Cornice is a wood or any material project beyond the wall of the ceiling
Fixtures is a piece of electric or plumbing equipment which is a part
of the structure
Gypsum board is a board made of plaster with covering of paper
Hanger is an iron or wood strap used to support a joist.
Insulation is a material obstructing the passage of sound, heat, or cold
from one surface to another
Lighting fixtures is the position or placement of lighting fixtures of the
house.
Reflected ceiling plan is a drawing of a room or building, looking down
at the interior ceiling
Smoke detectors is a fire protection device that is used to detect
smoke or gasses produced by smoldering fires particles of
combustion
Soffit is the undersurface of a cornice, molding, or beam
Specification is the written description accompanying the working
drawing
Sprinkler systems is a fire protection device that discharges water
when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a
predetermined temperature has been reached.
Ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air by natural or
mechanical means to or from any space
116

The Importance and Purpose of Ceiling in the
building
Ceiling plan is an outline of the ceiling that shows the overhead
interior surface of a room.
Ceiling is designed with the following purpose:
i.It prevents the penetration of the heat of the sun inside
the building.
ii.It adds beauty inside the building especially when it is
well-designed.
iii.It serves as thermal insulator that adds to the aesthetic
beauty of a house.
iv.Various lighting fixtures can be hanged or placed to
highlight the interior design of the structure.
Important features that are shown in the ceiling plan
Ceiling plan can be shown into two presentations:
a. Ordinary presentation of ceiling plan. This shows the following:
1. Ceiling board
2. Partitions
3. Ventilation
4. Label which indicates the type of ceiling materials
5. Dimensions
b. Reflected ceiling plan. It is a drawing, which shows the items that
are located on the ceiling of a room or space. It is referred to as a
reflected ceiling plan since it is drawn to display a view of the
ceiling as if it was reflected onto a mirror on the floor. This way the
reflected ceiling plan has the same orientation as the floor plan
associated with it. It is as if the ceiling was see-through and you
could see right through it from the floor below. Interior designers
draw reflected ceiling plans when designing spaces.
117

The following features that are shown in the reflected ceiling plan:
1. Lighting fixtures
2. Ventilation
3. Smoke detector
4. Wood moulding
5. Ceiling board
Important considerations in ceiling plan
There are many design elements to consider in designing the
ceiling plan
1. Consider the distance from floor line to ceiling line
level.
2.

Study the 3-D aspects of volumes and space.

3. Consider using unexpected materials or finishes.
4. Consider the light reflection and sound absorption.
In accordance with the National Building Code of the
Philippines (PD 1096) Section 805: Ceiling Heights
v.

Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation have ceiling
heights not less than 2.40meters. which is measured from the floor
to the ceiling; provided that for buildings of more than one-storey,
the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70meters.
And that for the second storey 2.40 meters and succeeding storey
shall have an unobstructed typical head-room clearance of not less
than 2.10m above the finished floor.

vi.

Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height of not less than
1.80meters above and below it.

118

OPERATION SHEET 6.1
LO6 DRAFT CEILING PLAN

Ceiling Plan is shown in outline form. It is made with the
floor plan as its reference outline.
Procedure in drafting ceiling plans
Ceiling plan is drawn with the following steps:
1. Prepare and set a ready-made floor plan and analyze its
size and shape.

119

2. Sketch the ceiling area based on the general
measurement of the floor plan.

3. Provide space for overhang for the four sides at your desired
size.

120

4. Sketch the partitions based on the measurements in the floor
plan

5.

Darken all the visible edges, indicate the dimensions and
label the necessary information.

REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

121

SELF CHECK 6.1
TEST I. Direction: Identify what is referred to in each number. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_______________1. is the undersurface of a cornice, molding, or beam.
_______________2. is a drawing of a room or building, looking down at
the interior ceiling.
_______________3. is the process of supplying and removing air by natural
or mechanical means to or from any space.
_______________4. is the written description accompanying the working
drawing
_______________5. is a material obstructing the passage of sound, heat, or
cold from one surface to another.
_______________6. is a ceiling covering materials.
_______________7. is the structural member in building construction that
holds the ceiling board.
_______________8. is a wood or any materials project beyond the wall of the
ceiling.
_______________9. is the science of sounds in housing, materials used to
keep down noise within a room or to prevent it from

an

over head lining inside of a room.
_______________10. is a piece of electric or plumbing equipment which
is a part of the structure
_______________ 11. is the over head inside lining of a room
________________12. is a piece of electric or plumbing equipment that
is part of the structure.
________________13. is the process of supplying and removing air by
natural or mechanical means is called _____________
________________14. is the science of sounds in housing
________________15. is the drawing of a room or a building looking
down at the interior ceiling

122

TEST II. Enumeration Type:
1. Enumerate the Ceiling Plan features
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

123

SELF CHECK 1.2

Direction: Given a floor plan, draw a ceiling plan

124

Program/Course

:

Drafting Technology

Unit of Competency

:

Draft Architectural Layout and Details

Module Title

:

Drafting Sanitary and Plumbing Layout
and Details

Learning Outcome 7

:

Draft Elevations and Sections

1. Vertical heights gradeline establish according to architectural drafting
standards.
2. Offsets from right side, left and rear side of floor plan are projected
3. Roof eaves and pitch on all elevations and sections established
4. Doors and windows projected in all elevations and sections.
5. Cross and longitudinal sectional views projected from the floor plans
and elevations.
6. Various material symbols and specifications indicated in all elevations
and sections.

Giesecke, Mitchell,Spencer,Hill,Dygdon. Technical Drawing; Prentice Hall
Simon Schuster, 1998
French, Vierck, Foster. Engineering Drawing and Graphic Technology,
Macgraw Hill Co., 1986
Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Plumbing Design and Estimate, 5138 Merchandizing,
1984.
Hepler, Donald E and WALLACH, Paul I, Architecture: Drafting and Design,
IMC Dress Incorporated, 1987
Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Building Construction, 5138 Merchandizing, 1984

125

Learning Outcome No. 7: Draft Elevations and Sections
Learning Activities

1. Read Information Sheet #1.1

Special Instruction



Take note of the details and
remember the terminologies

2. Answer Self Check # 1.1
3. Compare your Answer to the
Answer Key
4. Proceed to Activity #. 1.1



Try your best to perform the
activity

126

INFORMATION SHEET # 7.1
LO7. Draft Elevation and Section
An architectural elevation is a view of a building showing its height
dimension. When elevations show the exterior of a residential unit, they are
simply called elevations. Interior elevations show the inside of a building.
Elevations are the exterior views of a building. They are necessary in as
much as they show the height of the building and its appearance on each
side. Normally, the four elevations are sufficient to describe the appearance
of the residential building.
Elevation drawings are orthographic drawings. They show the exterior
of a building. The elevation s that part of the building that people see and
observe, hence, it is the part they use to judge the structure.
Normally, the design of the floor plan precedes the designs of the
elevation, because both have a continual relationship in the entire design
process. Flexibility is possible in the design of elevations, even those
designed from the same floor plan.
The designer should keep in mind that only horizontal distances can
be established on the floor plan, while that of the vertical distances such as
height of doors, windows and roofs must be shown on the elevation.
As these heights are established, the appearance of the outside and
functioning of heights as well as the internal functioning of the building
must be considered.
Preliminary Sketches
The location and proportion of features are very important in the
drawing of elevation. Main attention is given to the proportion of walls and
openings. Some of the things to consider in the drawing of elevations are;
1. Proportion – which deals with the size and shape of areas and their
relation to one another.
2. Fenestration – deals with the arrangements of windows and doors in a
wall.
3. Harmony refers to all features that should harmonize to present a
uniform elevation.

127

4. Shadows refer to a simple elevation, which can become interesting
when designed to take advantage of shadows.
Finished Sketches
The finished sketch may be carefully drawn with the use of drawing
instruments. Since these are fairly large scale drawings the exact size of all
features together with their correct representation must be considered.
In the drafting of elevations, these are some of the things to consider:
1. Window and Door Size – must be chosen from a manufactures catalog
which offers great variety of sizes. The sizes must be standard that it
conforms to the provisions of the building code.
2. Window and Door Representation –in elevation may be drawn simply.
3. Material Representation – may be shown by drawing only a few lines,
like bricks.
4. Footings and Walls are hidden lines used to indicate location of
footings.
5. Labeling views can be done in two methods by labeling it with views
as in front, rear, left and right side elevations, or by using compass
orientation as in north, south, east, and west directions.
6. Dimensioning on elevations are limited to vertical dimensions are
shown on the plan.
7. Changes are additions necessary after all the other drawings have
been completed.

128

Elevations are the exterior views of the building. The front view of the
building is always referred to as the front. The other elevations are named
according to their position in relation to the front, i.e. right elevation, rear or
back elevation, left elevation.
Eave is the lower portion of a roof which extends beyond the wall.
Pitch is the term applied to the amount of roof slope, It is found by
dividing the heights of the span
Elevation Projection
Elevation drawings are projected from the floor plan of an
architectural drawing just as the views are projected the front view of an
orthographic drawing. All six views are rarely used to depict architectural
structures, instead only four are used. These four elevations are normally
projected on the floor plan.

129

FRONT ELEVATION

REAR ELEVATION

131

LEFT SIDE ELEVATION

RIGHT SIDE ELEVATION

132

Elevation Dimensioning
Dimensions on elevation show the vertical distance from a datum line,
which is a reference line that remains constant. Dimensions on elevation
show the height above the datum or the ground line. Dimensioning
elevations must comform with basic standards to ensure consistency of
interpretation.
Here are some of the rules in dimensioning:
1. Vertical elevation dimensions should be read from the right of the
drawing.
2. Levels to be dimensioned should labeled with a note, term or
abbreviation.
3. Room heights are shown by dimensioning from the floor line to the
ceiling line.
4. The depth of footings (“footer”) is dimensioned from the ground line.
5. Heights of windows and doors are dimensioned from the floor plan to
the top of windows or doors.
6. Elevation dimensions show only vertical distances (height). Horizontal
distances (length and width) are shown on the floor plan.
7. Windows and doors may be indexed to a door or window schedule, or
the style of the windows and doors may be shown on the elevation
drawing.
8. The roof pitch is shown by indicating the rise over the run.
9. Dimensions for small, complex or obscure areas should be indexed to
a separate detail.
10. Ground-line elevations are expressed as heights above a datum point.
11.Heights of chimneys above the ridge line are dimensioned.
12.Floor and ceiling lines are shown with hidden lines.
13.Heights of planters and walls are dimensioned from the ground line.
14.Thickness of slabs are dimensioned.
15.Overall height dimensions are placed on the outside of
subdimensions.
16.Thickness of footings are dimensioned.
17.Where space is limited, the alternative method in Fig.38-2 can be
used to show feet and inches.

133

SELF CHECK #7.1
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer and write it on
a separate sheet of paper
1. The____________ views of the buildings are called elevation.
2. The front view of the building is always referred to as the
______________.
3. The other elevations are named according to their ___________ in
relation to the front.
4. The lower portion of a roof which extends beyond the wall is called
___________.
5. ______________is the term applied to the amount of roof slope.
6. Sections are types of drawings which show the ___________ of a
building or structures.
7. A ____________ heavy line which shows the exact location where the
object is cut.
8. A _____________ is a type of section where the cutting plane is drawn
horizontally.
9. A ______________ is a type of section where the cutting plane is drawn
vertically.
10. The ___________ is the plan where the cutting plane line is drawn.

135

OPERATION SHEET NO. 1
Draft Elevations and Section
Procedure in drafting elevations:
1. Lay-out the elevation very lightly using a sharp, hard pencil.
Using a divider or a scale, transfer horizontal dimensions from
the floor plan. A scale of 1: 100 or 1:50 meter is used and
indicated in the title block or near the drawing. If the plan and
section are drawn to the same scale as the required elevation,
the floor plan may be taped in position and dimension projected
directly using triangle and T-square.
Windows and door are located horizontally by projecting
from the plan, They are located vertically by projecting from the
window and door details or simply by aligning the top of the
window with the top of the door.
2. Locate the vertical distance of ceiling from floor line, ridge to
ceiling line and natural ground to finished ground line. indicate
also the height of doors and windows.

136

3. Indicate the thickness of walls, fascia board and other materials
seen on elevation and darken the lines to highlight them.

4. Draw the elevation details and other architectural materials.
The elevation details to be included will vary depending
upon the style of the house, in the case of a residence, the
following details are added:
1. roof fascia
2. roof beams
3. window representation
4. gradelines
5. material representation
6. darkened building outline

137

5. Indicate the dimension of the vertical distance from
the natural ground line to the floor line and the floor line
ceiling, and ceiling line to ridge line.
Added elevation dimensions and notes are.
1. height of roof
2. height of other features such as masonry wall
3. heights of wall
4. roof slope indication
5. window schedule
6. title and notes indicating materials

138

LO7. Draft Elevations and Sections
Sections
The designer shows the internal construction of a building by means
of a section.
Section drawings are prepared for interior details needed to guide
construction. Interior elevation drawing shows builders how to construct
and install special features of a home. These features include closets,
cabinets, bathtubs and other special details.
Techniques for preparing interior elevation drawings are the same as
for exterior elevations. Use a floor plan to locate key vertical lines after
horizontal dimensions have been indicated.
Section is a type of drawing which shows the interior or inside of a
building or structure.
Cross section is a type of section where the cutting-plane line is drawn
horizontally.
Longitudinal section is a type of section where the cutting-plane is
drawn vertically.
Cutting plane line a heavy line which shows the exact location where
the plan is cut.
The following are the types of sections used in architectural drafting.
1. Structural section shows the entire building construction. This is
useful in planning for structural strength and rigidity, determining the
length of members and specifying sizes.
2. Wall section shows the construction of a typical wall. This section is
useful in determining sizes and material specification for all rough
members.
3. Detail section shows any deviation from a typical section. It is drawn
to a larger scale.

139

Full Sections
Architects prepare drawings that show the building cut in to half to
show the internal structure. This is known as longitudinal section, meaning
lengthwise. When it is cut across, it is called transverse section. It is
imagined that a plane is passed through the building cutting it in half by a
cutting plane line.
There are different ways of drawing the cutting plane line, most
especially if it interferes with dimensions as shown in these figures.

143

SELF CHECK #. 7.2
Directions: Based on the given floor plan, draw the front and rear
elevations. Use a separate sheet of paper

146

OPERATION SHEET # 1.2
LO7. Draft elevations and Sections
Drafting Section
Procedure:
The student will draw the activity individually and they will be
provided a copy of the floor plan. The student will draw the sections; the
cross section and longitudinal section. The activity will be for 2 meetings or
four hours.

147

1.

