This document summarizes a student paper that explored the determinants of immigration opinion in the United States. The paper reviewed existing literature on factors that influence attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy, including income, education, religion, age, gender, and race. It hypothesized relationships between religious practices, income, and education with opinions on illegal immigrants and immigration. The student analyzed data from the 2008 American National Election Survey to test these relationships, finding some statistically significant but weak correlations between the determinant variables and measures of immigration opinion.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed 395 students at York College about their views on immigration, race, and education. The study aimed to examine how demographic factors influence opinions on immigrants and immigration. A survey was administered that asked questions about perceptions of immigrants and their contributions. The results found that immigrant students tended to be more supportive of immigration than opposed, but there was no significant relationship found between variables. Limitations included a small sample size and concise survey questions.
This document summarizes research on young people's political engagement. It discusses factors like education, technology use, and racial/ethnic diversity that can influence engagement. Several studies found that college-educated youth were more politically active than non-college peers, engaging more in voting and civic activities. However, results varied depending on study methodology and year. While some argue youth are apathetic, others found they engage through new forms like online activism. The document also discusses how youths' top political issues changed over time and varied between racial/ethnic groups.
The document provides a summary of a research paper that investigates the relationship between voters' opinions of President Obama and whether voters feel they can relate to him through personal factors. It reviews literature on how factors like race, religion, age, and political affiliation can influence voter opinions. The research aims to test if a voter's ability to relate to Obama personally affects their opinion of him, while controlling for race, religion, age, political party identification through statistical analysis of survey data. It hypothesizes that if a voter feels they can relate to Obama as a person, their opinion of him will be more positive.
This document summarizes research on voter apathy among millennials. It finds that millennial voter turnout has consistently declined compared to other generations when they were the same age. Studies show millennials have become more individualistic over time and less focused on civic engagement and community involvement compared to previous generations. Political socialization is important, and habits formed around voting in early adulthood tend to persist. The declining civic participation among millennials is concerning for the health of democracy.
Educational achievement_level of political convictionAndrew Taylor
This study aimed to summarize the relationship between educational achievement and political conviction, as expressed through political participation. The study utilized data from the 2012 ANES survey, focusing on three dependent variables measuring different forms of participation: donations of money, vocal/written support, and contributions of time. It found a positive trend between higher education levels and higher levels of participation across all three variables. However, the correlations were relatively weak, indicating education is not strongly predictive of participation. Future studies should explore other predictive factors like gender, age, class, or partisanship. The study also noted a sharp increase in monetary donations at higher education levels, warranting further investigation.
1) Christian faith-based organizations (CFBOs) promote positive identity development in orphans and vulnerable youth (OVY) through emphasizing each person's inherent worth and purpose.
2) CFBOs are more likely to effectively influence identity development for OVY who have regular contact through living in orphanages or other facilities, as identity is shaped through close relationships.
3) The chapter examines theories of identity development from Freud, Erikson, and others, defining identity as how one sees themselves and the social role they adhere to based on self-perception within a given social context.
Education, Intelligence, and Attitude ExtremityVishwa Jeet
Education and general intelligence both serve to inform opinions, but do they lead to greater attitude extremity? We use questions on economic policy, social issues, and environmental issues from the General Social Survey to test the impact of education and intelligence on attitude extremity, as measured by deviation from centrist or neutral positions. Using quantile regression modeling, we find that intelligence is a moderating force across the entire distribution in economic, social, and environmental policy beliefs. Completing high school strongly correlates to reduced extremity, particularly in the upper quantiles. College education increases attitude extremity in the lower tail of environmental beliefs. The relevance of the low extremity tail (lower quantiles) to potential swing-voters and the high extremity tail (upper quantiles) to a political party’s core are discussed.
A psychological autopsy of an intellectually gifted student with attention de...KarinaBorges32
This document presents a psychological autopsy of an 18-year-old male who was intellectually gifted but also had attention deficit disorder. The autopsy uses theories of suicide and research on gifted students to analyze his life and death by suicide. It finds that he exhibited traits common to other gifted students who died by suicide, like intense emotions, polarized thinking, and discussions of suicide with peers. Schools need resources to support students with dual exceptionalities to prevent future deaths. Understanding the unique experiences of gifted students can help identify those at risk and promote their well-being.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed 395 students at York College about their views on immigration, race, and education. The study aimed to examine how demographic factors influence opinions on immigrants and immigration. A survey was administered that asked questions about perceptions of immigrants and their contributions. The results found that immigrant students tended to be more supportive of immigration than opposed, but there was no significant relationship found between variables. Limitations included a small sample size and concise survey questions.
This document summarizes research on young people's political engagement. It discusses factors like education, technology use, and racial/ethnic diversity that can influence engagement. Several studies found that college-educated youth were more politically active than non-college peers, engaging more in voting and civic activities. However, results varied depending on study methodology and year. While some argue youth are apathetic, others found they engage through new forms like online activism. The document also discusses how youths' top political issues changed over time and varied between racial/ethnic groups.
The document provides a summary of a research paper that investigates the relationship between voters' opinions of President Obama and whether voters feel they can relate to him through personal factors. It reviews literature on how factors like race, religion, age, and political affiliation can influence voter opinions. The research aims to test if a voter's ability to relate to Obama personally affects their opinion of him, while controlling for race, religion, age, political party identification through statistical analysis of survey data. It hypothesizes that if a voter feels they can relate to Obama as a person, their opinion of him will be more positive.
This document summarizes research on voter apathy among millennials. It finds that millennial voter turnout has consistently declined compared to other generations when they were the same age. Studies show millennials have become more individualistic over time and less focused on civic engagement and community involvement compared to previous generations. Political socialization is important, and habits formed around voting in early adulthood tend to persist. The declining civic participation among millennials is concerning for the health of democracy.
Educational achievement_level of political convictionAndrew Taylor
This study aimed to summarize the relationship between educational achievement and political conviction, as expressed through political participation. The study utilized data from the 2012 ANES survey, focusing on three dependent variables measuring different forms of participation: donations of money, vocal/written support, and contributions of time. It found a positive trend between higher education levels and higher levels of participation across all three variables. However, the correlations were relatively weak, indicating education is not strongly predictive of participation. Future studies should explore other predictive factors like gender, age, class, or partisanship. The study also noted a sharp increase in monetary donations at higher education levels, warranting further investigation.
1) Christian faith-based organizations (CFBOs) promote positive identity development in orphans and vulnerable youth (OVY) through emphasizing each person's inherent worth and purpose.
2) CFBOs are more likely to effectively influence identity development for OVY who have regular contact through living in orphanages or other facilities, as identity is shaped through close relationships.
3) The chapter examines theories of identity development from Freud, Erikson, and others, defining identity as how one sees themselves and the social role they adhere to based on self-perception within a given social context.
Education, Intelligence, and Attitude ExtremityVishwa Jeet
Education and general intelligence both serve to inform opinions, but do they lead to greater attitude extremity? We use questions on economic policy, social issues, and environmental issues from the General Social Survey to test the impact of education and intelligence on attitude extremity, as measured by deviation from centrist or neutral positions. Using quantile regression modeling, we find that intelligence is a moderating force across the entire distribution in economic, social, and environmental policy beliefs. Completing high school strongly correlates to reduced extremity, particularly in the upper quantiles. College education increases attitude extremity in the lower tail of environmental beliefs. The relevance of the low extremity tail (lower quantiles) to potential swing-voters and the high extremity tail (upper quantiles) to a political party’s core are discussed.