From the given plan, indicate the path of the imaginary
cutting plane along the floor plan. Indicate the position of the
line of sight or viewing by means of arrow heads.

2.

Transfer horizontal dimension from the floor plan to the
section using a metric scale with appropriate scale ratio.

148

3.

Indicate the vertical dimensions from the ground line to the
floor line, the ceiling line and the ridge line using the standard
vertical dimension as provided in the low cost housing
regulations. The standard dimension are 2.80m from the floor
line to ceiling line and 1.20m to 1.80m from ceiling line to the
top of the ridge.

4.

Draw the outline of the building using the measurements
as marked on the paper.

149

5. Darken the outline and draw section lines on portions of the
building that come in contact with the cutting plane.
6. Finalize the drawing by labeling it.
7. Repeat the same procedure for the cross section drawing.

150

Program/Course

:

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency

:

DRAFT ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUTS
AND DETAILS

Module Title

:

DRAFTING ARCHITECTURAL LAY
OUTS AND DETAILS

Learning Outcome 8

Assessment Criteria

:

Perform Presentation Drawings

:

1. Importance and purpose of presentation drawings are
fully discussed.
2. Types of presentation drawings are correctly identified.
3. Prepare presentation drawing according to the customer’s or
client’s standard.

Reference:
Brown, Walter C., Drafting for Technology, The Goodheart-Willcox
Company, Inc., 1990

151

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES
Learning Outcome8: Perform Presentation Drawings
Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read Information Sheet no. 8.1
2. Answer self check no. 8.1 to test



Answer the self check.

your knowledge about
presentation drawings.

3. Review the information sheet if
some items were not properly
carried out.

152

LO8. Perform Presentation Drawings
Presentation drawings
The purpose of the presentation drawings is to show the proposed
building in an attractive setting surrounding at the proposed site. It must be
shown in an attractive presentation to easily arouse the client’s interest.
Presentation drawings consist of the preliminary designs:
1. Floor plan
2. Elevations plan
3. Perspective
4. Sections
5. Sample details
The floor plan must be presented to the client to give him a clear
picture of interior portion of the proposed building particularly the location
of bedrooms, living room, dining, kitchen, comfort rooms and other elements
inside the building.

153

The elevation plan is purposely to show the height of the building
particularly the distance from floor line to ceiling line and the distance from
bottom line and top of a ridge.

A

B

C

D

S
ection
GA. # 26 RIDGE ROLL
4” X 8”X 16” CONC. HOL.
BLOCKS

GA # 26 3’X10’ PLAIN G.I SHT.
.GUTTER

GA. # 26 CORR. G.I SHT.
ROOFING
CONC. MOULDING

FIXED CLEAR GLASS WINDOW
GA. # 26 RIDGE CAP

FIXED CLEAR GLASS WINDOW

drawi
ngs
are
shown

CONC. MOULDING

4”X8”X16” CONC. HOLLOW
BLOCKS

to give
additi
onal
inform
ation
on the

CONC.
BALLUSTRAIDS
PANEL DOOR

type of
materi
als
that

must be used inside the building. It can be shown in terms of cross section
and longitudinal section.(refer to module )

154

GA.#26 3’X10’ CORR. G.I SHT.

GA.# 26 PLAIN G.I. SHT. RIDGE CAP
NARRA PANELING

GA.# 26 PLAIN G.I. SHT. GUTTER

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

Commonly, presentation drawings are usually presented in the form of
perspective views with colors and shading and floor plan. This is purposely done
because presentation drawings are actually used to sell an idea or concept. The
elevation plan, section and sample details are only used for further communication
between the clients and the architect or draftsman to arrive at a final plan or
design of the house. These are usually shown in the form of illustration.

PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

155

Perspective Drawing
The following are important principles to be considered in the
preparation of presentation drawings particularly perspective views, the
following are:
1. Selection of appropriate view of the proposed building
In the presentation, the frontal portion must be given more
emphasis by the designer because this is the very part of the building
that is always exposed to the viewers’ eyes.
2. Proportion of the perspective view
This means that proper location of the vanishing point must be
considered in making the perspective view.
3. Inclusion of landscaping
Landscaping must be included in the preparation of perspective
view because it adds attraction to the viewer.
4. Other elements like car, human figure and etc. must also be included
in the presentation of perspective view because these would serve as
additional attraction of the drawing.

156

LO8. Perform Presentation Drawings

Presentation drawing is commonly accomplished in the form of
perspective view especially when the draftsman or architect is negotiating a
drafting service to a certain client. However, floor plan, elevations plan and
section drawings are also prepared to be shown to the client.

The following are the procedures in the preparation of presentation
drawing:
1. Draft the floor plan according to the desired size and shape.
2. Draft the elevation plan based on the floor plan.
3. Draft section drawing based on the elevations and floor plan.
4. Draft the perspective view.

157

ANSWER KEY
Self Check 1.1
1. Triangle
2. Divider
3. Tape rule/Pull-push rule
4. Templates
5. Masking tape
6. Medium
7. Compass
8. T-square
9. Tracing paper
10. Triangular scale
11. Parallel rule
12. AutoCAD computer
13. Eraser
14. Technical Pen
15. Protractor
16. Penknife or Pencil Sharpener
17. Erasing shield
18. Sand paper block
19. French curved
20. Leroy lettering pen

Self Check 1.2
1. Sheet # 1
2. Site development plan
3. Location Plan
4. Title Page and Index
5. Geodetic Engineer
6. Civil Engineer
7. Master Plumber
8. Title Block
9. Mechanical Engineer
10. Electronics Engineer

158

Self Check 1.3
Teacher’s Check
Self Check 1.4
1. Elevation
2. Floor
3. Finished Floor Line
4. Ground Line
5. Down
6. Not to Scale
7. On Center
8. Floor Line
9. Concrete Hollow Blocks
10. At
Self Check 1.5
Teacher’s Check
Self Check 1.6
A. Identification
Specification features of roof plan
1. Types of roof
2. Roof slopes
3. Eave measurement
Specification feature of Section
1. Interior parts of the house
2. Heights inside the house
3. Features inside the house
4. Cross section of the house
5. Longitudinal section
6. Materials finished inside the house
7. Ceiling heights
8. Flooring heights
Specification features of reflected ceiling height
1. Ceiling design
2. Lightings design
3. Finished ceiling materials
4. Sizes of ceiling design
B. Performance test
Teacher’s Check

159

Self Check 1.7
A. Identification
Specification features of door schedule
1. Height of doors
2. Width of doors
3. Doors Finished Materials
4. Door type/style
5. Door Quantity
Specification features of window schedule
1. Height of window
2. Width of window
3. Window finished Materials
4. Window type/style
5. Window quantity
Specification features of toilet and bath details
1. Types of bathroom
2. Height of bathroom
3. Section of bathroom
4. Materials finished inside the bathroom
5. Floor slopes in the bathroom
6. Fixtures in the bathroom
B.
Performance Test
Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.8
A. Identification
Specification features of foundation plan
1. Location of column and footing
2. Lines excavation of CHB wall
3. To be on fill or unfill floor area
4. Identify main and member footings and columns
5. Identify wall needs of tie beam
6. Identify floor area needs of floor matting bars
Specification features of roof framing plan
1. Types of roof used
2. Valley trusses
3. Ridge
4. Purlins
5. Trusses
6. Spacing of trusses and purlins
7. Materials used for roof framings
160

8. Eaves distances
Specification features of truss detail
1. Types of truss
2. Height of truss
3. Structural framing of truss
4. Materials finished finished of trusses
5. Spacing of King Post, queen posts
6. Diagonal braces
7. Purlins and roof sheet covering
8. Ridge roll type
9. Roofing materials
10. Gutter sizes and materials used
11. Ceiling of eave roof
Specification features of column/footings and beam schedule
1. Sizes of Footings, column and beams
2. Materials used for footings, columns and beam
3. Types of footing and column
4. Types of beam
5. Quantity of column, footings and beams
B.

Performance Test
Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.9
A. Identification
Specification features of footing detail
1. Height of footing from slab to finish ground line
2. Sizes of Footings, column and beams
3. Materials used for footings, columns and beam
4. Lenght of Beams
5. Total of vertical bars and spacing of lateral ties bars from footings
to ground line
6. Total of continous bar and spacing of stirrups
7. Types of footing
8. Schedule of footings and column
9. Schedule of Beams
Specification features in construction notes
1. Detail of Wall footings
2. Detail of Lintel Beams
3. Typical CHB wall detail
4. Intersection of wall to footing
5. Detail of door opening
Specification features in notes
161

1. Detail legend
2. Specification used
3. Materials used
4. Schedule of Construction notes
5. Schedule of Footings
B. Performance Test
Teacher’s Check

Self Check 1.10
A. Identification
Specification features in drawing plumbing plan
1. Sequence plan of water system
2. Sequence plan of sewage system
3. Features symbols of fittings in water system
4. Features symbols of fittings in sewage system
5. Septic Tank plan
B. Performance Test
Teacher’s Check
Self Check 1.11
A. Identification
Specification features in Storm and Drainage system
1. Sequence plan of sewage system
2. Plan of Catch Basin
3. Detail of Catch Basin
4. Sizes of Catch Basin
Materials used for Sewage system
Specification features Septic Tank
1. Plan of Septic Tank according to occupancy
2. Section drawing of septic tank
3. Features flow of sewage disposal to septic Tank
4. Materials used for Septic Tank
5. Flow of Inlet and Output of Septic Tank
B.

Performance Test
Teacher’s Check

162

Self Check 1.12
A. Identification
1. M
2. S
3. S2
4. ________________
5. -------------------6. CB/PB
7. Lighting outlet
8. Door bell
9. Service Entrance
10. Push button switch
B. Performance Test
Teacher’s Check
Self Check 1.13
A. Give at least three (3) qualifications of a draftsman
1. Must be a holder of DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY
2. Must have undergone training on Training Methodology II
(TM
II)
3. Must be physically and mentally fit
4. Must have at least 5 years job/industry experience
5. Must be a civil service eligible
B. Give at least 3 job descriptions of a draftsman
1 Can Design for residential, commercial and office building
2. Can operate AutoCAD.
3. Perform working and shop drawing
4. Can prepare engineering files to ISO standards
5. Make bill of quantities
C. Cite at least 4 SOP rules in drafting works.
 Drawing tools, materials and equipment are identified based on job
requirements.
 Demonstrates ability to interpret architectural job requirements
 Punctuality
 No Eating while Working.
 Maintain the cleanliness of the drawing room or workplace.
 Turn off lights after use.
 Throw garbage in the waste can.
 Conduct regular inspection or inventory of tools and equipment.
 Wash your hands before working.
 Wipe all drafting tools and instruments before using.
 Keep all tools and instruments in a safe place.
163





Return books and borrowed architectural references inside the
cabinet.
Put all things in the proper place to avoid disturbance and accident.
Work as a Team

164

ANSWER KEY
LO2. Prepare and set up tools and materials for drawing
Self Check 2.1
D. Five most common tools in drafting architectural layout and details
1. T-Square
2. Drafting table/board
3. Technical Pen
4. Triangle 300 x 600
5. Triangular Scale
E. Four most needed materials in architectural layout and details.
6. Tracing paper
7. Eraser
8. Masking tape
9. Mechanical Pencil
F. From list of equipment, site the most important in lay outing
architectural and details
10. Drafting machine
Self Check 2.2
D. Identify five drafting tools and materials to be prepared before
drawing.
1. T-Square
2. Drawing board/Table
3. Tracing paper
4. Triangles
5. Technical Pen
6. Masking tape
E. Give at least five steps for fastening the drawing paper.
7. Prepare a masking tape
8. Cut 4 pcs. of at least 1” long
9. Press the head of the T-square with the left hand while the paper is
adjusted with the right hand. Do this until the top edge coincides
with the upper edge of the T-square.
10. Fasten the upper left corner and then the lower right corner and
finally the remaining corners with the use of masking tape.of the
Paper should
F. Cite at least four steps on setting-up drafting tools, materials and
equipment.
12. Prepare all the needs tools and materials
13. Wipe with clean rags all the tools and equipment
14. Check the functionality of all tools needed
15. Sharpen all the pencil
165

ANSWER KEY
LO3. Draft Site Development Plan
Teacher’s Check
Self Check 3.1
1. Site development plan
2. Zoning
3. Lot
4. Building Code
5. Zoning laws
6. 3.00 meters
7. Setback
8. 2.00 meters
9. 4.00 meters
10.
Property lines
Teacher’s Check
Self Check 3.2
D. Cite the different types of lot.
1. Inside
2. Through lot
3. Corner lot
E. Give at least three steps in using protractor in plotting the lot.
4. ZERO CENTER the protractor on given point of desired angle.
5. ALIGN 0-AXIS (base of protractor) against one side of desired angle.
6. MARK OFF desired angle at the edge of protractor (start reading
from 0-degree)
F. Identify units of protractor in drawing a Lot Plan.
7. Full Circle contains 4 quadrants
8. One quadrant - 900 (degrees)
9. One degree – 60’ (minutes)
10. One minute – 60” (seconds)

G. Identify at least 3 drafting practices in lot plotting
 All drawings and labels are inked.
 Use only standard plotting paper if submitted as part of
Contract Document
 Lot points are represented by small circle and point no.
indicated near it within the lot whenever possible
166



Bearing and Magnitude are placed centered to lot line being
described and within the lot whenever possible
NOTE: Bearing and Magnitude must be written and readable
from South West quadrant.
h. Lot No. and Block No. are written at center of lot. Subdivision
streets are indicated as Street Lot No. ____it is directly placed
centered and parallel to respective streets
i. Scale is indicated under the NORTH symbol for nondocumental work and proper position for documental
Plotting Paper

Self Check 3.3
A. Performance Test
Teacher’s Check

167

ANSWER KEY
LO4. Draft Floor Plan
Self Check 4.1
A.
1. Bedroom
2. Entrances
3. Bathroom
4. Dining
A. Enumeration
Types of kitchen
5. U-shaped kitchen
6. Corridor kitchen
7. L-shaped kitchen
a. Fixtures in kitchen “work triangle”.
8. Storage and mixing center
9. Preparation and cleaning center
10. cooking center
Self Check 4.2
A.
1. d. 1 :100, 1:80
2. b. 0.010
3. c. 1.00
4. a. 1,000 meters
5. b. full scale
B.
6. 1.05
7. 10.2
8. 0.90
9. 0.75
10. 1,000.00

168

Self Check 4.3
A.
1. d. 0.13 m
2. d. 0.18 m.
3. a. 0.90 m
4. c. eave line
5. b. 3.00 sq.m.
B.
6. Interior door –

7. Swinging door –

8. Double door –

9. Accordion door –

10.