A psychological autopsy of an intellectually gifted student with attention de...KarinaBorges32
This document presents a psychological autopsy of an 18-year-old male who was intellectually gifted but also had attention deficit disorder. The autopsy uses theories of suicide and research on gifted students to analyze his life and death by suicide. It finds that he exhibited traits common to other gifted students who died by suicide, like intense emotions, polarized thinking, and discussions of suicide with peers. Schools need resources to support students with dual exceptionalities to prevent future deaths. Understanding the unique experiences of gifted students can help identify those at risk and promote their well-being.
168 public administration review • march april 2017 publiUMAR48665
This document discusses racial disparities in policing, specifically investigatory police stops. It argues that racial disparities stem not just from individual racist officers, but from institutional policies and practices, such as widespread use of investigatory stops. Investigatory stops are used to check out suspicious people or vehicles to see if they are engaged in criminal activity, but most people stopped are innocent. These stops undermine trust in police, especially among African Americans who are disproportionately subjected to them. Reforming this practice is key to restoring trust in law enforcement.
To What Extent is Political Campaign Solicitation Gendered in the United Stat...Andrea Dub
This document provides a literature review of existing research on the gender gap in political campaign donations in the United States. It finds that while women have increasingly participated in voting, their financial contributions to political campaigns have remained stagnant at around 25-30% for decades. Existing literature has not adequately addressed why this gender disparity exists, often attributing it to outdated assumptions about women's socioeconomic status. The review identifies a gap in research focusing specifically on gender variations in campaign fundraising practices and the role of political fundraisers. This paper aims to help fill that gap through interviews exploring how fundraisers view and solicit donations from male and female donors.
This document provides a literature review and background on a study examining factors influencing the political participation of students at the University of Johannesburg. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The study aims to understand why political participation has declined among South African youth by examining how students' demographic characteristics and perceptions of the ruling ANC party influence their participation. The literature review covers political participation in general, and how race, class, and perceptions of the ANC have been found to shape political involvement. The document provides context on the study which used a survey to quantitatively measure how factors like race, class, and views of government affect the political participation of students at the University of Johannesburg.
This document provides a summary of recent research related to racism. It begins with an introduction from Dr. Zarrin Siddiqui, the president of ECCWA Research, stating the organization's goal of promoting multiculturalism. The document then summarizes six research articles on topics related to racism, including how exposure to racism affects birth outcomes for African American women, the relationship between structural racism and risk of heart attacks among black Americans, and discourses of denial around racism in local anti-racism efforts in Australia. The introduction notes that ECCWA Research Briefs are intended to keep abreast of recent research important for ethnic communities and provide overviews of key issues.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document examines the relationship between race, education, and voting using data from the 2012 General Social Survey. Crosstab analyses found that whites were more likely to vote than blacks or others, and those with a bachelor's degree or higher were more likely to vote than those with less education, supporting the two hypotheses. The analyses revealed a statistically significant correlation between both race and education level with likelihood of voting.
This study aims to examine how political knowledge affects political participation differently for men and women. Specifically, it aims to refute the view that women benefit more from political knowledge than men. The study hypothesizes that political knowledge may actually depress political participation for some groups. It will analyze data on over 1,500 Americans to test how political participation rates vary with political knowledge levels for men and women, as well as for introverted and extroverted personality types. Previous literature commonly finds that women gain more politically from knowledge than men, but the author argues the data does not clearly support this claim and may show men participating less as knowledge increases.
This document provides an abstract and literature review for a study on women of color politicians and social media. The abstract outlines that the author conducted a qualitative content analysis of posts by women of color Members of Congress on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to assess how they self-gender and discuss issues related to their intersectional identities. The literature review covers research on the evolution of women in politics, traditional media representations of female politicians that often rely on gender stereotypes, and the rise of social media in politics. However, little research has examined women of color politicians and social media. The author aims to address this gap by analyzing how women of color politicians gender themselves online.
PO 450 Final Research Project - Alejandro LunaAlejandro Luna
This document summarizes research from several studies about adolescent suicide and criminal accountability for coercing suicide. It discusses how surveys and interviews were conducted to understand the psychological factors behind suicidal victims, especially among LGBT youth. The studies found that LGBT individuals reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and abuse. They were more likely to experience harassment, fear for their safety, and consider suicide. The document examines laws regarding bias intimidation and controversial debates around freedom of speech versus equal protection. It analyzes the external influences that can play a role in suicide, like bullying, isolation, desire for revenge. The goal is to better understand the roots and severity of coercing suicide.
The paper attempts to analyze the results of the European Social Survey
Round 6 (2012, 2013), focusing on the section related to how democracy is understood in Poland and in the Czech Republic. The most interesting issue encompassed
the differences in how democracy is defined in the two countries and the outcomes
these differences produce in terms of the perceived legitimacy of the system, as well
as demographic factors that correlate with differences in the understanding of democracy in both surveyed groups. Statistical analyses carried out in the paper indicated
the presence of different definitions of democracy formulated in Poland and in the
Czech Republic (the Czechs gave stronger emphasis to the liberal aspect of democracy, whereas Poles stressed its social aspects more). Nevertheless, the relationship
between the definition of democracy and the perceived level of legitimacy of the democratic system (for dispersed and specific legitimacy alike) were found to be relatively
weak, as was the case of the relationship between the understanding of democracy,
system legitimacy and socio-demographic factors. The only factor found to be significant for the perceived level of legitimacy of the democratic system concerned the
level of satisfaction with one’s own material situation.
The document analyzes the relationship between political polarization, wealth inequality, voter turnout laws, and voter turnout. Regression models found that political polarization and voter ID laws did not significantly impact turnout, but wealth inequality did have a significant negative effect on turnout. While the study has limitations, it provides initial evidence that increasing wealth inequality, rather than polarization alone, may contribute to decreasing voter participation. Further research is needed to more fully understand the impacts of polarization and inequality on political engagement.
Issue Ownership And Representation A Theory Of Legislativelegal2
This document summarizes a theory proposed by Patrick J. Egan about how legislative responsiveness to public opinion can vary based on "issue ownership". The theory is that political parties are seen as having expertise in handling certain issues, known as "issue ownership". Egan develops a model showing that legislators are generally responsive to public preferences but may deviate on issues their party "owns" due to the public trusting that party more on that issue. He tests this using data on public opinion and Congressional roll-call voting in the US, finding support for the theory that representatives have more flexibility in their voting on issues their party owns.
Racial Discrimination in the Employment Sector in Modern Urban America: An Em...Holli Homan
Through the use of literature review, data analysis, community engagement and policy advocacy, this presentation seeks to uncover the degree to which racial discrimination in the employment sector still exists today. Detroit, MI will be utilized as a case study.
Economic Abuse of Women in Amman, Jordan: A Quantitative StudyRula alsawalqa
This document summarizes research on economic abuse of women. It defines economic abuse and differentiates it from financial abuse. The document reviews literature finding that economic abuse reduces women's productivity, income, and independence by depriving them of access to economic resources and decision making. Economic abuse is associated with other forms of intimate partner violence and can continue after a relationship ends through things like child support. The document then presents a study conducted with 500 married working women in Amman, Jordan that found economic abuse decreased as women's education and length of marriage increased, and was more likely if the husband had a high education or was unemployed. Overall, the study aimed to better understand the relationship between demographic variables and economic abuse of women in Jordan.