Bay window-

Self Check 4.4
Teacher’s Check

169

ANSWER KEY
LO5. Draft Roof Plan
Self Check 5.1
a. b. Purlin
b. a. Truss
c. a. ridge
d. c. Valley
e. a. Pitch
f. b. Hip
g. b. Eave
h. b. Fascia
i. d. Shed
j. d. hip rafter
k.
Self Check 5.2
Teacher’s Check
Self Check 5.3
Roof Plan:
1. A roof plan is one showing the outline of the roof and the major
object lines indicating ridges, valleys, hips, and openings.
2. The roof plan is not a framing plan, but a plan view of the roof.
3. To develop a roof framing plan, a roof must be stripped of its
covering to expose the position of each structural member and
each header.
4. The roof plan can be used as the basic outline for the roof framing
plan.
5. The roof plan indicate types of roofing
Roof Framing Plan:
1. The structural framing of a roof plan
2. It shows the sizes of materials framing.
3. It shows spacing of structural framing
4. It shows specification of structural framing
5. It shows the details of gutter
Self Check 5.4
Teacher’s Check
Self Check 5.5
Teacher’s Check

170

ANSWER KEY
LO6. Draft Ceiling Plan
SELF CHECK 6.1
TEST I.
1. Soffit
2. Reflected ceiling plan
3. Ventilation
4. Specification
5. insulation
6. Hanger
7. Acoustic
8. Fixtures
9. Ceiling board
10. Ceiling joist
11. ceiling
12. fixtures
13. ventilation
14. acoustic
15. reflected ceiling plan
TEST II. Enumeration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Lightning features
Ventilation
Smoke detector
Wood mouldings
Ceiling board

171

ANSWER KEY
LO7. Draft Elevation Section

SELF CHECK 1.2

ANSWER KEY: 1.1
Self check 1.1
1. exteriors
2. front elevation
3. position
4. eave
5. pitch
6. interiors
7. cutting-plane line
8. cross-section
9. longitudinal section
10. Floor plan

172

ANSWER KEY
LO8. Perform presentation Drawing
SELF CHECK 8.1
TEST I.
1. Floor plan
2. Elevation plan
3. Perspective view
4. Presentation drawing
5. Perspective drawing
TEST. II
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

174


HIGH SCHOOLS
HIGH SCHOOLS

Unit of Competency: Draft Structural Layout and Details
Module No.: 2

Module Title: Drafting Structural Layout and Details

1
i

TABLE OF CONTENTS
How to Use this Module……………………………………………………...
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………
Learning Outcome 1: Draft Foundation Plans………………………….
 Learning Experiences / Activities…………………………………..
 Information Sheet # 1.1…………………………………………………….
 Self Check # 1.1………………………………………………………..
 Activity Sheet # 1.1…………………………………………………….
 Information Sheet # 1.2……………………………………………………..
 Self Check # 1.2…………………………………………………………
 Operation Sheet # 1.2……………………………………………………….
 Operation Sheet # 1.2.1…………………………………………………….
Learning Outcome 2: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing
Plans……………………………..
 Learning Experiences / Activities……………………………………
 Information Sheet # 2.1……………………………………………………..
 Self Check # 2.1…………………………………………………………….
 Operation Sheet # 2.1……………………………………………………….
 Self Check # 2.2…………………………………………………………….
 Operation Sheet # 2.2……………………………………………………….
 Self Check # 2.3…………………………………………………………….
 Operation Sheet # 2.3………………………………………………………
 Self Check # 2.4…………………………………………………………….
 Operation Sheet # 2.4……………………………………………………….
 Operation Sheet # 2.4.1……………………………………………………..
 Self Check # 2.5…………………………………………………………….
 Operation Sheet # 2.5……………………………………………………….
 Assessment Resources………………………………………………………
 Answer Key…………………………………………………………………
 Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………

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i
Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work at
your own pace, this module also covers the knowledge, skills, and proper
attitude you need in Drafting Technology.
A pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to
The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning tasks.
This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.
After you accomplished all the tasks required, a post assessment is
given to check if you are already competent with the specified learning
outcome/s and are ready for the next task.
understanding.

3i

Program/ Course

:

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency :

Draft Structural Layout and Details

Module title

:

Drafting Structural Layout and Details

Nominal Hours

:

60 Hours

INTRODUCTION:
Every structure needs a foundation. The function of a foundation is to
provide a level and uniformly distribute support for the structure. The
foundation must be strong enough to support and distribute the load of the
structure. The foundation helps prevent cold air and dampness from
entering the house. It waterproofs the basement and forms the supporting
walls of the basement. It helps prevent the walls from cracking and the
doors and windows from sticking.
The basic principles of constructing building foundation are the same,
regardless of the situation. The methods and materials used in constructing
foundation vary greatly in different parts of the country and are continually
changing.
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the
design and size of the foundation. The knowledge brought about by the
science of soil mechanics confirms that rock beds are the most stable
medium for foundations. Practically, the soil where the building stands,
serves as the foundation, although it is weaker than any other construction
material. To be able to carry satisfactorily the load of the building, the steel
and other materials used, a foundation is needed to transmit these loads to
the soil.
Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:
LO1. Draft Foundation Plans
LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans

1

TECHNICAL TERMS
Foundation is the part of the building below the surface of the ground
which is sometimes called the substructure.
Dead Load refers to all the weight in a structure made up of immovable
materials.
Footing is an enlargement at the lower end of a wall, pier or column to
distribute the load into the ground.
Framing is the wood skeleton of a building constructed one level on top of
another.
Girder is the horizontal beam which supports the floor joints.
Heel Plate is the plate at the end of a truss.
Hip Roof is a roof with four sloping sides.
Jack Rafter is a short rafter, usually used on hip roofs.
Joist is a horizontal structural member that supports the floor system or
ceiling system.
Lally Column is a steel column used to support girders and beams.
Pier is a block of concrete supporting the floor of a building.
Pilaster is a decorative column attached to a wall.
Piles are long posts driven into the soil in swampy locations upon which the
foundation footing is laid.
Pillar is a column used for supporting parts of a structure.
Purlins are horizontal structural members which hold rafters together.
Reinforced Concrete is a concrete in which steel bars or webbing has been
embedded for strength.
Ridge is a the top edge of the roof where rafters meet.
Slab is a foundation reinforced concrete and foundation floor.
Span is the distance between structural supports.
Valley is the internal angle formed by two slopes of a roof.

2

Valley Jacks is a rafter that run from a ridge board to a valley rafter.
Valley Rafters. is the diagonal rafter forming the intersection of two sloping
roofs.

3

Program/Course

:

Drafting Technology

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 1:

Draft Foundation Plans

1. Locations of wall footings, footings and columns are indicated as
shown in the floor plan
2. Details of wall footings, footings and columns are drawn in larger
scale

References:
Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw Hill
Book Co.
G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, PCAT
Werdhass, Ernest, Architecture Drafting and Design, Allyn and Bacon, 1984
Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Simplified Construction Estimate, 5138 Merchandizing,
1984
Harold Sleeper, Building Planning and Design Standards, John Wiley and
Sons, New york

4

Learning Outcome No. 1: Draft Foundation Plans
Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read Information Sheet #1.1
on the kinds of foundation
and types of footings



Try to answer Self check no.
1.1 the best you can

Answer Key
4. Proceed to Activity # 1.1



Try to perform the activity

5. Review the procedure from
the given activity sheet

5


Design of Foundation
The design of a foundation is solely based on site investigation. It is
the result of determining the soil surface condition of the soil. The
topography of the surface has to be considered prior to construction, as this
might affect the construction investigation.
A site with a uniform condition is less likely to require extensive
investigation as a site for big projects. Drilling is the most suitable way of
determining soil condition. Sample of soil extracted from the site is
examined as to its consistency and relative density. The area bored or
drilled is called test pits. There are varied kinds of boring methods and
equipment as there are varied methods of soil testing. The National Building
Code requires a sole bearing capacity of the soil at 2ft2 per ton or less than
twice the maximum bearing capacity desired for use.
To transmit the building load to the soil is the purpose of a
foundation, without overloading or over stressing the soil. A structural
foundation performs properly if the soil also behaves properly. For the
building to last, its foundation should be designed for the worst times.
Laying out and Staking
The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter
on the ground is known to be laying and staking. Prior to construction this
process is done which includes demolition, clearing and establishing
building measurement on the ground.
Before a foundation for a construction is begun, the perimeter of the
house or building should be laid out on the ground.

6

The materials and tools used in laying out are the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Stake – are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground
Batter Boards – are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
Level transit is for establishing reference point.
Plastic water hose which is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to
establish level of horizontal lines
5. String or chord for connecting established point

ESTABLISHING THE SQUARE PRIOR TO EXCAVATION
Excavation and Backfilling
Excavation work in construction of residences is of two categories:
1. Shallow excavation which includes wall footing, and column footings,
whether they are independent, or combined wherein digging of the soil
extends to 1.50 meters.
2. Deep excavation is for large building projects as this requires almost
total extraction of the soil at the site. This requires sheeting and
shoring of the ground to project adjoining properties. The process is
defined as providing temporary support to the structure or ground
during excavation.

7

Backfilling on the one hand is the filling in of the excavated portion after
the foundation has been laid out.

LAYING OUT THE STAKE AND BATTERBOARD

BRACING THE SIDE OF AN EXCAVATION

8

The design of a foundation always includes the following;
1. The dead load plus the live load
2. Load effects of wind, head, water, earthquakes
3. Explosive blasts
As in excavation, a foundation is also categorized as shallow foundation
which includes matt and spread footing, and deep foundation which also
includes piles, piers and caissons.
The earth provides ultimate support of the structure against all elements
of nature. Automatically, the soil where the building stands is a material of
construction. But physically, the soil is weaker than any other material of
construction like steel, concrete and wood. Loads carried by steel, concrete,
and wood is transmitted to the ground, hence there is a foundation to
transmit that collective load to the soil in such a manner as the soil will not
be over stressed to cause serious deformation. The performance of a
structural foundation is dependent on soil behavior. Where soil foundation
provides lifetime support for a building all forces that act over time shall be
considered and that foundation is designed for worst conditions that may
develop.
There are instances wherein foundation may settle or move. The
movement of the foundation may be due to the following causes:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Soil bearing capacity failure
Failure or deflection of the foundation structure
Sheer distortion of the soil
Compression of the soil

There are other factors that contribute to the settlement of the
foundation but these are indirectly related to the superstructure load
imposed on the soil.

9

SELF CHECK # 1.1
A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and
__________ 1.The process of establishing the perimeters of a house.
__________

2. They are wooden sticks driven to the ground.

__________ 3. They are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
__________ 4.It provides ultimate support of the structure.
__________ 5.It is the most suitable way of determining the soil condition.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Give the Five (5) materials and tools used in laying out?
2. Give the Four (4) causes of foundation movement?

10

Directions:
1. Let the students group themselves into 3-5 depending upon the
number of students in the class.
2. Let them discuss among themselves the importance of having a solid
foundation for a building or a residential unit.
3. Let the group leaders report their reasons and answers to the class.
Questions:
1. Why is soil testing an important aspect to consider in the design and
construction of a building?
2. How does having a good and suitable foundation affect the building
design and its strength?
3. Why is having out the corners and squaring it important prior to
construction?

11

Foundations are important components in the construction of a
building. It is the foundation that carries the load of the building.
Types of Foundations
1.

Spread Foundation includes all those types where the load is
distributed into the soil by slender vertical members of timber,
concrete or steel called piles.

2.

Pier foundation is one where the load is distributed into the soil
by slender vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called
piles.

3.

Pier Foundation is the foundation where concrete piers are
carried down through the soil of inadequate bearing power until a
satisfactory foundation bed is reached.

4.

Slab Foundation is a solid slab of concrete poured directly on the
ground with footings placed where extra support is needed.

5.

T- Foundation consists of a footing upon which is placed a
concrete wall or a concrete block wall forming an inverted T and
foundation is popular in structures with basement.

6.

Matt Foundation assembles a mat in that the foundation is
spread over the entire area of the building floor

Foundation Members
The structural members of the foundation vary according to the
design and size of the foundation
1.

Footing distributes the weight of a building over large area.
Concrete is commonly used for footings because it can be poured
to maintain a firm contact with the supporting soil

2.

Foundation walls - the function of the foundation wall is to
support the load of the building above the ground line and to
transmit the weight of the house to the footing.

3. Piers and Columns Piers and columns are vertical members usually
made of concrete, brick, steel or wood. They are used to support
the floor systems and can be used as sole support of the
structure

12

Footings and columns carry the load of the building resting on the
foundation.
Kinds of Footings
1. Wall Footing is a footing which supports a wall by extending along
the entire length of the wall.
2. Isolated Footing is one which supports a single column, post, pier
or other concentrated load.
3. Combined Footing is one which supports two column loads or
sometimes three column loads not in a row.
4. Cantilever footing is one which supports two column loads and
consists of two footings connected together by a beam often called a
strap
5. Continuous Footing is one which supports a row of three or more
columns.
6. Raft or mat footing is one which extends under the entire building
area and supports all the wall and column loads from the building.

1. Isolated Column Footing

2. Combined Column Footing

3. Cantilever Footing

13

4. Trapezoidal Footing

5. Continuous Footing

6. Raft or Mat Footing

7. Wall Footing

14

SELF CHECK # 1.2
A. Directions: Read each item carefully. Identify the correct answer and
__________ 1. A footing which supports a wall.
__________

2. The part of the building below the surface of the ground.

__________ 3. A footing which supports a single column.
__________ 4. A kind of foundation wherein concrete is poured directly to
the ground with footings placed where extra support is
needed.
__________ 5. A wall that supports or carries a load.
B. Directions: Enumerate the following and write the answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1.
2.
3.
4.

What are the two (2) types of walls?
Give the three (3) kinds of loads?
Enumerate the seven (7) classes of footings according to load.
What are the six (6) types of foundations?