Political Activity of Women and Men – the Psychosocial Determinants of Conven...Przegląd Politologiczny
This document summarizes a study on the psychosocial determinants of political activity among women and men. The study surveyed 1048 Polish university students in 2004, 2010, and 2014. It found that gender differences in political activity are slowly decreasing over time. The study measured levels of conventional political activity, hierarchies of political values, beliefs about the importance of political activity, satisfaction with democracy, and individualism vs. collectivism. It aimed to determine how these factors influence political activity levels among women and men. The results showed that convictions about the significance of political activity and satisfaction with democracy were the most important predictors of women's political engagement.
The relationship between university students’ perceptions ofRula alsawalqa
By conducting a set of quantitative surveys, this study aimed to detecting the correlation between Jordanian
University students’ perceptions of terrorism and a variety of demographic variables. The results revealed that
the majority of students viewed terrorism as the most heinous crime, and is never justified, and that terrorists
are hard-core criminals, separatist groups that want to weaken the unity of the country. Therefore, they should
be treated as traitors and punished as they pose a threat to national interest, and the safety and security of
citizens. While a few of student indicated that there are some terrorist activities’ as a repercussion of repressed
needs and the demands of society, it should however be managed and the violations committed by states
against their nationals be confronted with the aim of eliminating injustices to vulnerable citizens. Most
students believe that poverty and material deprivation are of the most prominent causes of terrorism. They
also stress the necessity of providing food security and optimal life for citizens to limit the spread of the
phenomenon of terrorism and achieve societal solidarity to save human lives and stability of communities.
Furthermore, the results confirmed that there are no academic specializations, age, sex, academic level, and
monthly income statistically significant differences in perceptions of the terrorism among university students.
College students need to engage politicallyAllison Bawden
This document discusses the lack of political engagement among current college students compared to past generations. While college students have historically been politically active, today's "millennials" are more uncertain and concerned about the country's future according to surveys. The document advocates for increasing civic education and involvement in political organizations and campaigns to foster more informed and engaged citizens.
This study aims to examine how aspects of poverty affect the information seeking behaviors of transgender individuals. A survey will be administered in person in San Francisco to collect data on participants' experiences with poverty indicators (e.g. housing instability, low income) and how they fulfill information needs (e.g. internet, support groups). Snowball sampling will be used to reach as many participants as possible. Results will be analyzed to identify correlations between forms of poverty and search methods used. The 12-week study involves obtaining permissions, collecting data for 7 weeks, analyzing results, and reporting findings. Care will be taken to ensure participants feel respected.
This document summarizes a research project examining the relationship between membership in civic groups and political participation. The study finds that membership in civic groups, higher levels of education and income, and older age are all associated with higher levels of political participation. Specifically, regression analysis shows that involvement in civic groups, volunteering for charities, and membership in nonpartisan groups are most strongly correlated with political participation. The results support the hypothesis that social connections through civic involvement can increase individuals' likelihood of political involvement.
This document summarizes a student paper analyzing the relationship between weekend voting and voter turnout. The paper reviews previous studies that found a positive correlation, but notes limitations in their scope and methods. The student aims to conduct a more comprehensive analysis using data from 288 elections in 96 countries between 2000-2012. Models will examine the direct impact of weekend voting on turnout as well as differences across country groups and indicator interactions. The student hypothesizes that weekend voting increases turnout by lowering the cost of voting compared to weekdays, and expects stronger effects in wealthier, more developed democracies.
- The document discusses previous studies that have found a positive correlation between weekend voting and increased voter turnout, with estimates of a 5-6% increase.
- However, the author notes some limitations in previous studies, such as limited country samples, assumptions made but not tested, and a lack of analysis on why weekend voting may impact turnout.
- The author proposes to conduct a more comprehensive analysis using data from 288 elections in 96 countries from 2000-2012. The analysis will examine the impact of weekend voting on turnout as well as explore factors like a country's economy, unemployment, and demographics that may influence the effect of weekend voting.
This document provides recommendations for attracting the ideal audience for a noir film. The ideal audience member is described as an older, middle-to-upper class person from 40-50 years old who enjoys jazz, classical music, and classic films like The Godfather. To attract this audience, the film should be advertised in office areas, shown before or after crime films in theaters, and advertised on drama television channels and newspapers. The film could also be improved by adding more authentic noir costumes, props, lighting and sound effects to immerse the audience in the noir genre.
This document provides an outline of attractions around Zell am See, Austria, including a map of the area, information about the Kaprun Kitzsteinhorn mountain peak, the village of Ingolstadt, the city of Salzburg, Zell am See lake, weather, and tour trip options. Contact information is provided at the bottom in case of any questions.
168 public administration review • march april 2017 publiUMAR48665
This document discusses racial disparities in policing, specifically investigatory police stops. It argues that racial disparities stem not just from individual racist officers, but from institutional policies and practices, such as widespread use of investigatory stops. Investigatory stops are used to check out suspicious people or vehicles to see if they are engaged in criminal activity, but most people stopped are innocent. These stops undermine trust in police, especially among African Americans who are disproportionately subjected to them. Reforming this practice is key to restoring trust in law enforcement.
To What Extent is Political Campaign Solicitation Gendered in the United Stat...Andrea Dub
This document provides a literature review of existing research on the gender gap in political campaign donations in the United States. It finds that while women have increasingly participated in voting, their financial contributions to political campaigns have remained stagnant at around 25-30% for decades. Existing literature has not adequately addressed why this gender disparity exists, often attributing it to outdated assumptions about women's socioeconomic status. The review identifies a gap in research focusing specifically on gender variations in campaign fundraising practices and the role of political fundraisers. This paper aims to help fill that gap through interviews exploring how fundraisers view and solicit donations from male and female donors.
This document provides a literature review and background on a study examining factors influencing the political participation of students at the University of Johannesburg. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The study aims to understand why political participation has declined among South African youth by examining how students' demographic characteristics and perceptions of the ruling ANC party influence their participation. The literature review covers political participation in general, and how race, class, and perceptions of the ANC have been found to shape political involvement. The document provides context on the study which used a survey to quantitatively measure how factors like race, class, and views of government affect the political participation of students at the University of Johannesburg.
This document provides a summary of recent research related to racism. It begins with an introduction from Dr. Zarrin Siddiqui, the president of ECCWA Research, stating the organization's goal of promoting multiculturalism. The document then summarizes six research articles on topics related to racism, including how exposure to racism affects birth outcomes for African American women, the relationship between structural racism and risk of heart attacks among black Americans, and discourses of denial around racism in local anti-racism efforts in Australia. The introduction notes that ECCWA Research Briefs are intended to keep abreast of recent research important for ethnic communities and provide overviews of key issues.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document examines the relationship between race, education, and voting using data from the 2012 General Social Survey. Crosstab analyses found that whites were more likely to vote than blacks or others, and those with a bachelor's degree or higher were more likely to vote than those with less education, supporting the two hypotheses. The analyses revealed a statistically significant correlation between both race and education level with likelihood of voting.
This study aims to examine how political knowledge affects political participation differently for men and women. Specifically, it aims to refute the view that women benefit more from political knowledge than men. The study hypothesizes that political knowledge may actually depress political participation for some groups. It will analyze data on over 1,500 Americans to test how political participation rates vary with political knowledge levels for men and women, as well as for introverted and extroverted personality types. Previous literature commonly finds that women gain more politically from knowledge than men, but the author argues the data does not clearly support this claim and may show men participating less as knowledge increases.
This document provides an abstract and literature review for a study on women of color politicians and social media. The abstract outlines that the author conducted a qualitative content analysis of posts by women of color Members of Congress on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to assess how they self-gender and discuss issues related to their intersectional identities. The literature review covers research on the evolution of women in politics, traditional media representations of female politicians that often rely on gender stereotypes, and the rise of social media in politics. However, little research has examined women of color politicians and social media. The author aims to address this gap by analyzing how women of color politicians gender themselves online.
PO 450 Final Research Project - Alejandro LunaAlejandro Luna
This document summarizes research from several studies about adolescent suicide and criminal accountability for coercing suicide. It discusses how surveys and interviews were conducted to understand the psychological factors behind suicidal victims, especially among LGBT youth. The studies found that LGBT individuals reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and abuse. They were more likely to experience harassment, fear for their safety, and consider suicide. The document examines laws regarding bias intimidation and controversial debates around freedom of speech versus equal protection. It analyzes the external influences that can play a role in suicide, like bullying, isolation, desire for revenge. The goal is to better understand the roots and severity of coercing suicide.
The paper attempts to analyze the results of the European Social Survey
Round 6 (2012, 2013), focusing on the section related to how democracy is understood in Poland and in the Czech Republic. The most interesting issue encompassed
the differences in how democracy is defined in the two countries and the outcomes
these differences produce in terms of the perceived legitimacy of the system, as well
as demographic factors that correlate with differences in the understanding of democracy in both surveyed groups. Statistical analyses carried out in the paper indicated
the presence of different definitions of democracy formulated in Poland and in the
Czech Republic (the Czechs gave stronger emphasis to the liberal aspect of democracy, whereas Poles stressed its social aspects more). Nevertheless, the relationship
between the definition of democracy and the perceived level of legitimacy of the democratic system (for dispersed and specific legitimacy alike) were found to be relatively
weak, as was the case of the relationship between the understanding of democracy,
system legitimacy and socio-demographic factors. The only factor found to be significant for the perceived level of legitimacy of the democratic system concerned the
level of satisfaction with one’s own material situation.
The document analyzes the relationship between political polarization, wealth inequality, voter turnout laws, and voter turnout. Regression models found that political polarization and voter ID laws did not significantly impact turnout, but wealth inequality did have a significant negative effect on turnout. While the study has limitations, it provides initial evidence that increasing wealth inequality, rather than polarization alone, may contribute to decreasing voter participation. Further research is needed to more fully understand the impacts of polarization and inequality on political engagement.
Issue Ownership And Representation A Theory Of Legislativelegal2
This document summarizes a theory proposed by Patrick J. Egan about how legislative responsiveness to public opinion can vary based on "issue ownership". The theory is that political parties are seen as having expertise in handling certain issues, known as "issue ownership". Egan develops a model showing that legislators are generally responsive to public preferences but may deviate on issues their party "owns" due to the public trusting that party more on that issue. He tests this using data on public opinion and Congressional roll-call voting in the US, finding support for the theory that representatives have more flexibility in their voting on issues their party owns.
Racial Discrimination in the Employment Sector in Modern Urban America: An Em...Holli Homan
Through the use of literature review, data analysis, community engagement and policy advocacy, this presentation seeks to uncover the degree to which racial discrimination in the employment sector still exists today. Detroit, MI will be utilized as a case study.
Economic Abuse of Women in Amman, Jordan: A Quantitative StudyRula alsawalqa
This document summarizes research on economic abuse of women. It defines economic abuse and differentiates it from financial abuse. The document reviews literature finding that economic abuse reduces women's productivity, income, and independence by depriving them of access to economic resources and decision making. Economic abuse is associated with other forms of intimate partner violence and can continue after a relationship ends through things like child support. The document then presents a study conducted with 500 married working women in Amman, Jordan that found economic abuse decreased as women's education and length of marriage increased, and was more likely if the husband had a high education or was unemployed. Overall, the study aimed to better understand the relationship between demographic variables and economic abuse of women in Jordan.
Political Activity of Women and Men – the Psychosocial Determinants of Conven...Przegląd Politologiczny
This document summarizes a study on the psychosocial determinants of political activity among women and men. The study surveyed 1048 Polish university students in 2004, 2010, and 2014. It found that gender differences in political activity are slowly decreasing over time. The study measured levels of conventional political activity, hierarchies of political values, beliefs about the importance of political activity, satisfaction with democracy, and individualism vs. collectivism. It aimed to determine how these factors influence political activity levels among women and men. The results showed that convictions about the significance of political activity and satisfaction with democracy were the most important predictors of women's political engagement.
The relationship between university students’ perceptions ofRula alsawalqa
By conducting a set of quantitative surveys, this study aimed to detecting the correlation between Jordanian
University students’ perceptions of terrorism and a variety of demographic variables. The results revealed that
the majority of students viewed terrorism as the most heinous crime, and is never justified, and that terrorists
are hard-core criminals, separatist groups that want to weaken the unity of the country. Therefore, they should
be treated as traitors and punished as they pose a threat to national interest, and the safety and security of
citizens. While a few of student indicated that there are some terrorist activities’ as a repercussion of repressed
needs and the demands of society, it should however be managed and the violations committed by states
against their nationals be confronted with the aim of eliminating injustices to vulnerable citizens. Most
students believe that poverty and material deprivation are of the most prominent causes of terrorism. They
also stress the necessity of providing food security and optimal life for citizens to limit the spread of the
phenomenon of terrorism and achieve societal solidarity to save human lives and stability of communities.
Furthermore, the results confirmed that there are no academic specializations, age, sex, academic level, and
monthly income statistically significant differences in perceptions of the terrorism among university students.
College students need to engage politicallyAllison Bawden
This document discusses the lack of political engagement among current college students compared to past generations. While college students have historically been politically active, today's "millennials" are more uncertain and concerned about the country's future according to surveys. The document advocates for increasing civic education and involvement in political organizations and campaigns to foster more informed and engaged citizens.
This study aims to examine how aspects of poverty affect the information seeking behaviors of transgender individuals. A survey will be administered in person in San Francisco to collect data on participants' experiences with poverty indicators (e.g. housing instability, low income) and how they fulfill information needs (e.g. internet, support groups). Snowball sampling will be used to reach as many participants as possible. Results will be analyzed to identify correlations between forms of poverty and search methods used. The 12-week study involves obtaining permissions, collecting data for 7 weeks, analyzing results, and reporting findings. Care will be taken to ensure participants feel respected.
This document summarizes a research project examining the relationship between membership in civic groups and political participation. The study finds that membership in civic groups, higher levels of education and income, and older age are all associated with higher levels of political participation. Specifically, regression analysis shows that involvement in civic groups, volunteering for charities, and membership in nonpartisan groups are most strongly correlated with political participation. The results support the hypothesis that social connections through civic involvement can increase individuals' likelihood of political involvement.
This document summarizes a student paper analyzing the relationship between weekend voting and voter turnout. The paper reviews previous studies that found a positive correlation, but notes limitations in their scope and methods. The student aims to conduct a more comprehensive analysis using data from 288 elections in 96 countries between 2000-2012. Models will examine the direct impact of weekend voting on turnout as well as differences across country groups and indicator interactions. The student hypothesizes that weekend voting increases turnout by lowering the cost of voting compared to weekdays, and expects stronger effects in wealthier, more developed democracies.
- The document discusses previous studies that have found a positive correlation between weekend voting and increased voter turnout, with estimates of a 5-6% increase.
- However, the author notes some limitations in previous studies, such as limited country samples, assumptions made but not tested, and a lack of analysis on why weekend voting may impact turnout.
- The author proposes to conduct a more comprehensive analysis using data from 288 elections in 96 countries from 2000-2012. The analysis will examine the impact of weekend voting on turnout as well as explore factors like a country's economy, unemployment, and demographics that may influence the effect of weekend voting.