18

Drafting a Foundation Plans
Procedure:
1. Locate position of wall footings, columns and column footings on the
plan

2. Indicate sizes of columns and footings to be used based on accepted
architectural and structural requirements ( in this case we may
simply assume)

COLUMN & FOOTING 1
CF1

0.80

0.20
0.20

0.20
0.80

0.80
0.20

0.80

COLUMN & FOOTING 2
CF2

19

3. Indicate width of wall footings and thickness of wall (4” THK CHB and
0.40) width of footing
0.15

0.40

WALL FOOTING 1

0.15

0.40

WALL FOOTING 2

4. Draw outlines of footings and columns based on accepted
architectural drawing practices.

20

5. Finalize the drawing by completing the specifications for the detail
drawing of footings and columns.

Elevation +
0.20

Elevation +
0.20
Elevation +
0.10

Elevation + 0.20
Compacted
Gravel Fill

Elevation + 0.20

Elevation + 0.10

21

OPERATION SHEET # 1.2.1
Drafting Detail of Columns and Footings
Procedure:
1. From the foundation plan drawn in the preceding operation,
determine the types of columns used. (for every type, a detail drawing
must be drawn)

DETAIL SECTIONS OF WALL FOOTING

22

2. Determine the sizes of footings and columns used in the foundation plan

SECTION

PLAN
CF -1

SECTION

PLAN
CF -2

23

3. Layout the plan of the foundation with the corresponding sizes used

SECTION

PLAN
CF -1

SECTION

PLAN
CF -2

24

4. Layout the column section following the measurement used

SECTION

PLAN
CF - 1

SECTION

PLAN
CF - 2

25

5. Draw the reinforcing bars and label.

PLAN
CF - 1

PLAN
CF - 2

COLUMN AND WALL FOOTING

26

Program/Course

:

Drafting Technology

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:


Learning Outcome 2:

Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans


1. Structural floor and roof framing plans are properly discussed
2. Structural floor and roof framing plans are drafted based on floor
and foundation plans using timber, concrete or steel construction
3. Structural floor and roof beams are drafted showing the sizes and
shapes and detailed connections.

References:
Donald Hepler, Paul Wallach. Architecture Drafting and Design, Mcgraw hill
Book Co.
Book Co.
Werdhass, Ernest, Architecture Drafting and Design, Allyn and Bacon, 1984
Fajardo, Max B. Jr., Simplified Construction Estimate, 5138 Merchandizing,
1984
Harold Sleeper, Building Planning and Design Standards, John Wiley and
Sons, New york

27

Learning Outcome No. 2: Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans
Learning Activities

Special Instruction

1. Read Information Sheet # 2.1
on the kinds of foundation
and types of footings



Try to answer Self check no.
1.1 the best you can

Answer Key
4. Proceed to Activity # 2.2



Try to perform the activity

5. Review the procedure from
the given activity sheet

28

LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Concrete)
CONTRETE;
The structural members of a building are constructed using concrete,
which is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine and coarse
aggregates and water. This is known as plain concrete. If there is a
reinforcement embedded in order that they act together in resisting forces it
is called a reinforced concrete.
Cement is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stonehard substance. It is of two types; the hydraulic cement and the Portland
cement. Joseph Aydin introduced Portland cement in 1824. Portland cement
is categorized as to its type, whether for general construction or where high
early strength or resistance is required. Pozzolana cement is amorphous
silica that hardens as silica gel by reacting chemically with alkali in water.
The name is derived from Pozzolona, Italy where this was found.
Water suitable for drinking is satisfactory for concrete mixing.
Admixture, on the other hand is a material other than cement that is used
as ingredient in concrete, before or during mixing. The ability of concrete to
flow freely and fill all voids is known as workability of the concrete mixture.
Workability is sometimes described as consistency, plasticity and mobility.
Consistency is the degree or wetness or slump while plasticity refers to the
ease with which fresh concrete is molded and mobility refers to the flow or
movement of the mixture. Concrete should be proportioned correctly to
obtain a good mixture required for a particular work. The strength of
concrete is measured in its ability to resist stresses such as compressive,
tensile flexural and shearing stress.
Concrete Proportion
The right proportioning of the ingredients in concrete provides a
balance for economy, workability, strength, durability and appearance.
Concrete Proportion
Class of
Mixture
AA
A
B
C

Cement
40kg
1
1
1
1

Sand
Cu.Ft.
1½
2.0
2½
3.0

Gravel
Cu.M.
.043
.057
.071
.085

Cu.Ft.
3
4
5
6

Cu.M.
.085
.113
.142
.170

29

Concrete used for construction is tested as to their strength by the
following methods;
1. Slump Test
2. Compression Test

SLUMP TEST

COMPRESSION TEST

30

Concrete for building construction is mixed in two different ways:
1. On the job site – hand mixing
2. Ready mixed concrete – by mobile or stationary mixers
Concrete hardens or settles at about two to three hours after the
concrete has been mixed. The hardening of concrete depends upon the
chemical reaction between the cement and water. The building code
provides that concrete shall be maintained above 10˚c temperature for at
least 7 days after placing and three days for high early strength concrete.
Reinforced Concrete
It is a concrete with reinforcement bars embedded. The columns and
the footings are the most common examples of a reinforced concrete. The
main purpose of a column is to support a beam or ginder, floor or roof.
Reinforced concrete columns are of two kinds.
1. Short column – unsupported height is not greater than 10 times the
shortest lateral dimension of the cross section
2. Long column – unsupported height is more than 10 times
Columns are classified according to the types of reinforcement:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tied column
Spiral
Composite
Combined
Lally column

31

A tied column has reinforcement called lateral ties, of which the ACI
code provides a specific size of ties as follows:
1. A 10mm ties for column reinforcement of 10mm or smaller bar
2. A 12mm tie if column reinforcement is no.11, 14 or 18 steel bars
Also, spacing of tied columns is as follows:
1. That the distance should not be more than 16 times the diameter of
the main reinforcing bar.
2. That the spacing should not be more than 48 times the diameter of
the lateral ties.
3. That the spacing should not be more than the shortest dimension of
the cross section of the column.
The Reinforced Concrete Floor
The floor system of a building refers to the girders, beams and the
floor slab. The floor slab carries both the live and dead load, that is the
human occupants and all unmovable objects. These are transmitted to the
beams then to the columns.
A beam supports the transverse load with each end resting on a
support while girder is a beam that supports one or more smaller beams.
Beams are classified as simple, continuous and semi-continuous beam
while cantilever beams are supported on one end and the other projecting
beyond the support.
A concrete beam even if forced from carrying live or concentrated load
has to carry its own weight. This is the distributed load and its gravitational
effect of its own weight will cause the structure to sag or bend. On the other
hand, a bending moment is the tendency of a force to cause rotation at an
axis. It is classified as positive and negative bending.
The Reinforced Concrete Slab
Reinforced concrete slab is classified as
1.
2.
3.
4.

One way solid slab
Two way solid slab
Ribbed floor
Flatslab or girderless floor.

The type of floor system has its advantages depending on these
considerations:
1. Spacing of column
2. The magnitude of the loads to be supported

32

3. The length of the span
4. Cost of construction
A one way slab is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor
system. This is supported by two parallel beams. Unlike beams and girders,
floor slab needs no web reinforcements.
The bending moment of a slab at the center is equal hence the same
quantity of reinforcement should be at the center and at support.

33

The ACI code provides that the thickness of the slab shall not be less
than 10cm nor less than the perimeter of the slab divided by 180. The
reinforcement shall not be more than 3 times the slab thickness and the
ratio of reinforcement shall be at least 0.0025.
The other most common type of slab used in building residential
dwelling is the two way slab where all four sides are supported, either by
beams or girders, the reinforcement bars at placed in two directions at right
angle to each other. The reinforcement transmits the load of the floor to the
side support.

TWO WAY SLAB

34

Reinforced Concrete Stairways
The inclined slab supported at the end by beams is the simplest form
of a concrete stairway. Reinforcement is placed at only one direction and a
transverse one bar per tread. The unsupported span of the stairway shall be
short and no break in flight between floors. If the stair is divided into two or
more flights, intermediate beams should be used to support the landing.
The building code provides that all stairs shall be so designed to give safety
and convenience to climbing.
Here are some dimensions as provided for by the code;
1. The minimum width of any stair slab and the minimum dimensions of
any landing shall be 110 cm.
2. The maximum rise of the step as about 18 cm. and the tread exclusive
of the nosing is 25 cm
3. The minimum height of straight flight between landing is 360cm.

Reinforced Concrete Stairways

35

Stairway constructions are usually built after the completion of the
main structural framework of the dwelling unit.

LAYING OUT THE STAIRWAY

36

SELF CHECK # 2.1
Directions: I. Fill the blank with the correct answer. Write your answer on a
a separate sheet of paper.
__________ 1. It is a material other than cement that is used as ingredient in
concrete.
__________ 2. It is the bonding agent that reacts with water to form a stone
hard substance.
__________ 3. It is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine and
coarse aggregates and water.
__________ 4. Supports the transverse load with each end resting on a
support.
__________ 5. It refers to the girders, beams, and the floor slab.
__________ 6. It is the most common type of reinforced concrete floor
system.
__________ 7. It is a concrete with reinforcement embedded.
__________ 8. It is a column with unsupported height of not greater than 10
times the lateral dimension
__________ 9. Introduced Portland cement in 1824.
__________ 10. It is the simplest form of a concrete stairway.
II. Enumerate the following:
1. Five (5) methods of testing strength of concrete.
2. Five (5) classifications of columns as to type of reinforcement.
3. Four(4) classification of Concrete floor slab.

37

Drafting a One-Way Concrete Floor Slab
Procedure:
1. Draw a floor plan of the residential unit you wish to have. Indicate the
detail of a concrete slab with the corresponding dimensions.

Note: The students are provided with a copy of the plan

38

2. Indicate elevations of floor and finish ground line to know the thickness
of gravel bedding.

39

3. Indicate size and distances of reinforcing bars as per standard
specification on the national building code.

4. Draw a portion of the floor plan indicating bar distances and bar sizes.

40

5. Draw a sectional detail of the plan and label the drawing.

41

The most common reinforcement for most construction is the steel
bar. It is designed to act together with concrete in carrying the building
load even in simultaneous deformation; otherwise it might skip out from
the concrete if there is no sufficient bond.
Steel can be structurally used in two ways; as reinforcement wherein
it is pre-assembled before concrete pouring; and as stressed steel, where
heavy tension forces are applied before pouring.
Originally, steel bars were in English measure and that their
diameters were standardized from ¼”, 3/8”, ½”,3/4” . etc. for convenience,
a number is assigned for each size such as no. 2 for ¼ and so on.
Bar Spacing
The spacing of bars shall be in accordance with the provisions of the
ACI
1. The minimum clear distances between adjacent steel bars shall not
be less than 25mm
2. When beam reinforcement are placed in two layers the clear distance
shall be 25mm.
3. Lateral ties shall be no.3 bars spaced 16 times the longitudinal bar
diameter.
4. The clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 7.5 or less than
2.5 cm. 10mm minimum diameter.
Bar Splicing, Cutting and Bend
In building construction, tension bars may be spliced by:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Welding
Tying
Sleeves
Mechanical devices w/c provides full positive connection between
bars.

Compression bars used are also spliced by:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Lapping
Direct and bearing
Welding
Mechanical device w/c provides full positive connection.

42

Minimum diameters of bend for Standards Hook
Bar size
No. 3 to 8
No. 9 to 11
No. 14 to 18

Minimum Diameter
6 Bars Diameter
8 Bar Diameter
10 Bar Diameter

MINIMUM DIAMETERS OF BENDS
FOR BARS

43

For simple concrete beams and girders, the steel reinforcement
consists of 4 longitudinal bars and stirrups, either of the closed type or
the U-type stirrups and is secured by wires. The stirrups take care of the
diagonal tension and also keep the steel reinforcement in their proper
position

FOUR REBARS CONCRETE BEAM

44

Concrete Floor Slabs
They are common as flooring and usually reinforced with deformed
reinforcing bars. Most codes require the top of the slab to be at least 6”
to 8”(0.15 to 0.20) above grade for the ground floor specifications that are
to be included with slabs plan include the thickness of the slab, size and
spacing of reinforcing bars and concrete pounds per square inch(PSI)
Steel Reinforcing Bars
Steel reinforcing bars or rebars are incorporated in concrete and other
masonry constructions. They are used to prevent cracking when tension,
compression and other forces are applied.
Round rebars are most common in reinforced concrete construction.
They may be plain or deformed. Deformed bars have lugs on their surface
for increased bond between concrete and steel. The end of the bars is
bent to determine the hooks.
Deformed and plain rebars are commercially sold in length of 6.0
meters. Other lengths may also be made available by manufacturers to
meet specific needs of consumers.

45

Sizes of Bars.
Rebars are bought or sold specifically by their diameter. The most
common sizes of rebars for residential units are 0.9mm and 0.10mm for
stirrups and 0.12mm and 0.16mm for vertical members.

46

TABLE D-1
Steel bar designations and their English equivalent and metric sizes
(diameters)
BAR
Designation
No. 2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
16

ENGLISH
Size (Diameter)
¼”
3/8”
½”
5/8”
¾”
1”
1 ¼”
1 ½”
2

METRIC
Size (Diameter)
8mm
10
12
16
20
25
32
40
50

Figure 1
Guide for bending and cutting of rebars based on its diameter
12mm
167

188

D = 72

64
215

16mm
202

230

D = 96+

64
265

47

Figure 2.
Detail of one span RCB (Reinforced Concrete Beam) with four rebars

48

Figure 3.
Sample arrangement of steel reinforcing bars in concrete footings

SQUARE

ISOMETRY

RECTANGULAR

ISOMETRY

Kinds of Loads
1. Live load refers to the load (combined total weight) of people.
2. Dead load is the load of wood, steel, and furniture
3. Wind load is the load or strength of wind
Kinds of Walls
Walls are important components of a building; they may be made of
wood, or concrete.
1. Load Bearing Wall – walls that support or carry loads as in exterior
walls
2. Non-Load Bearing Wall – does not carry or support a load as in
partitions or interior walls.

49

SELF CHECK # 2.2
Directions: I.TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and
FALSE if it is wrong. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
__________ 1. The most common reinforcement for construction is the Steel
Bar.
__________ 2. For simple concrete beams, the steel reinforcement consists of
6-8 steel bars.
__________ 3. The minimum clear distance between adjacent steel bars shall
not be less than 25mm.
__________ 4. Live load refers to the combined weight of people.
__________ 5. Rebars are sold or bought specifically by their length.
__________ 6. Load bearing walls are exterior walls.
__________ 7. Square bars are common reinforcement for concrete.
__________ 8. Deformed bars are sold commercially in length of 10 meters.
__________ 9. Plain bars used as reinforcement have lugs on their surface.
__________ 10. The designation of a 3/8”φ bar in Metric is 10mm φ.

II. Enumerate the following:
1. Enumerate the Four (4) different ways of splicing tension bars.
2. Compression bars are spliced in different ways as in:.

50

LO1. Draft Structural Floor Plan
Drafting a concrete Two-way slab
Procedure:
1. This activity will be done by the class individually to assess their
learning. The duration of this activity will be for two meetings or four
hours. The students will be provided a copy of the plan.

From the plan, indicate the measurement of the floor to be provided with
concrete slab. Refer to the table for standard specifications for
reinforcement bars. For this the rebars sizes would be 12mmØ spaced at
0.20 or center bothways as this is a two-way slab.