This document provides recommendations for attracting the ideal audience for a noir film. The ideal audience member is described as an older, middle-to-upper class person from 40-50 years old who enjoys jazz, classical music, and classic films like The Godfather. To attract this audience, the film should be advertised in office areas, shown before or after crime films in theaters, and advertised on drama television channels and newspapers. The film could also be improved by adding more authentic noir costumes, props, lighting and sound effects to immerse the audience in the noir genre.
This document provides an outline of attractions around Zell am See, Austria, including a map of the area, information about the Kaprun Kitzsteinhorn mountain peak, the village of Ingolstadt, the city of Salzburg, Zell am See lake, weather, and tour trip options. Contact information is provided at the bottom in case of any questions.
The document declares that the selection process for cadet trainees for Level IV Sailor Training at the Malahayati Aceh Maritime Education and Training Center was carried out in a clean, transparent, accountable, and humane manner. The selection involved educators, instructors, and candidate cadets from the academic community at the Malahayati Aceh Maritime Education and Training Center. It was signed on June 1, 2015 by the Head of the Malahayati Aceh Maritime Education and Training Center, Capt. Wisnu Handoko.
Clint Whitmore's violent actions can be explained using the Social Ecological Model across four levels: individual, relationship, community, and societal. At the individual level, Clint likely had a low-activity MAO-A gene that, combined with childhood abuse, led to aggression and mental health issues. In relationships, Clint grew up witnessing domestic violence and lacked social support, influencing his own violent behavior and abuse of his partner Natasha. Risk factors like poverty, abuse history, and mental illness contributed across both levels to Clint's actions.
Alice Ravenna is a tattoo artist and illustrator based in England who has been drawing since childhood. She studied illustration in Florence and graphic design in Carrara. Her portfolio highlights her qualifications and experience in tattooing as well as her favorite styles including cartoons, realism, trash polka, and watercolor.
Vladimir Propp was a literary scholar who developed a theory of narrative structures and character types in stories. He proposed that all narratives follow a specific structure and contain eight common character archetypes, including the hero, villain, donor, dispatcher, and prize. The document then provides examples of how these character types map to a hypothetical noir detective story, with the hero as a police officer, the villain as a local gang leader, and other roles assigned to supporting characters who help or hinder the hero's mission to defeat the villain.
The document describes a baby teething massager called GUMDOCTM. It is a patented device that helps relieve teething pain and gum swelling by gently massaging the gums while the baby chews on it. The head can be replaced so it can be used for more than one baby or when it wears out. The GUMDOCTM is produced by Kencap Medical Solutions, a company with over 20 years of experience innovating home care products for healthcare issues.
Enrique Mercado has over 25 years of experience in transportation management and operations roles. He has held positions such as General Manager for Florida Super Coach, where he oversaw drivers and maintained compliance. As an Account Manager for Americas Transportation, he managed medical operations and ensured on-time crew transportation. Previously, he analyzed international travel costs as a Travel Analyst for Norwegian Cruise Lines. Mercado has also served as Director of Operations for a major airline, overseeing reservations, ticketing, sales, and airport operations across multiple cities. He holds a high school diploma and has strong skills in performance management, staffing, financial planning, and industry software systems.
Brian Nicholls has over 34 years of experience in the haulage industry. He has held various roles including operations manager, company director, senior planner, and HGV driver. His most recent role was as a container coordinator at United Worldwide Logistics, where his responsibilities included liaising with customers, coordinating container operations, and assisting the transport manager. He is a reliable, organized, and highly motivated individual committed to customer focus.
A seminar presented in "CompFlu16" at IIIT Hyderabad in December 2016 on homogeneous nucleation kinetics in anisotropic liquids using a Landau-de Gennes field theoretic study.
El documento describe el sistema circulatorio y sus objetivos de reconocer sus partes y funcionamiento. Explica que el sistema circulatorio transporta oxígeno y nutrientes a las células y elimina desechos, y está formado por el corazón, venas, arterias y capilares. Describe que el corazón bombea la sangre de forma rítmica a través de la circulación mayor en el cuerpo y la circulación pulmonar para oxigenar la sangre.
Advances In Research On Homelessness An Overview Of The Special IssueKatie Naple
The eight papers in this special issue on homelessness represent advances in research methodology and findings from studies involving thousands of homeless individuals across five US cities. The papers demonstrate improvements in areas such as policy analysis, measurement development, sampling methodology, identification of important subgroups, and longitudinal investigations. They provide new insights into the heterogeneity of the homeless population and factors that promote exits from homelessness like access to housing resources. The studies also evaluate innovative housing interventions showing promise in supporting independence for those experiencing homelessness.
This document summarizes a research paper on the effect of values systems on attitudes toward interracial marriage. The paper examines how individual and group values systems may impact opinions on interracial marriage and potentially segment people into groups not previously considered. The research aims to study interracial marriage through the lens of social values systems as a way to better understand reported attitudes versus rates of interracial marriage. It reviews literature on assimilation theory and interracial marriage trends. The study proposes to experimentally assess attitudes toward interracial marriage alongside participants' placement on a values system continuum.
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality In A School ContextCynthia Velynne
This document summarizes a research study that examined students' attitudes toward homosexuality and how those attitudes correlate with certain factors. The study surveyed 451 college students about their attitudes using a scale, and analyzed how attitudes related to age, gender, religion, church attendance, exposure to LGBT people, and preference for media with LGBT characters. The results found that attitudes could range from liberal to conservative depending on the situation, and that several factors like age, gender, religion and church attendance were significantly correlated with attitudes toward homosexuality. The study provides insight into understanding attitudes toward the LGBT community in an educational setting.
Running Head Racial DiscriminationHouston 6Racial Discrim.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: Racial Discrimination
Houston 6
Racial Discrimination
Final Project Milestone Two: Article Critique
Johnathen Houston
PSY-216-Q1822
Dr. Liza Smith
10/25/15
Objective Analysis
The article that is well about racism has been well represented in the article’s content. The title that is about the gender and socio-economic differences in the experiences of African Americans is well elaborated in the article. This is because, within the article, the experiment that was done was major to try and find out about how men and women are mistreated on the different socioeconomic environment (Adler, 2000).
Within the introduction, the purpose that is basing on the health effects of racism is well elaborated. Considering the be an exploration on the method to which the investigation will be done through different socioeconomic position such as education, financial and employment status, the prediction of the title is captured well in the introduction of the article.
The discussion is relevant. It is relevant in essence that, it is that we can understand to which discriminations done in the offices that most of the officers operate. The discussion is further relevant given the fact statistical methods have been sued to do the experiment (Barg, 2005).Using the exact figure makes not only a thorough but an actual result to be relied upon.
Using a sample size of 144 people to me is underemphasizing of the discrimination in the states. Given the number of people living in the US are many, a better number of participants would have been used. The issue of the socio-emotional prospect is less emphasized. It should have been made so clear that, in the United States and the United Kingdom, it is in this set ups that moist of the discrimination occur. Limiting the age made the age made the experiment a little bit less factual as the result should have focused more on a range of age like, for instance, the socioeconomic discrimination on young people is not much pronounced as that for the aged people who are workplaces. New York City only should not have been the only place to make the data valid.
The authors’ statements are very clear. It is clear in the sense that, most of the assumptions made are what happens exactly in the field. It is ambiguous for the data to claim that the modest size could have been used which could not limit the sample size. It is of the essence to not that, in an analysis, depending on the population, is a small size can be very useful in making an assumption.
The authors want to validate different assumption his research. First of all, there is an assumption that Africans are a threat to security and as a form of discrimination; they must be frisked very well as in the care of Joan. The author assumes that in most of the cases of racism, men are the target of racism, and they are the ones who are affected more. The third assumption by the author is that the socioeconomic status of the society is not consistent and is sub.
This study examined the effects of multicultural education on students' conceptions of social identity. Surveys were administered to students in multicultural courses and a non-multicultural comparison course to measure changes in gender, racial, socioeconomic, religious, and sexual orientation identity. The results showed that gender and socioeconomic identity increased significantly over time for all students. Sexual orientation identity increased more for students in multicultural courses compared to the non-multicultural course. Certain minority groups like Jewish, bisexual, and Asian American students experienced greater changes in specific social identities. Younger students also tended to experience greater social identity changes.
This document summarizes a research study that examined how opinions of homosexuality have changed over time and whether preferred news media outlet is related to opinions. The study surveyed 88 people and found that participants reported decreased homophobia from age 14 to their current age. It also found that those viewing a moderate amount (3-4 sources) of news media had higher homophobia than those viewing low or high amounts. There was no relationship between social media use and homophobia. The document provides background on measuring homophobia and past research on media portrayals of homosexuality and their influence on public opinion.
This document summarizes several studies that examine the negative effects of religiosity on aggression, education, and intelligence in the United States compared to other developed nations. It discusses research by Gregory Paul that found countries with higher secularism scored better on socioeconomic success scales. Studies by Bushman et al. and Lynn et al. found correlations between religiosity and increased aggression and lower intelligence, respectively. Gallup polls in the US show divisions in beliefs about evolution and correlations with religious attendance. The purpose is to analyze impacts of religiosity on psychology in a modern nation like the US.
Current and future developments in cultural psychology of inequality in PhD r...PhD Assistance
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Review Paper – Power Point PresentationFerglapanter
This paper examines the negative effects of religiosity on aggression, education, and intelligence in the United States. It reviews research showing religiosity is correlated with increased aggression due to violent passages in religious texts. Studies also demonstrate religiosity is negatively correlated with education and intelligence, as more religious individuals are less open to knowledge. Polls reveal only 39% of Americans believe in evolution, and belief decreases with increased religious attendance. The research aims to show how religiosity hinders progress in factors contributing to America's development as a modern society.
Demography is the study of human populations and encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It analyzes the size, composition, and distribution of populations as well as changes over time through processes like fertility, mortality, migration, and social mobility. Demography can be studied from both micro and macro perspectives. As a field, it possesses the key characteristics of a science such as being a systematic body of knowledge, having testable theories, and the ability to make predictions. Demography is an important subject for economies, societies, policymakers, and administrators in addressing issues related to population growth, distribution, and development.
The Division of Race in Neighborhood StructurePaul Blazevich
This document is a research paper analyzing the division of race in neighborhood structures. It examines how ethnic groups tend to segregate into distinct areas of cities. The paper reviews 5 studies that provide evidence this segregation is not accidental, but rather a result of historic racial inequality and lack of socioeconomic mobility for minorities. The literature shows racial minorities face higher levels of environmental pollution and crime in their neighborhoods. The conclusion is that while acceptance of diversity has increased, segregation remains normalized due to the effects of multi-generational racism and economic disadvantages imposed on some groups.
Running head CULTURALLY RELEVANT RESEARCH APPROACHES1CULTURALL.docxlillie234567
Running head: CULTURALLY RELEVANT RESEARCH APPROACHES 1
CULTURALLY RELEVANT RESEARCH APPROACHES 2
Culturally Relevant Research Approaches
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Culturally Relevant Research Approaches
An analysis and a description of traditional research, addressing the question of its cultural relevance.
Traditional research is described as research done by individuals outside a specific organization. This research is aimed at offering some generalized truth on the investigated question. The basis of this research is a hypothesis where various variables are handled by a researcher in order to ascertain a particular research question through manipulation. This research is assessed from two perspectives; qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research is the analysis of data obtained through interviews, journals and observations, while quantitative involves data that is numeric. Cultural relevance tends to be critical when the human population is involved. In traditional research, quantitative research does not cater to the cultural factors of the population being researched as qualitative research does. Under the group, I am analysis that is Asian Americans. Their data were collected from interviews and observing their way of living. Understanding their culture as social workers will limit bias when handling individuals from different cultures.
An analysis and a description of what comprises culturally relevant research.
Cultural relevance is significant to social workers because it allows them to maneuver through various multicultural situations whereby they must serve clients from different backgrounds and cultures without offence or bias. Cultural relevance involves social workers working on cases to approach each case in a way that is respectful to cultural differences while showing appreciation for diversity. Therefore, research needs to be culturally relevant. This means that the research conducted should take into consideration the social, cultural and linguistic needs of the population in question. By taking into consideration these aspects, the research will gather more information and will take a shorter period.
An analysis and a description of at least three research studies that have addressed the cultural group you are exploring.
In the United States, Asian Americans are among the fastest-growing ethnic groups. In the census conducted in 2010 in the US, based on Davidson & Smith (2015), the Asian American population was over seventeen million individuals, which translates to over five percent of the population. In terms of ethnic composition, the population has the most diverse composition. Below are three studies that focus on the issues that affect this population.
Research conducted by Cheng (2015) offered a detailed analysis of the stigma levels that affected Asian Americans in terms of social and biological explanations. The population group compared was European Americans. Based on this research, th.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a research study examining the correlation between maternal acculturation level and depression among Asian American adolescents. The study aims to survey 60 immigrant Asian American adolescents and their mothers to understand how adolescents' perceptions of cultural identity and family relationships relate to their mothers' level of acculturation and the adolescents' depression levels. The introduction reviews past literature showing both positive and negative influences of family cultural dynamics on adolescent mental health outcomes. It proposes hypotheses that higher cultural identity and mother-child connectedness will correlate with lower depression, and that maternal acculturation level impacts adolescent depression through these factors. The methods section outlines plans to recruit participants from a university and collect survey data separately from adolescents and mothers to measure acc
The document discusses the cultural significance of visual art and architecture, noting that art can convey stories, movements, spiritual beliefs, and technological advances across language barriers. It recognizes that art has aesthetic, historic, scientific, and social value for past, present, and future generations. Examples are provided of how art can communicate important historic events and periods through styles and materials used, such as the Stone Age Venus of Willendorf sculpture which showed early evidence of religion and superstition.
Your friend remarked, A company will never drop a product from it.docxdanielfoster65629
Your friend remarked, “A company will never drop a product from its product line that has a positive contribution margin. It will want to garner every bit of profit that it can.” Is this true in all cases? What are the risks and benefits of evaluating product continuation or implementation using the contribution margin?
1)
Regarding the solution below. The contribution margin mainly looks at the variable costs. What potential problems could result from the product's associated fixed costs?
In this case it is important to evaluate what the friend means by positive contribution as it can be lower and higher. It is important for the firm to have an overall high product contribution in order to maintain a high profit level. The contribution levels for all products must be analysed in order to calculate the contribution of each of the products to the overall profit level (Contribution Margin, (n.d)). Hence in these examples given above we see that if any product has a positive but low contribution, then that specific product must be dropped from production the respective year due to the lack of resources so that it does not dilute the high contribution level of other products and ultimately the overall contribution level. Hence the resources for each product is very important when it comes to the decision of dropping a product based on its contribution level as a product will have low contribution if the resources for the same are low. The risk of using such an analysis is that we lose out on unanticipated increase in demand of the product that is dropped. The benefit of this analysis is that we know which products to drop in order to maintain a high profit level for all the products that are produced by the company.