51

2. The students will decide if they are going to draw the framing on the
whole plan or select only a portion wherein to draw a detail section of
the rebars on the floor and the floor beam

c

10mmφ Rebars
@ 0.20 O.C.
Both ways

52

3. Draw the detail plan of the section of the two-way concrete slab by
indicating the distances of the bars from both sides of the floor beam

4. Draw the detail longitudinal section of the two-way concrete slab and
indicate the position and bend of the tension bar.

53

5. Label the drawing and finalize it by writing down specifications of rebars
and their distance.

54

LO2. Draft Structural Floor and Roof Framing Plans (Timber)
Lumber
While steel is becoming a trend in building construction today
because it is more economical and easier to work on and there is always
availability of supply, wood is still sometimes preferred, most specially for
low cost housing units. Technically, wood is known as xylem. The properties
of word as building material are;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Strong material
Durable
Light in weight
Ease of working and fastening
With artistic and natural beauty

Wood has some advantages over that of steel that most people prefer to
use it despite that it has become costly and scarce.
Physical Properties of Wood
1.
2.
3.
4.

Wood is resistant to compression
Wood has the ability to resist bending stress
It has the ability to resist lengthwise stress
It has the ability to resist rupture along or across the grain.

Wood which is classified as good lumber for building constructions
should be prepared and seasoned well. From the logging or harvesting to the
lumberyard for seasoning. Natural or Air seasoning is one of the best
methods although it takes a longer period. In artificial seasoning, a drying
kiln is used and the lumber subjected to hot air pressure.
Measuring Lumber.
The board foot is the unit of measure for measuring wood. It means
one square foot of wood one inch thick or 1444 cw. Meters.

55

The formula for board foot is:
Bdft =

Thickness X Width X Length
12
Where;
Thickness is inches
Width in inches
Length is in feet
12”

12”

1”

One Board Foot
Wood related products such as veneer and plywood are common
building materials. Hardboard and particle board are the other products
common nowadays. Plywood is classified as soft, hardwood and exterior or
marine plywood.
The Wood Floor System
The use of lumber in building construction today has been limited to
floor framing, roof framing ceiling and as panels due to the introduction of
reinforce concrete and steel. And also lumber material has become scarce.
The wood floor system includes;
1. Girders
2. Floor joist
3. Joist bridging
4. Wood plate
5. Header
6. Trimmer
7. Beam
8. Flooring
9. Stop plate
10. Ledger strip

56

The girder is a beam from wall to wall and supports the floor joist.
They may either be solid or built girder.

A sill is a wood member fastened to the beam by anchor bolts. It may
also be fastened to a foundation wall.

57

A trimmer carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell while a header
supports the cut-off joist at a stairwell hole. The flooring refers to the tongue
and groove wood common as flooring materials.

58

SELF CHECK # 2.3
I. Instruction. Identify the following. Use a separate sheet for your answer.
__________ 1. The unit of measure for wood or lumber.
__________ 2. It is known technically as xylem.
__________ 3. A beam from wall to wall which supports the floor joist.
__________ 4. It carries an end portion of a header in a stairwell.
__________ 5. The method of drying lumber in a seasoning.

II. Compute for the board feet of the following lumber or wood.
1. Find the total number of Bdft. For 10pcs 2” x 4” x 12’ to be used for
rafters.
2. Find the number of Bdft. For 24 pcs purlins with dimensions of 2” x 3” x
12’.

59

Drafting a Structural Timber Floor Plan
Procedure
1. Study the floor plans already drawn and make an assessment as to
the location of stairwells, opening columns and girders
2. Locate girders along the major beams and set off floor joists at
standard spacing of 0.30m on center.
3. Locate position of headers on stairwell.
4. Draw solid bridging on joists alternately offsetting at the center
5. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.
6. Label the materials or structural members of the floor plan

60

The Roof System
The roof system has numerous types according to construction.
These shapes are referred to as:
1. Shed or lean-to type
2. Gable or Pitch roof
3. Saw tooth roof
4. Double gable
5. Hip roof
6. Hip and Valley
7. Pyramid roof
8. Gambrel
9. Ogee roof
10. Mansard roof
11. Dome
12. Conical roof
13. Butterfly roof
14. French or Concave roof
Shed or Lean- to is the simplest form. Gable or pitch is the most
common type and economical while the saw-tooth roof is an adaptation of a
series of lean-to roofs. A double gable is a gable roof modified, a hip roof has
the sides sloping and used in modern houses. Hip and valley roof is a
combination of hip and gable while a pyramid roof is a modification of the
hip. A gambrel roof is a modified gable roof having two slopes. A mansard
roof where the sides of the roof slope steeply on each side while an ogee roof
is a pyramid having steep sides sloping to the center.
Dome is a hemispherical type of roof used in observatory buildings. A
French or concave mansard rood is a modified mansard roof where the sides
are concave.

63

A butterfly roof is a two shed roof and a conical roof is a steep circular
roof that tapers to a point.
The Roof Frame
The roof framing in a residential dwelling is of three types commonly
used which are;
1. Rafter type
2. Truss type
3. Laminated
Rafters used for the framing are also classified as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Common rafter
Hip rafter
Valley rafter
Octagonal rafter
Jack rafters

Common rafters extend at right angles from the plate to the ridge.
Hip Rafters are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to the ridge.
Valley rafter doesn’t extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.
Jack rafter is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
It is of three types: hip jack, cripple jack and valley jack.
1. Valley jack is the frame between the ridge and the valley rafter.
2. Cripple jack is that between the hip and valley rafter.
3. Octagonal rafters are those placed on an octagonal.

65

The Truss
The truss is a material that is important in a roof plan. It is a builtup frame used on an unsupported long span roof system. It is designed with
a series of triangles to stiffer the structure and distribute the roof load and
to stay rigid and with flexibility and strength.
Trusses used in building construction are of two types;
1. Light trusses which includes the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

Pitched truss
Howe truss
Scissor truss
Raised chord truss
Saw tooth
1 ½ storey frame
Utility
Flat
Bow string

2. Heavy trusses include the following which are used in industrial
buildings and they are longer:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Howe truss
Belgian truss
Fink truss
Pratt truss
Scissors truss
Cambered truss

66

g.
h.
i.
j.

Saw tooth truss
Flat pratt truss
Flat howe truss
Warren truss

67

SELF CHECK # 2.4
Directions: I. TRUE or FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it
is wrong.
__________ 1. Shed or Lean - to is the most complex type of roof.
__________ 2. Dome is a hemispherical shape of roof used in observatory.
__________ 3. The sawtooth roof is an adaptation of a series of lean to roofs.
__________ 4. A modified gable roof is the gambrel roof.
__________ 5. A two shed roof is known as gable roof.
__________ 6. Hip rafters are laid diagonally from the corners of a plate to
the ridge.
__________ 7. Jack rafter is the frame between the hip rafter and the girt.
__________ 8. The truss is designed as a series of triangles.
__________ 9. The truss is a built-up frame used on a supported span.
__________ 10. Heavy trusses are used for low-cost housing units.
Directions: II. Enumerate the following. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. The three (3) types of Roof Framing commonly used in houses
2. The five (5) common types of rafters used for roof framing are.

68

Draft a Roof Framing Plan
Procedure:
1. From the floor plan shown, determine extent of roof eave and draft the
roof framing layout.
2. Locate position of main truss and secondary trusses, hip trusses and
rafters
3. Determine distance of purlins.
4. Finalize drawing by darkening or inking the lines.
5. Label the roof frame members.

69

OPERATION SHEET # 2.4.1
Draft a Truss Detail
Procedure:
1. Determine length of bottom chord from end of wall. Add the width of
the eaves.
2. Determine rise of truss. Normally for hip gable is 1.80
3. Draft the truss diagram and the location of the queen post and web
member.
4. Determine thickness of lumber to be used. Normally, timbertruss
bottom chord is 2” X 5” and top chord is 2” x 6”
5. Darken lines and label the drawing.

72

TRUSSES – 1
SCALE 1.50M.

73

The Wooden Stair
The stair has the steps wherein to ascend or descend from one storey
to another. It is the most intricate part of the dwelling unit to build. Not all
carpenters have the skill to construct one; those who have the knowledge in
the use of the steel square are a cut above the rest.
In laying out the stair, the planner must study a cross sectional
drawing of the proposed stair that comprises the stringer, tread, riser, the
run and the rise. After you have known the number of tread and the height
per rise of the steps, the length of the stringer could be determined by the
formula!
L = ( Rise ) 2 + (Run)

2

Some carpenters do not have the skill to build a stair; those
carpenters who have tried and succeeded have found that building the stair
is an art in itself. There are several stairway designs or types. Some of these
are the straight vein, where the stair steps ascend in one direction, the Lshaped, U-shaped, circular stair and the spiral stairway.
Parts of a Stair
Tread – the horizontal part of a step including the nosing
Baluster – the small post supporting the handrail
Flight – the series of steps from one landing to another.
Handrail – a rail parallel with the inclination of the stair that hold the
balusters.
Pitch – the angle of inclination of the horizontal of the stair.
Rise – the height of a flight of stairs or the height of successive treads.
Riser – the vertical face of a stair step.
Run – the horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of stair flight.
Stairwell – the vertical shaft containing the staircase.
Winders – are steps not parallel with each other.
Types of Stringers for Stairs
There are different kinds of stringers according to method of attaching
riser to treads.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Cut stringer – used in modern building design.
Cleated stringer – used for very rough work.
Robbeted stringer – adopted for fine work.
Built up – Stringer – with blocks cut from outside stringers.

79

PARTS OF THE STAIR

DETERMINING THE RISE AND RUN OF STAIRS

80

LAYING OUT THE WOODEN STAIR

DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRINGERS

81

A DETAIL OF A STAIR CONNECTION ON CONCRETE
FLOOR AND TIMBER FLOOR

82

SELF-CHECK # 2.5
LO2. Draft structural floor and roof plans
Drafting a stair
Direction: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. Use a separate sheet
of paper.
1. The ____________ is the horizontal floor as resting place in a flight.
2. The ____________ are the steps where to ascend and descend in a
building.
3. The ____________ is the vertical face of a stair step.
4. The steps that are not parallel to each other are ___________.
5. A ___________ stinger is used for modern buildings.
6. The ___________ is the horizontal part of a step including the
nosing.
7. The ____________ is the horizontal distance from the first to the last
riser of the flight.
8. The ____________ stinger is used for very rough work.
9. The ____________ stairwell is the shaft containing the staircase.
10. The ___________ is the angle of inclination of the stair.

87

Draft Two (2) Wooden Stair
Procedure
1. Determine the clear height of the rise. Rise per step is 17 to 18
centimeters and minimum tread is 25 centimeters is normally
accepted standard

2. Divide the rise height in meters by 0.17 or 0.18 to determine number
of steps.

88

3. If the result is a fraction or decimal, it is not right and adjust to a
whole number next lower or greater.
4. Divide the rise by the number to determine height per rise of each
step.
5. Chose the number of step which will not be less than 17 cm nor more
than 19 centimeters for an ideal stair.

89

ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria

Score
(Tick the
corresponding
pts.)

Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
 Accuracy
50 pts

-

The output is accurately done.

45 pts

-

Two to five errors are observed on the output.

40 pts. -

Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

 Speed
10 pts

-

The output is done 5 minutes before the time.

8 pts

-

The output is done on time.

6 pts.

-

The output is done after the allotted time.

 Neatness

90

25 pts. -

No errors made on the output.

20 pts

-

Two to three erasures made on the output.

15 pts

-

Four or more erasures made on the output.

 Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. -

All information must be completely indicated and legibly
printed.

10 pts. -

Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.

91

ANSWER KEY # 1.1
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Stake
Batter board
Level
Water Hose (plastic)
String/chord

1.
2.
3.
4.

soil bearing capacity failure
deflection of the foundation
distortion of the soil
compression of the soil

B.

92

ANSWER KEY # 1.2
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Wall footing
Foundation
Isolated
Slab Foundation
Load Bearing Wall

B.
1. a. Load bearing wall
b. Non bearing wall
2. a. Live load
b. Dead Load
c. Wind Load
3. a. Wall footing
b. Isolated
c. Combined
d. Cantilever
e. Continuous
f. Mat
g. Raft
4. a. Spread
b. Pile
c. Pier
d. Slab
e. T-Foundation
f. Matt

93

ANSWER KEY # 2.1
I.
1. Admixture
2. Cement
3. Concrete
4. Beam
5. Floor system
6. One way slab
7. Reinforced Concrete
8. Short Column
9. Joseph Aydin
10. Inclined Slab
II.
1. a. Slump Test
b. Compression Test
2. a. tied column
b. spiral column
c. composite column
d. combined column
e. lally column.
3. a. one way solid slab
b. two way solid slab
c. ribbed floor
d. flatslab floor.

94

ANSWER KEY # 2.2
I.
1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True
7. False
8. False
9. False
10. True
II.
1. a. welding
b. tying
c. sleeve
d. by mechanical devices
2. a. lapping
b. direct and bearing
c. welding
d. by mechanical devices.

95

ANSWER KEY # 2.3
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Boardfoot
Wood
Girder
Trimmer
Artificial seasoning

II.
1.

2” X

4” X
12

2’

= 8Bdft. X 10pcs = 80bdft

2.

2” X

3” X
12

2’

= 6Bdft. X 24pcs = 144bdft

96

ANSWER KEY # 2.4
I.
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. T
9. F
10. F
II.
1.
a. rafter type
b. truss type
c. laminated type
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

common rafter
hip rafter
valley rafter
octagonal rafter
jack rafter

97

ANSWER KEY # 2.5
1. landing
2. stair
3. riser
4. winders
5. cut
6. tread
7. run
8. cleated
9. stairwell
10.pitch

98

AKNOWLEDGEMENT
Curriculum (CBC) and Contextual Learning Material (CLM) and
Competency – Based Learning Modules
particularly in Drafting
Technology, wish to express our gratitude and appreciation for having been
given the chance to take part in this educational break through. With high
hopes we look forward to the improvement of the Technical-Vocational
Education of the countrythrough the development of functional materials
such of these kinds.
Marikina Hotel
Marikina City
May 25-30, 2009
June 5-7, 2009
Technology Writers
Mario S. Gregorio
Region XI
Alexander M. Latoga
Mauban, Quezon
Mirasol F. Dasig
San Pedro, Laguna
Ariel F. Maglalang
Conrado C. Casulla
Region I
Rolando V. Inay

99

Percival B. Magaway
Gundaway, Cabarroguis, Quirino

English Teacher
Mercy F. Divina
Math Teacher
Science Teacher
Estrelita Y. Evangelista Ed.D (Ret.)
CESO VI
DepED-Director, BSE
Beatriz A. Adriano
Principal IV
Carolina F. Chavez
Principal II
Facilitator
Orlando E. Manuel Ph.D
Principal I
Cabarroguis National School of Arts and Trades

100
i

Math Specialist
Jesus L. Huenda
Senior Education Specialist
DepED-NCR
Encoders
Jomel Gail O. Ponce

101


HIGH SCHOOLS
HIGH SCHOOLS

Unit of Competency: Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details
Module No.: 3

Module Title: Drafting Electrical and Electronic Layout and
Details

Table of Contents
Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details ................................... 1
TECHNICAL TERMS .............................................................................2-3
Draft Structural Layout and Details ......................................................4-6
INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1 .................................................................7-9
OPERATION SHEET # 1.1 ...................................................................... 10
SELF CHECK # 1.1 ................................................................................ 11
OPERATION SHEET # 1.2 ...................................................................... 14
SELF CHECK 1.2 ................................................................................... 15
OPERATION SHEET # 1.3 ...................................................................... 20
SELF CHECK 1.3 ................................................................................... 21
SELF CHECK 1.4 ................................................................................... 29
OPERATION SHEET # 1.5 ................................................................. 32-33
SELF CHECK 1.5 ................................................................................... 34
Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and Details ................................. 35
SELF CHECK 2.1 ................................................................................... 38
OPERATION SHEET # 2.2 ................................................................. 43-44
SELF CHECK 2.2 ................................................................................... 45
OPERATION SHEET # 2.3 ...................................................................... 52
SELF CHECK 2.3 .............................................................................. 53-54
ANSWER KEY # 1.1 ............................................................................... 55
ANSWER KEY # 1.2 ............................................................................... 56
ANSWER KEY # 1.3 ............................................................................... 57
ANSWER KEY # 1.4 ............................................................................... 58
ANSWER KEY # 1.5 ............................................................................... 59
ANSWER KEY # 2.1 ............................................................................... 60
ANSWER KEY # 2.2 ............................................................................... 61
ANSWER KEY # 2.3 ............................................................................... 62

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on
your own. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable
attitude you need in Technical Drawing.
A pre-Assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to
The learning activity page gives the sequence of the learning task. This
page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.
When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a post
assessment is given to check if you are already competent with the specified
learning outcome/s and ready for the next task.
understanding.

Program/ Course

:

DRAFTING TECHNOLOGY

Unit of Competency :

Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and
Details

Module title

:

Drafting electrical and electronic layout and
details

Nominal Duration

:

30 hours

INTRODUCTION:
One must realize that electrical and electronic drafting is one of the
most rapidly evolving technologies of the modern age. Electrical drafting is
the transmission and use of electrical power, whether for industry, business
or home. Typical components are generators, controls, transmission of
networks, lighting, heating and cooling systems. Electronic drafting involves
circuits of products such as radios, TVs, guidance system, radars,
computers and others.
Through this module, a student will learn how to draw diagrams of
electrical and electronic circuits using proper symbols, layout and other
details.
Upon completion of the module, you should be able to:
LO1. Draft electrical plans and layout; and
LO2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout.

1

TECHNICAL TERMS
Ampacity is current-carrying capacity expressed in amperes.
Appliance is a utilization equipment generally other than industrial,
normally built in standardized sizes or types, which is installed or connected
as a unit to perform one or more functions such as clothes washing, air
conditioning, food mixing, deep frying etc.
Branch Circuit is a portion of a wiring system extending beyond the final
overcurrent device protecting the circuit.
Building is a structure which stands alone or which is cut off from adjoining
structures by fire walls with all openings therein protected by approved fire
doors.
Circuit breaker is a device designed to open and close a circuit by
nonautomatic means and to open the circuit automatically on a
predetermined overload of current, without injury to itself when properly
applied within its rating.
Concealed refers to inaccessibility by the structure or finish of the building.
Damp location is a location subject to a moderate degree of moisture, such
as some basements, some barns, some cold storage warehouse, and the like
Demand factor is the ratio of the maximum demand of the system or part of
a system, to the total connected load.
Feeder is a circuit conductor between the service equipment and the branch
circuit overcurrent device.
Ground is a conducting connection whether intentional or accidental
between an electrical circuit or equipment and earth, or to some conducting
body which serves in place of the earth.
Lighting outlet is an outlet intended for the direct connection of a
lampholder, a lightning fixture, or a pendent cord terminating in a
lampholder.
.
Outlet is a point on the wiring system at which current is taken to supply
utilization equipment.
Panel board is a single panel or group of panel units designed to be
assembled. It includes buses, with or without switches and/or automatic
overcurrent protective devices for the control of light, heat or power circuits
of small individual as well as aggregate capacity. Designed to be placed in a
cabinet or cutout box in or against the wall or partition.
Receptacle is a contact device installed at an outlet for the connection of an
attachment plug and flexible cord.
Receptacle outlet is an outlet where one or more receptacles are installed.
Service is the conductor or equipment for delivering energy from the
electricity supply system to the wiring system of the premises supplied.
Service cable is a service conductor made up in the form of a cable.
Service conductors are supply conductors which extend from the main
street transformers to the service equipment of the premises supplied.

2

Service drop are overhead service conductors between the last pole or other
aerial support to and including the slicer, if any, to the service entrance
conductors at the building walls, where joined by tap or splice to the service
drop.
Service raceway is a rigid metal conductor, electrical metallic tubing, or
other raceway, that encloses the service entrance conductors.
Switch: General use switch is a switch intended for use in general
distribution and branch circuits. It is rated in ampere, and it is capable of
interrupting its rated current at its rated voltage.
Switchboard is a large single panel, frame or assembly of panels, on which
are mounted on the face or back or both switches, over-current and other
protective devices; buses and usually instruments.
Utilization equipment is equipment which utilizes electric energy for
mechanical, chemical heating, lighting, or similar useful purposes.
Voltage to the ground is the voltage between the given conductor and the
conductor which is grounded.
Weatherproof refers to the state of being so constructed or protected that
exposure to the weather will not interfere its successful operation.

3

Program/Course

:

Drafting Technology

Unit of Competency

:


Module Title

:

Drafting electrical and electronic layout
and details

Learning Outcome 1:

Draft electrical plans and layouts

1. Lighting and power layout are drafted according to architectural
drafting standards.
2. Symbols, riser diagram and circuits are placed in accordance with
the Philippine Electrical Code.
3. Legends and general notes are drafted according to local power
service provider.

References:
Book Co. 1987
G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, PCAT,1966.
Maton, Anthea and Hopkins, Jean. Physical Science, Prentice Hall Book Co.,
1995
Padua, Alicia L and Crisostomo, Ricardo M. Practical and Explorational
Physics: Modular Approach, Vibal Publishing House, Inc., 2003.

4

Learning Outcome No. 1:

Draft electrical plans and layouts

Learning Activities
1. Read Information Sheet No.
1.1
 Perform Operation Sheet 1.1
 Answer Self Check No. 1.1
 Compare your Answer to the
Answer Key 1.1
1.2
Answer Key 1.2
1.3
Answer Key 1.3
1.4
Answer Key 1.4
1.5
Answer Key 1.5

Special Instruction



Remember

the

important

terminologies


Try to perform the operation
sheet



Try to answer Self check the
best you can

2.1
Answer Key 2.1
2.2
5




Answer Self Check No. 2.2
Compare your Answer to the
Answer Key 2.2
2.3
Answer Key 2.3

6

LO1. Draft electrical plans and layout
Electric Charge
Matter is made up of atoms. Atoms contain positively charged protons,
negatively charged electrons and neutral neutron. Opposite charges exert a
force of attraction on each other. Similar charges exert a force of repulsion.
Materials that permit electric charge to move within them are called
conductors while those that do not are called insulators. Most metals are
good conductors and most non-metals are good insulators.
A neutral object can acquire charge by friction, conduction, or
induction. The build up of electric charge is called static electricity.
The flow of electricity
Electric charges can be made to flow from a source such as battery,
photocell, or electric generator.
Electrical Quantities
1. Current is the movement of charged particles in a wire to a specific
direction. The charged particles may be a positive ion or a negative
ion. The symbol used is (A) and is named ampere. One ampere of
current flows in a conductor when 6.251x1018 electrons pass a given
cross section in 1 second.
2. Voltage is also known as electromotive force (emf) or potential
difference. It is the electric pressure that causes current to flow.
Potential difference is the potential energy divided by charge. It is the
work needed to move a charged body against the electric force, toward
or away from another charged body. The symbol for voltage is (V)
which is joule per coulomb. There are several methods of producing an
emf. The most common are by electromagnetic induction in generators
and chemical reaction in batteries.
3. Resistance is the opposition to the flow of charge. The symbol for
resistance is (R). The unit used to specify the amount of resistance is
the ohm, represented by the symbol (Ω). All materials offer some
resistance to current but the amount of resistance differs from each
other. In direct current (d-c) this unit is called resistance; in an
alternating current (a-c) it is called impedance.

7

Resistance of the object depends on four factors: 1) length, 2)
cross-sectional area, 3) resistivity of material and 4) temperature.
Factors that Affect Resistance
Length
Cross-sectional
area
Material
Temperature

Ohm’s Law
Although the three electrical quantities: current, voltage and
resistance, are used differently, they are related to each other. This
relationship is known as Ohm’s Law . It is stated as, current is directly
proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the
resistance. It is expressed by the equation:
V
V
I = R from this equation , V -= IR and R = I
Power and Energy
Electric power is the rate of doing electrical work. It is equal to the
product of the current and voltage. The unit is watt (W) or kilowatt (kW). A
kilowatt is 1,000 watts. Work is being done at the rate of “1 watt” when a
constant current of 1 ampere is maintained through a resistance by an emf
of 1 volt. The power input in watts to any electrical device in which the
element has a resistance (R) and the current is I given by the equation,
W = I2 R
but by Ohm’s Law V = IR; hence W = VI
where W is in watt, R in ohm’s , I in amperes, and v in volts.
Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current (AC)
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. It is
produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and
commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may
flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also be through semiconductors,
insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The
electric charge flows in a constant direction. A term formerly used for direct
current was Galvanic current.

8

Alternating current (AC) is the movement (or flow) of electric charge
which periodically in reverses direction. An electric charge for instance
would move forward, then backward, and vice versa. In direct current (DC),
the movement or flow of electric charge is only in one direction. Audio and
radio signals carried on electrical wires are examples of alternating current.
Electrical Circuits
An electrical circuit is a network that has a closed loop, giving a
return path for the current.
There are two types of circuits, namely series circuit and parallel
circuit. A series circuit has two or more loads but current flows through a
single conducting path, while a parallel circuit has more than one path for
current to flow.
Circuit Diagram Symbol

Sample diagram of series and parallel circuit

1

9

LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts
Direction: Based on what you have learned today, connect the bulbs, switch
and dry cell in series and parallel circuits.
SERIES CIRCUIT

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

10

SELF CHECK # 1.1
Test I.
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answers and write it on a
1. __________ is the movement of charged particles in a specific direction.
2. __________ is the unit of electric current represented by the symbol (A).
3. __________ is also known as electromotive force.
4. Potential difference is the potential energy divided by ____________.
5. The symbol for voltage is ________ which means “joule per coulomb.”
6. _______ is the opposition to the flow of charge.
7. The symbol for resistance is ____________.
8. The unit used to specify the amount of resistance is the _________
which is represented by the symbol (Ω).
9. The Law that states, “Current is directly proportional to the voltage
and inversely proportional to the resistance” is called ___________.
10._________ is the rate of doing electrical work. It is equal to the
product of the current and voltage.
Test II. TRUE or FALSE
Write true if the statement is correct, if not, change the underlined word/
words to make the statement correct.
1. An electric circuit provides a complete open path for current to flow.
2. Rubber is relatively a poor conductor of electricity.
3. Materials that do not allow electrons to flow freely are called
conductors.
4. When electrons move back and forth, reversing their direction
regularly, the current is called alternating current.
5. A parallel circuit has two or more loads that flow through a single
conducting path.

11

Electrical diagrams and symbols
The use of graphic symbols on electrical and electronic diagrams to
show the components and workings in a circuit is very important. Graphic
symbols are shorthand ways of showing how a circuit works or how the
parts of the circuit are connected. Electrical symbols are used to represent
actual electrical components on drawings.

Graphic symbols are usually

drawn on single-line (one-line) diagrams, on schematic diagrams, or on
connection or wiring diagrams. By marking the symbols,

you can relate

with parts, list, descriptions, or instructions of electrical plans and layouts.
Electrical Legend
Service Entrance
M

Meco Meters
Panel Board
Circuit Breaker
Ceiling Light Outlet

Eaves Light
EL
PL

Pin light
Convenience outlet

12

Range outlet
R

A.C.
T

Air-condition outlet
Telephone outlet

S

One gang switch

S2

Two gang switch

S3

Three gang switch
Line concealed in ceiling
Line embedded in concrete
Circuit Homerun

Electrical Notes and Specifications
1. The electrical works shall comply with all the provisions of the
Philippine Electrical Code and with the rules and regulations of local
power company.
2. Unless otherwise specified, wiring shall be done with PVC pipe or local
made; minimum size shall be ½ "Ø trade sizes.
3. Electric meters installed by the power utility company are supplied
and installed by the power utility company.
4. The Philippine Electrical Code provides that only professional
engineers can sign electrical plans.
5. Samples of materials to be used shall be submitted to the
construction engineering office for approval before execution of the
work.
6. Smallest size of the wire to be used shall be 12TW wire unless
otherwise specified.
7. The minimum size of electric wire for service entrance is number 8
AWG.

13

Directions: Based on the given picture below draw a circuit diagram of
series and parallel circuit using electrical symbols. Use a separate sheet of
paper.
SERIES CIRCUIT

PARALLEL CIRCUIT

14

SELF-CHECK # 1.2
LO1. Draft electrical plans and layouts.
Directions: Identify the following symbols. Write the answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1.

6.

2.

7.

3.

8.

R

A.C.

4.

M

5.

9.

S

10.

Test II. TRUE OR FALSE
Read each statement closely.
Write A if the statement is correct and B if otherwise.
1. The Philippine Electrical Code provides that only a professional engineer
or associate electrical engineer can sign electrical plans.
2. Electric meters are not supplied and installed by the power utility
company.
3. Smallest size of the wire to be used shall be 12TW wire.
4. Wiring shall be done with PVC pipe or local made.
5. The minimum size of electric wire for service entrance is number 4 AWG.