Running header: RESEARCH
RESEARCH 2
Research Topic
Mixed racial and cultural groups are growing in the United States. Should each group expect to be treated as a separate entity, or should residents of the United States be considered Americans without the hyphen?
Initial Research
America is knows and the land of opportunities and this has prompted very many people to join the American society, there is a common saying that America is a nation of immigrants and perhaps this can not be very far from the truth. Form research, you realize that it is difficult to say who a Native American is because most of the Americans have their ancestral roots somewhere else. The fact that the Americans society is made up of diverse people means that there has to be a way of differentiating the various groups and that is why we have terms like African- American , which leads to the question, would there be just American or we should have American-something else?
Very year many people come to America as students or through the green card while others come as expatriates and w.
This study measured levels of homophobia and behavioral intentions toward homosexuals in 106 undergraduate students. As expected, men scored higher on the homophobia scale and were less likely to support homosexual rights than women. Strong athletic identity and religious involvement also correlated with higher homophobia. While age, year in school, and athletic status did not predict attitudes, sexual orientation and religiousness did. The findings suggest interventions are needed to improve attitudes, especially among male students.
The motivations of Romanian migrants from the qualitative research carried out by the Romanian project team under the Work Package 4 of the international research project “Growth, Equal Opportunities, Migration & Markets” (GEMM), founded by the European Commission under the HORIZON 2020 program.
- The document discusses a research project examining factors that influence poverty rates in America, specifically looking at incarceration, health, income, and race.
- The researchers hypothesized that ethnic minorities with low incomes who are incarcerated are more likely to experience poverty due to barriers to employment and healthcare access after prison.
- Analysis of 2012 GSS survey data found those with criminal records were more likely to come from low-income backgrounds, supporting the hypothesis. However, relationships between other variables like health were less clear. Overall, the findings confirm race and income influence recidivism and perpetuation of poverty.
1. Running head: THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 1
The Determinants of Immigration Opinion:
An Exploration
Mackenzie Davies
John Carroll University
Author Note:
This paper was done for John Carroll University’s PO 300 Research Methods
class, a course requirement for the graduation of all political science majors. All
research and writing was completed in Fall 2015 under the guidance of Dr.
Elizabeth Stiles.
2. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 2
Abstract
Public opinion regarding United States immigration has become more and more polarized over
recent decades. The reasons and roots behind an individual’s political stances have a variety of
dimensions including, but not limited to, income, education, race, age, and gender. After studying
the current literature on the topic of immigration opinion, hypotheses were drafted in order to find
out if there is a direct relationship between religious practices, income, and education and an
individual’s attitude towards illegal immigrants and immigration policy. The data used comes
from the 2008 American National Election Survey. Results from the study on immigration opinion
produced several statistically significant though weak relationships between the independent
determinant variables and the dependent variables of opinion and attitudes.
Introduction
Immigration reform and illegal immigrants have been a topic of hot debate in the current-
day United States. Regardless of education level, income, race, gender, religion, etc., almost
everyone has an opinion regarding border control and citizenship in addition to holding
predetermined perceptions of illegal immigrants. As a country founded by immigrants and
progressed by their lineage, the steady flow of new people coming to America has not changed,
but the principal homeland of the people seeking economic opportunity and basic freedoms has.
Past waves of immigrants have been historically European, traveling across the seas from
Italy, Germany, Ireland, Russia, and Poland, and the United Kingdom. The new wave of
immigrant people come from a different region and cultures than before, with the majority of
illegal immigrants traveling across the United States border from Central America, primarily
from their homes in Mexico. Consequently, a demographic shift has started to occur within
American borders so much so that the Pew Research Center (2015) predicts there will be no
racial or ethnic majority group of the United States’ population by the year 2065.
Under these conditions of change, it is important to understand how the American
public’s opinions and attitudes regarding immigration are influenced. Although there is current
research that aims to link plausible determinants to different facets of immigration opinion, there
are few studies that take an empirical approach in testing determinants such as education level,
3. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 3
religion, and wealth. The current literature lacks a connection between empirical observations
and theoretical approaches, a necessary component of interpreting data produced in studies of
immigration attitudes and opinion. This lack of research leaves a pertinent question for policy
makers and other organizations in charge of forming immigration policy and national initiatives
pertaining to illegal immigrants in the near future: What kinds of factors influence contemporary
American attitudes and opinions regarding illegal immigrants and immigration policy?
A Review of Existing Literature
The majority of research analyzing immigration opinion tests theoretical knowledge from
past scholars. Few works review or analyze from an empirical perspective though many studies
could test various empirical observations regarding the determinants of immigration opinion.
Nevertheless, a review of theoretical approaches is formative in understanding the roots of
opinion and attitudes having to do with immigration and immigrants, especially within the
United States. Current research is largely based in sociological theory that seek to understand
behavioral attitudes on the individual level while considering characteristics such as race, age,
education level, and religion. Other fields draw connections between public policy opinions with
correlating economic trends and social trends.
A leading researcher in current public opinion regarding immigration Berg (2009, 2010,
2015) takes a comprehensive approach in testing various theoretical perspectives. In one study,
Berg (2009) analyzed whites’ attitudes towards immigrants and immigration policy. The basis
for his research was rooted in the two theoretical perspectives, being group threat theories and
contact theory. Group threat theories hold that as an area increases in diversity, the dominant
majority group will develop a fear of losing its various forms of social, economic and political
4. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 4
power. Contact theory takes the opposite perspective, arguing that interaction amongst different
social groups increases positive intergroup attitudes and acceptance. Berg looks at core social
networks of whites, testing how the group’s composition has an effect on the dependent variable,
individual attitudes towards immigrants and immigration policy. It is important to note that, in
this context, the term ‘core network’ refers to the main social group to which an individual
belongs and regularly socializes with. The independent variables included in the analysis are the
size, ethnoracial diversity, education, age, and closeness of core networks. The multilevel
modeling approach Berg uses in this study reveals the negative affect network age has on
immigration attitudes while network education, the average education level of one’s core
network has a positive effect of immigration attitudes. Overall, Berg concludes, “regarding
whites’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy, it appears that core networks have a
statistically significant influence” (p. 28). The findings from this study provide a wider look at
the determinants of immigration attitudes.
In a comprehensive overview of five theoretical categories regarding immigration
attitudes, Berg (2015) reviews theoretical literature pertaining to the main theoretical categories,
listed as follows: Personal and social identity, self and group interest, cultural values and beliefs,
social interaction, and multilevel theories. Multilevel theories are the most pertinent to the
proposed research question at hand. The multilevel theory of intersectionality rests on three
primary tenets: Race, gender, and class are social constructions which influence personal
identities and interactions; they are also institutionalized and thereby connect to power relations
and oppression of groups of people; they are not independent dimensions of the stratification
system but rather interactive dimensions. An example of this is demonstrated in his findings
5. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 5
from a recent study, being that education levels are more likely to liberalize immigration
attitudes of whites than immigration attitudes of black counterparts (Berg, 2010).
Ceobanu and Escandell (2011) acknowledge that there are two types of attitudes that
appear in the majority of investigative studies on immigration opinions. Defined as “broad types
of such public views,” the two categories are identified as “attitudes toward immigrants and
attitudes toward immigration” (p. 313). In a comparative analysis of theories and research,
Ceobanu and Escandell found three popular micro-sociological lenses are commonly used in
individual-level studies. The perspectives are as follows: “socioeconomic correlates and self-
interests, identities and values, and contact with out-group members” (p. 317). While all three
explanations are used in such research there is a lack of studies that seek to study plausible
intersectionality of the three perspectives; such as how socioeconomic factors or how identity
and values characteristic to various religions, for example, may have an impact on the amount of
meaningful contact one has with people outside of their immediate social group—all of which
could indirectly effect immigration opinion and attitudes due to the connected nature of all three
facets.