15

Lighting
Planning for sufficient lighting involves the light, eye and the object.
Whether planning lighting for a residence or for a large commercial building,
the same design factors must be considered. One must consider how much
light is needed, what type has the best quality and how should the light be
distributed.
Types of Light Source
1. Incandescent lamps are comprised basically of a sealed glass
containing a filament connected at its ends to the contact area in the
base, thereby completing an electric circuit. They provide small,
concentrated glow of light.
Kinds of Incandescent Lamps






Inside frosted bulbs are used to dispersed light evenly.
White bulbs are used for soft light
Silver-bowl bulbs are used to direct light upward
Outdoor projector bulb is used as spotlight or floodlight
Colored bulbs are used for decorative effects

2. Electric discharge lamps are lighting device consisting of a
transparent container within which gas is energized by an applied
voltage and thereby made to glow.
Kinds of Electric Discharge Lamps





Fluorescent is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite
mercury vapor to produce short-wave ultraviolet light that is more
evenly distributed than an incandescent lamp.
Neon – vapor lamps are used in street and windows signs
Mercury - vapor lamps are the cheapest among the high intensity
discharge (HID) lamps used as residential light
High/Low Pressure Sodium vapor lamps are used in outdoors or on
street lamps and the most economical in power consumption.

16

Light Measurements
Light is measured in traditional units called footcandles, A footcandle
is the amount of light a candle throws on an object 1' away. The standard
unit of illumination is lux,(lx) in metric system. One lux is equal to 0.093
footcandles. To convert footcandles to lux, multiply by 10.764 foot candles.
Accepted light levels for various living activities
10-20 footcandles (108 to 215 lx): casual visual tasks, card playing,
conversation, television, listening to music, etc.
20-30 footcandles (215 to 320 lx): easy reading, sewing, knitting,
house cleaning, etc.
30-50 footcandles (320 to 540 lx): reading newspapers, doing kitchen
and laundry work, typing
50-70 footcandles (540 to 750 lx): prolonged reading, machine sewing,
hobbies, homework, etc.
70-200 footcandles (750 to 2150 lx): prolonged detailed tasks such as
fine sewing, reading fine print, drafting, etc.
Types of Lighting Dispersement
1. Direct light is the light that shines directly on the object.
2. Indirect light is the light reflected from large surfaces.
3. Semi-direct light is the light that shines mainly downward, but
small portion is directed upward.
4. Semi-indirect light is the one that is mostly reflected but some
shines directly.
5. Diffused light is the light that is spread evenly in all directions.
Lighting Methods
1. General lighting gives an even, low-level light throughout a room.
2. Specific (local) lighting directs light to an area used for specific visual
tasks.
3. Decorative lighting is used to develop different moods and to accent
objects for interest.
Electrical Fixtures
The average two-bedroom home should have between 24 and 35 light
fixtures. It should also have from 16 to 20 floor, table or wall lamps.
There are three groups of light fixtures namely, ceiling fixtures, wall fixtures
and portable plug-ins.

17

General Rules to Observe in Illumination Planning
1. The kitchen requires a high level of general lighting from ceiling
fixtures. Specific lighting for all work areas includes, range, sink,
tables, and counters.
2. The bathroom requires a high level of general lighting from ceiling
fixtures. The mirror should have lights on two sides. The shower and
water closet should have a recessed, vapor proof light.
3. The living room requires a low-level of general lighting but should
have specific lighting for areas for reading, and other visual tasks.
Decorative lighting can also be used.
4. The bedroom requires a low level of general lighting but should have
specific lighting for reading in bed on both sides of the dressing-table
mirror. The dressing area requires high level of general lighting.
Children’s bedroom requires a high level of general lighting. Closets
should have a fixture placed high at the front.
5. The dining area requires low level of general lighting with local lighting
over the dining table.

18

6. The entrance and hallway require a high level of general and
decorative lighting.
7. Traffic areas require a high level of general lighting for safety.
8. Television viewing requires a very low level of general lighting.
Television should not be viewed in the dark because the strong
contrasts of dark room and bright screen are tiring to the eyes.
9. Reading and desk areas require a high level of general light and
specific light that is diffused and glareless. There should be no
shadow.
10. Outdoor lighting is accomplished by waterproof floodlights and
spotlights. Extensive outdoor lighting will provide convenience, beauty
and safety. Areas that could be illuminated are the landscaping, game
areas, barbecue area, patio, garden, front of picture window, pools and
driveways.

19


Direction: Draft lighting layout of a single bedroom of a bachelor’s pad. Use

20

SELF CHECK # 1.3
IDENTIFICATION
Directions: Identify the attribute being described by each statement. Choose
from the pool of words below. Write your answer on a sheet of paper.
70-200 footcandles (750 to 2150 lx)

Incandescent lamps

General Lighting

Decorative

lightingfootcandle

Fluorescent lamps10-20

footcandles (108 to 215 lx)

Lux

20-30 footcandles (215 to 320 lx)

Specific (local) lighting

1. A sealed glass containing a filament connected at its ends to the
contact area in the base, thereby completing an electric circuit. It
provides small and concentrated glow of light.
2. A gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor.
3. It is equal to the amount of light a candle throws on an object 1' away.
4. The standard unit of illumination in metric system.
5. Lighting method in which light spreads an even, low-level light
throughout a room.
6. Lighting method used to develop different moods and to accent objects
for interests.
7. Lighting method that directs light to an area used for specific visual
tasks.
8. Light level used for casual visual tasks, like card playing,
conversation, television, listening to music, etc.
9. Light level used for easy reading, sewing, knitting, house cleaning, etc.
10. Light level used for prolonged detailed tasks such as fine sewing,
reading fine print, drafting, etc.
Test II. Enumeration
Give the entities being asked:
1-5 Types of Lighting Dispersement
6-8 Groups of light fixtures
9-10 Types of Light source

21

Components of an Electrical System
The components of an electrical system can be arranged in 3 major
categories:
1. Wiring includes conductors and raceways of all types.
2. Power handling equipment
a. transformers
b. switchboards
c. panel boards
d. large switches
e. circuit breakers
3. Utilization equipment, includes lighting, motors, controls and wiring
devices.
.

22

Wiring
Electrical systems in buildings are usually divided into two parts:
service and branch circuits.
Service parts include all the wiring and apparatus needed to bring
electricity into building. Branch circuits distribute the electricity
throughout the structure.
Wire used in both service and branch circuit is made of one or more
strands of metal, either copper or aluminum and covered with a flexible
plastic insulation. The size of the wire used in an electric circuit depends on
the current to be carried by the circuit.
The Cir-Kit "concept" of electrical wiring was first developed in 1976
and is now the predominant world-wide method of dollhouse wiring and
electrification. A great measure of its success can be attributed to the ease of
installation and professional appearance when finished. The Cir-Kit method
allows anyone, even those without electrical knowledge, to successfully
construct a completely hidden and "to scale" lighting system.

A tape wired house
The heart of the Cir-Kit Concepts' electrical system is the flat, pressuresensitive and adhesively-backed conductive tape used for wiring. It
eliminates entirely the need for round wire and may be installed in a fraction
of the time of a conventional system.. A super strong adhesive applied
across the entire width of the tape ensures a positive grip on any wood
surface. The thinness of the tape allows easy masking with one or two coats
of paint and produces a completely hidden installation when covered with
wallpaper.

23

In a departure from conventional wiring techniques the adhesive-tape
approach as employed by Cir-Kit Concepts requires absolutely no electrical
soldering. Corners are created either by cutting and using tiny brass brads
for electrical connection at the overlap points or by corner folding.
Whichever procedure is used, only commonly available hand tools are
required for installation.
The Cir-Kit Concepts' electrical system may be installed in a pleasing and
unobtrusive manner in nearly any type dollhouse or miniature room. It can
be applied either on an inside or outside wall, between walls of new
construction, or in a combination of configurations to suit a particular
design. The system represents perhaps one of the most flexible means of
circuit wiring to be found anywhere. Its limitations are restricted only by the
imagination of the user.

Conductors
In science and engineering, an electrical conductor is a material which
contains movable electric charges. In metallic conductors, such as copper or
aluminum, the movable charged particles are electrons. Positive charges
may also be mobile in the form of atoms in a lattice that have missing
electrons (known as holes), or in the form of ions, such as in the electrolyte
of a battery.
The standard of wire and cable industry is the American Wire Gauge(AWG).
All the wire sizes up to No. 0000 (also written No. 4/0) are expressed in
AWG. The smaller the AWG number the larger the size. (Applies only to
round conductors).
When large conductors are not circular in cross section, they are usually
made solid and are referred to as busbars. Bus is normally constructed
using solid copper or aluminum and when assembled with other bars in a
metal housing then it becomes bus duct or busway.
Metallic conduits
The code requires that all wiring be enclosed in rigid metallic conduit.
In the special case of environments that are severely corrosive or when
mechanical injury is impossible, use of non-metallic conduit is permitted.

24

Boxes and Cabinets
Distribution box is made from either steel or plastic, which contains a
junction between several conduits. Boxes are usually of a rectangular,
octagonal, or round form having punched or knock-out holes to fit the
conduits.
Types of Boxes
1. Outlet boxes are those utilized for connection of lighting and
receptacle outlets.
2. Junction boxes are those used for junction of wires in branch and
feeder circuits.
3. Pull boxes are used for pulling of wires in branch and feeder
circuits.

25

Rules in Planning the Electrical System
1. The main source of light in a room should be controlled by a wall
switch located on the latch side of the room’s entrance. It should not
be necessary to walk into a dark room to find the light switch.
2. Electrical outlets(except in the kitchen) should average one for every
6'(1.8m) of wall space.
3. Electrical outlets in the kitchen should average one for every 4'(1.2m)
of wall space.
4. Walls between doors should have an outlet, regardless of the size of
the wall space.
5. Each room should have a light outlet in the ceiling or wall that will be
a major source of light for the whole room.
6. Each room should have adequate lighting for all visual tasks.
7. Each room should have at least one easy-to-reach outlet for the
vacuum cleaner or other appliances that are often used.
8. Not all lights in one room should be on the same circuit.
9. The height of all outlets in the house should be listed on the plans.
10.GFCI receptacle should be provided as outlined.
Service and Branch Requirements
Power is supplied to a building via the service drop. Three heavy wires
together are called the drop that extends from the utility pole or an
underground source to the structure.
Types of connections from an electrical pole to the building
1. Overhead Service Drop
2. Overhead pole connection with an underground service lateral to
the building
3. Connection in a manhole or hand hole at the property line with
Service Lateral to the building.

26

Circuit Protective Devices
There are two types of circuit protective devices which are commonly
used:
1. Fuse. It is made of thin strip of metal used for safety because when
the current flowing through it becomes too high, it melts and breaks
the flow of electricity. It consists of an alloy link or wire of relatively
low melting temperature which when enclosed in an insulating fiber
tube is called a cartridge fuse, and when in a porcelain cup is known
as plug fuse.
2. Circuit breaker. It is an electromechanical device which performs the
same protective function as a fuse and also acts as a switch. It is a
reusable device that protects a circuit from becoming overloaded

Switches
In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an
electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor
to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated
electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each
set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the
contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open',
meaning the contacts are separated and nonconducting.

27

Switch board and switchgear
Switchboards and switchgear are free standing assembles of switches,
fuses, and/or circuit breakers which normally provide switching and feeder
protection to a number of circuits connected to a main source.

Panel Board
A panel, or panelboard, serves basically the same function as a
switchboard, except on a smaller scale, that is, it accepts a relatively large
block of power and distributes it in smaller blocks. Panelboards may be
classified as flush-type or surface-type.
ITEM

SYMBOL

ILLUSTRATION

28

SELF CHECK # 1.4
Test I. Matching Type
Directions: Match the descriptions in column A with the entities in column
B by writing the letters only on a separate sheet of paper.
A
B
1. Materials that allow the flow
of electron
2. Thin strip of metal used for safety
and to break the flow of electricity
3. Reusable device that protects
a circuit from becoming overloaded
4. Free standing assembles of switches
that provide switching and feeder
protection to a number of circuits
connected to a main source
5. Made from either steel or plastic,
which contains a junction between
several conduits

a. switchboard
b. distribution box
c. fuse
d. circuit breaker
e. conductor

Direction: Give the entities being asked:
1-5 Power Handling Equipment
6-7 Circuit Protective Devices
8-10 Types of Distribution Boxes

29

Working with electrical drawings
Complete electrical plans will guarantee the installation of electrical
tools and wiring exactly as planned. If electrical plans are incomplete and
vague, the totality of the installation is largely dependent upon the judgment
of the electrician. The designer should not rely upon the electrician to design
the electrical system, but only to install it.

Steps in Preparing the Electrical Plan
If the basic floor plan is already drawn, the designer should:
1. determine the exact position of all appliances and lighting fixtures on
the plan.
2. draw the electrical symbols representing the switches, outlets and
electrical devices on the floor plan.
3. draw a line from each switch to the connecting fixture.
4. show the position of all outlets and controls using electrical wiring
symbols, however, the entire circuit is not drawn on the electrical
plan.
5. determine location of power source from nearest power supply post.
6. draw the single line riser diagram.
7. determine the number of lighting outlets, convenience outlets and
other electrical fixtures and appliance.
8. draw the schedule of loads and determine size of wires and conduits.
9. compute for total current to determine size of service drop and sizes of
wires.
10. write electrical construction specification and other notes.

30

Sample Single Line Riser Diagram

Sample Computation and Schedule of Loads

31

Procedure:
1. Locate the position of electrical fixtures.

2. Determine the service position of service drop and the location of
breaker.

32

3. Determine and draw the locations of switches.

4. Finalize the drawing by completing the specifications for the detailed
drawing of electrical plan including the legend

33

SELF CHECK # 1.5
Direction: From the given floor plan complete the electrical layout by
connecting the electrical fixtures.

34

Program/Course

:

Drafting Technology

Unit of Competency

:

Draft Electrical and Electronic Layout and
Details

Module Title

:

Drafting electrical and electronic layout
and details

Learning Outcome 2:

Draft auxiliary systems and layout

1. Fire alarm and protection system are laid out according to the Fire
Code of the Philippines.
2. Electronic and communication, Cable TV, Music, paging and
Building Management System are laid out according to
architectural requirements.
References:
Book Co. 1987
G.M. Manaois, Simplified Technical Drawing, Pcat 1966
Maton, Anthea and Hopkins, Jean. Physical Science, Prentice Hall Book Co.
1995
Padua, Alicia L and Crisostomo, Ricardo M. Practical and Explorational
Physics: Modular Approach, Vibal Publishing House, Inc. 2003

35

LO 2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout
Introduction
Auxiliary systems are devices that may be used as a substitute or
reserve in case of need. Such devices include fire alarm and protection
systems, electronics and communication system (cable TV, intercoms, music
and pagers) and Building Management System.
Electronics and electronic components
Electronics is the study of the release, behavior, and control of
electrons as it relates to use in practical devices. An electronic component is
any physical entity in an electronic system whose intention is to affect the
electrons or their associated fields in a desired manner consistent with the
intended function of the electronic system. Components are generally
intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a printed
circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function
such as an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator. Components may be
packaged singly or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some
common electronic components are capacitors, resistors, diodes, transistors,
etc.
Graphic Symbol for auxiliary system
Electronic symbols are used to represent actual electronic components
on drawings. Graphic symbols are usually drawn on single-line (one-line)
diagrams, on schematic diagrams, or on connection or wiring diagrams. By
marking the symbols, you can relate with parts lists, descriptions, or
instructions of electrical plans and layouts.

Telephone outlet

Push buttons
Buzzer
Bell

36

Combination Bell Buzzer

CH

Chime
Annunciator

D

Electric Door Opener

T

Bell-Ringing Transformer

Interconnection Box

Outside Telephone

Interconnecting Telephone

R

Radio Outlet

TV

Television Outlet

F

Fire alarm

37

SELF CHECK # 2.1
LO2 . Draft auxiliary systems and layout
Direction: Identify the following symbols. Write the answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1.
2.

F

3.

4.
5.

TV

6.
7.

R

8.
9.
10.

38

LO 2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout
Fire Alarm System
Fire Alarm System is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire
by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. It can be
used to notify people to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to
call for emergency forces aid, and to prepare the structure and associated
systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.
SMOKE DETECTORS
If you were to build a house today, smoke detectors would be required
in each bedroom, on each level of the home in the vicinity of the bedrooms,
including basements. These detectors would be required to be electrically
operated with a battery back up and interconnected, so if one detector
sounds they activate throughout the entire home.
Type of Smoke Alarms

WHICH TYPE?
IONIZATION
An ionization type detector uses
a very small quantity of
radioactive material. These
alarms are better at detecting
small particles of combustion
typically produced by flaming
fires.

PHOTOELECTRIC
A photoelectric detector uses a
small infrared light.
Photoelectric type smoke
alarms are better at detecting
larger particles produced by
smoldering fires. Photoelectric
alarms are slightly more
resistant to unwanted alarms
caused by cooking vapors or
bathroom moisture.
39

PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER

GUIDELINES:







At least 1 portable fire extinguisher shall be installed, which is listed,
labeled, charged and operable.
The size shall be no smaller than 2A:10B:C, rated for residential use
and weigh no more than 10 lbs.
The extinguisher must be mounted on a hanger or bracket supplied
by the manufacturer within 10 feet of the kitchen area.
Located with the top of the extinguisher no more than 5 feet above the
floor.
Visible and in a readily accessible spot, near a room exit or travel way
that provides an escape route to the outside.
With the manual and operating instructions visible.

A fire sprinkler is the part of a fire sprinkler system that discharges
water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a
40

predetermined temperature has been reached. Fire sprinklers can be
automatic or open orifice. Automatic fire sprinklers operate at a
predetermined temperature, utilizing a fusible element, a portion of which
melts, or a frangible glass bulb containing liquid which breaks. It allows the
plug to be pushed out of the orifice by the water pressure in the fire
sprinkler piping, resulting in water flow from the orifice.
Key elements



Building a facility in accordance with the version of the Local Building
Code in effect at the time of building permit application.
Maintaining a facility and conducting oneself in accordance with the
provisions of the fire code, after the building is occupied. This is based
on knowledge of the code by the owner and ensuring that the
occupants and operators of the building are aware of the current
applicable regulations. Examples of such include, but are not limited
to the following:
o Not exceeding the maximum occupancy within any part of the
building.
o Maintaining proper fire exits and proper exit signage (e.g., exit
signs pointing to them that can function in a power failure)
o Placing and maintaining fire extinguishers in easily accessible
places.
o Properly storing/using, hazardous materials that may be
needed inside the building for storage or operational
requirements (such as solvents in spray booths).
o Prohibiting flammable materials in certain areas of the facility.
o Periodically inspecting buildings for violations, issuing Orders to
comply with and, potentially, prosecuting or closing buildings
that are not in compliance, until the deficiencies are corrected
or condemning it in extreme cases.
o Maintaining fire alarm systems for detection and warning.
o Obtaining and maintaining a complete inventory of firestops.
o Ensuring that spray fireproofing remains undamaged.
o Maintaining a high level of training and awareness of occupants
and users of the building to avoid obvious mistakes, such as the
propping open of fire doors.
o Conduct fire drills at regular intervals throughout the year

41

A diagram of a residential fire alarm system

Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the
possibility of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage. It
alert those in a structure of the presence of fire in the event one occurs. It
also enables those threatened by fire to survive, or to reduce the damage
caused by fire.
Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the
construction of a building or implemented in structures that are already
standing, and those that are taught to occupants of the building.
Threats to fire safety are referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may
include a situation that increases the likelihood a fire may start or may
impede escape in the event a fire occurs.
Fire safety is often a component of building safety. Those who inspect
buildings for violations of the Fire Code and go into schools to educate
children on Fire Safety topics are fire department members known as fire
prevention officers. The Chief Fire Prevention Officer or Chief of Fire
Prevention will normally train newcomers to the Fire Prevention Division and
may also conduct inspections or make presentations.

42

Direction:
diagram.

Locate and draw the position of fire alarm system on the given

1. Locate the position of the smoke detectors

2. Locate the position of the fire alarms.

43

3. Locate the position of both (fire alarms and smoke detectors)

4. Finalize the fire alarm system by drawing a diagram connecting the
fixtures.

44

SELF CHECK # 2.2
Directions: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. It is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring
environmental changes associated with combustion.
a. Fire detector
c. Fire extinguisher

b. Fire Alarm System
d. Fire sprinkle

2. It discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, and
when a predetermined temperature has been reached.
a. Fire detector

b. Smoke detector

c. Fire extinguisher

d. Fire sprinkle

3. A type of smoke detector which uses a very small quantity of radioactive
material.
a. Ionization type detector

b. Photoelectric type detector

c. Fire detector

d. Fire sprinkle

4. A type of smoke alarm that detect larger particles produced by smoldering
fires.
a. Ionization type detector

b. Photoelectric type detector

c. Fire detector

d. Fire sprinkle

5. It refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the possibility
of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage.
a. Fire safety

b. Fire Alarm System

c. Fire detector

d. Fire sprinkle

45

LO2. Draft auxiliary systems and layout
Cable Television
Cable television is a system of providing television to consumers via
radio frequency signals transmitted to televisions through fixed optical fibers
or coaxial cables as opposed to the over-the-air method used in traditional
television broadcasting (via radio waves) in which a television antenna is
required. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephony, and
similar non-television services may also be provided.
The abbreviation CATV is often used to mean "Cable TV". It originally
stood for Community Antenna Television, which originated in 1948, in
areas where over-the-air reception was limited by mountainous terrain and
large community antennas.

Cable Modem System
This figure shows a basic cable modem system that consists of a head end
(television receivers and cable modem system), distribution lines with amplifiers,
and cable modems that connect to customers' computers. This diagram shows that
the cable television operator's head end system contains both analog and digital
television channel transmitters that are connected to customers through the
distribution lines.

46

Intercommunication Device
An intercom (intercommunication device), talkback or door phone is
an electronic communications system intended for limited or private
dialogue, direction, collaboration or announcements. Intercoms can be
portable or mounted permanently in buildings and vehicles. Intercoms can
incorporate connections to walkie-talkies, telephones, cell phones and to
other intercom systems over phone or data lines and to electronic or electromechanical devices such as signal lights and door latches.
A small home intercom might connect a few rooms in a house. While
every intercom product line is different, most analogue intercom systems
have much in common. Voice signals of about a volt or two are carried on
top a direct current power rail of 12, 30 or 48 volts which uses a pair of
conductors. Signal light indications between stations can be accomplished
through the use of additional conductors or can be carried on the main voice
pair via tone frequencies sent above or below the speech frequency range.
Multiple channels of simultaneous conversations can be carried over
additional conductors within a cable or by frequency- or time-division
multiplexing in the analogue domain. Multiple channels can easily be
carried by packet-switched digital intercom signals.
Portable intercoms are connected primarily using common shielded,
twisted pair microphone cabling terminated with 3-pin XLR connectors.
Building and vehicle intercoms are connected in a similar manner with
shielded cabling often containing more than one twisted pair.

47

Digital intercoms use Category 5 cable and relay information back and
forth in data packets using the Internet protocol architecture.

Doorbell
A doorbell is a signaling device commonly found near a door. It
commonly emits a ringing sound to alert the occupant of the building to a
visitor's presence.
In most wired systems, a button, located around the height of the
doorknob, activates a signaling device (usually a chime, bell, or buzzer)
inside the building. This single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switch momentarily
closes the doorbell circuit. One terminal of this button is wired to a terminal
on a transformer.
A doorbell transformer steps down the 120–240-volt AC electrical
power to a lower voltage, typically 10–20 volts. The transformer's other
terminal connects to one of three terminals on the signaling device. Another
terminal is connected to a wire that travels to the other terminal on the
button. If there is another button (typically near a back door), it is connected
between the transformer and the third terminal on the signaling device.
Unfortunately, the transformer, being energized constantly, consumes a
small amount (about 1 to 2 W) of standby power constantly.

48

Building Management Systems
BUILDING MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Hardware
program

Software
program

Consists
of

Consists
of
Computer –based control system

C - bus
Profibus

Power
systems

Controls and
monitors building
mechanical and
electrical equipment

Fire systems

Ventilation
systems

Lighting system
Security systems

A BMS is most common in a large building. Its core function is to
manage the environment within the building and may control temperature,
carbon dioxide levels and humidity within a building. As a core function in
most BMS systems, it controls heating and cooling, manages the systems
that distribute this air throughout the building (for example by operating
fans or opening/closing dampers), and then locally controls the mixture of
heating and cooling to achieve the desired room temperature. A secondary
function sometimes is to monitor the level of human-generated CO2, mixing
in outside air with waste air to increase the amount of oxygen while also
minimizing heat/cooling losses.

49

Systems linked to a BMS typically represent 40% of a building's
energy usage; if lighting is included, this number approaches 70%. BMS
systems are a critical component to managing energy demand. Improperly
configured BMS systems are believed to account for 20% of building energy
usage, or approximately 8% of total energy usage in the United States.
BMS are sometimes linked to access control.or other security systems
such as closed-circuit television (CCTV) and motion detectors. Fire alarm
systems and elevators are also sometimes linked to a BMS, for example, if a
fire is detected then the system could shut off dampers in the ventilation
system. This stops smoke from spreading and send all the elevators to the
ground floor and park them to prevent people from using them in the event
of a fire.

50

Sample of an auxiliary electrical plan.

51

Direction:
From the given floor plan draw an auxiliary electrical plan.

52

SELF CHECK # 2.3
Direction:
Choose from the pool below the appropriate symbol.

53

Scoring Rubrics
Criteria

Score

Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total
 Accuracy
50 pts

-

The output is accurately done.

45 pts

-

Two to five errors are observed on the output.

40 pts.

-

Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

10 pts

-

The output is done 5 minutes before the time.

8 pts

-

The output is done on time.

6 pts.

-

The output is done after the allotted time.

25 pts.

-

No errors made on the output.

20 pts

-

Two to three erasures made on the output.

15 pts

-

Four or more erasures made on the output.

 Speed

 Neatness

 Lettering/Labeling
15 pts.

-

All information must be completely indicated and legibly
printed.

10 pts.

-

Pieces of information are legibly printed but some are

missing.

54

ANSWER KEY # 1.1
Test I.
1. current
2. Ampere
3. voltage
4. charge
5. V
6. resistance
7. R
8. ohm
9. Ohm’s Law
10.electrical power

Test II.
1. close
2. true
3. insulators
4. true
5. series circuit

55

ANSWER KEY # 1.2
Test I.
1. ceiling light outlet
2. convenience outlet
3. panel board
4. meco meter
5. circuit breaker
6. service entrance
7. range outlet
8. air condition outlet
9. one-gang switch
10. circuit homerun

Test II.
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. B

56

ANSWER KEY# 1.3
Test I. Identification
1. Incandescent lamps
2. Fluorescent lamps
3. footcandle
4. lux
5. General lighting
6. Decorative lighting
7. Specific (local) lighting
8. 10-20 footcandles (108 to 215 lx)
9. 20-30 footcandles (215 to 320 lx)
10.70-200 footcandles (750 to 2150 lx)
1. direct light
2. indirect light
3. Semi direct light
4. semi-indirect light
5. diffused light
6. ceiling fixtures
7. wall fixtures
8. portable plug-ins
9. Incandescent lamps
10. Electric discharge lamps.

57

ANSWER KEY# 1.4
Test I. Matching Type
1. e
2. c
3. d
4. a
5. b

1. transformers
2. switchboards
3. panel boards
4. large switches
5. circuit breakers
6. fuse
7. circuit breake
8. outlet boxe
9. junction boxes
10. pull boxes

58

ANSWER KEY # 1.5

59

ANSWER KEY# 2.1
Direction:

Identification

1. Buzzer
2. Fire Alarm
3. Interconnection Box
4. Bell
5. Television outlet
6. Telephone outlet
7. Radio outlet
8. Combination bell buzzer
9. Outside telephone
10. Interconnecting telephone

60

ANSWER KEY# 2.2
Multiple Choice

1.

b

2.

d

3.

a

4.

b

5.

a

61

ANSWER KEY # 2.3
Direction:

62

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Curriculum(CBC) and Contextual Learning Material and Competency –
Based Learning Modules particularly in Drafting Technology, wish to
express our gratitude and appreciation for having been given the chance to
take part in this educational breakthrough. With high hopes we look forward
to the improvement of the Technical-Vocational Education of the country
through the development of functional materials such of this kind.
Marikina Hotel
Marikina City
May 25-30, 2009
June 5-7, 2009
July 1-5, 2009
Technology Writers
Mario S. Gregorio
Region XI
Alexander M. Latoga
Mauban, Quezon
Mirasol F. Dasig
San Pedro, Laguna
Ariel F. Maglalang
Conrado C. Casulla
Region I
Rolando V. Inay

63

English Teacher
Mercy F. Divina
Math Teacher
Science Teacher
Estrelita Y. Evangelista (Ret.)
CESO VI
DepED-Director, BSE
Beatriz A. Adriano
Principal III
Carol F. Chavez
Principal I
Facilitator
Orlando E. Manuel
Principal I
Math Specialist
Jesus L. Huenda
Senior Education Specialist
DepED-NCR

64

Encoders
Jomel Gail O. Ponce
Percival B. Magaway

65

Drafting technology y3

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