In contrast to the theoretical perspective approach popular in the field of opinion studies,
Mayda (2006) analyzes the economic and non-economic determinants of individual attitudes
towards immigrants. Interestingly, the empirical approach used by Mayda shows strong
consistencies with the theoretical socioeconomic correlates and self-interest perspective
identified by Ceobanu and Escandell. Mayda’s findings support labor-market hypotheses that
claim higher incomes correlate with more negative attitudes towards immigration. Other studies
however show mixed data on the relationship between economics and immigration attitudes. A
study done by Espenshade and Hemphill (1996) shows that those with a more positive view of
6. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 6
the economy demonstrate warmer acceptance of immigrants than those with a pessimistic
outlook on the economy. Scheve and Slaughter (2001) demonstrate a similar correlation, with
occupation wage and education years being strongly significant in predicting support for
immigration restrictions.
Aside from a solely economic study, Espenshade and Hemphill (1996) provide a well-
rounded analysis of the determinants of immigration attitudes and acceptance within the United
States. Results of the study indicated that education and income both show a positive association
with desired levels of immigration into the United States (p. 547). The outcome of age’s affect
on desired levels of immigration showed no significant relationship (p. 549). The legitimacy of
this conclusion is limited, however, as the study separates age into only two broad categorical
levels.
Several works of literature take a racial approach to analyzing immigration attitudes. A
study done by Ayers, Hofstetter, Schnakenberg, and Kolody (2009) analyzes Anglos’ prejudice
or bias towards Latinos and its relationship to desired immigration policies. Much of their
findings were consistent with group threat theories. Many scholars, including Harwood (1985),
have found that Hispanics are much more likely to exhibit pro-immigrant attitudes than non-
Hispanics, plausibly because much of the immigration debate surround this group.
Knoll (2009) explores immigration reform as a perceivably moral issue for the American
public. Previous studies have shown that religious beliefs of an individual play a formative role
in their development of political ideology and worldviews (Feldman 1988). Knoll tests this
knowledge with his first hypothesis; “Mainline Protestants, evangelical Protestants, and
Catholics are more likely to support liberal immigration policies than those with other affiliation
7. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 7
or those with no religious affiliation” (p. 316). This lens of religious tradition as an indicator of
political behavior can be referred to as ethnoreligous perspective.
Knoll also tests the religious restructuralism perspective, holding that an individual’s
religious behavior and commitment is what predicts political ideology rather than religious
tradition. The religious restructuralism perspective serves as the basis for Knoll’s second
hypothesis: “Mainline protestants, evangelical Protestants, and Catholics who attend religious
services more frequently are more likely to support liberal immigration reform policies than
those who attend less frequently” (p. 317). This is another example of an interactive relationship
similar to results produced in studies done by Berg. The third hypothesis tested by Knoll is
rooted in the religious marginalization perspective, being, “Members of minority religions,
specifically Jews, Latter-day Saints, and “other” are more likely to support liberal immigration
reform policies than those with other religious affiliations” (p. 318). The religious
marginalization perspective sees religious minority groups as having empathy for other minority
groups within society. This theory is supported by numerous scholars, including Fetzer (1998,
2000) whose studies indicate that pro-immigrant policy is likely to be supported by both ethnic
and religious minorities in the United States as well as among various other countries. Knoll
(2009) tested the hypotheses through multivariate analysis at the individual level of data found in
the Pew Research Center’s “2006 Immigration Survey.” The data showed little statistical
significance for the ethnoreligous hypothesis but supported both the religious restructuralism and
religious marginalization hypotheses.
Pertinent literature and past studies on the topic of immigration opinion and, less
specifically, the determinants of political ideology show to have strong theoretical foundations.
The correlation between individual level determinants and immigration opinion has been noted
8. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 8
in the current literature, though more research needs to be done to show consistent significance
for a variety of independent variables and the dependent variables of attitudes towards
immigrants and immigration policy. Few studies have sought to explore the direct relationship,
if any, between religion and immigration opinion from either theoretical or empirical approaches.
Additionally, the literature does not exhibit a clear consensus regarding possible correlations
between socioeconomic and immigration attitudes. Through my understanding of current
literature, I can hypothesize that independent variables such as socioeconomic status, age, race,
education and religion all have a determining effect on the dependent variables of immigration
attitudes and opinion at hand.
Theories & Hypotheses
Immigration has long been a controversial topic for American politics that shows a
divisive array of public opinions. The highly polarizing debate has prompted many researchers
to conduct surveys with the aim of measuring respondents’ feelings towards different facets of
illegal immigration in the United States. This paper will test different hypotheses regarding the
determinants of immigration attitudes. The first two hypotheses were formed in parallel to the
religious restructuralism perspective, a theory that holds one’s level of religious dedication and
involvement is reflected in individual’s political ideology, though were rooted in initial empirical
observation:
H1: In a comparison of individuals, those who frequently attend religious services will
be more likely to have a favorable opinion of illegal immigrants than those who
attend religious services less frequently.
H2: In a comparison of individuals, those who pray more frequently will be more
likely to have a favorable opinion of illegal immigrants than those who pray less
frequently.
9. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 9
The second relationship to be tested is an individual’s income and their support or lack thereof
for a three-year work period for illegal immigrants. Based on my understanding of past research
done by Scheve and Slaughter (2001) and the labor-market perspective as well as real world
observations, my third hypothesis is as follows:
H3: In a comparison of individuals, those with higher incomes will be less likely to
favor a three-year work period for illegal immigrants than those with lower
incomes.
The final relationship analyzed in this study is the effect an individual’s education level has on
one’s opinion of immigration policies. Past empirical studies have found a positive relationship
between education levels and support for liberal immigration policies. The fourth and final
hypothesis was formed in consistency with past research and personal academic experience:
H4: In a comparison of individuals, those with higher education levels will be more
likely to support finding a citizenship process for illegal immigrants than those
with lower education levels.
Methodology & Data
The data used in this analysis comes from the 2008 American National Election Study
(NES 2008). This dataset provides several operational variables for studying different facets of
immigration attitudes and opinions in the United States. Due to the ordinal nature of the data,
frequency charts, cross tabulations, controlled comparisons, Somer’s d and chi-square tests of
significance are used as the methods of analysis in this study. The dependent variables are level
of support for a citizenship process for illegal immigrants, level of support or lack thereof for a
three year work period for illegal immigrants, and feelings towards illegal immigrants. The
independent variables are income, frequency of prayer, level of religious attendance, and
education. Ideology will serve as the control variable.
10. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 10
Variables
In order to properly test both the first and second hypotheses, it was necessary for the
dependent variable, illegals_therm, to be recoded to illegals_therm3. Instead of measuring the
respondent’s feeling towards illegal immigrants on a 100 point scale, illegals_therm3 measures
the levels of attitude in three categories: unfavorable, coded “1”; neutral, coded “2”; and
favorable, coded “3”. The independent variable for H1 is relig_attend. It ranks religious
frequency of attendance to religious services on a scale of 1 to 5: every week, coded “1”; almost
every week, coded “2”; once or twice a month, coded “3”; a few times a year, coded “4”; never,
coded “5”. The independent variable for H2 is relig_pray. Relig_pray measures how often the
respondent prays on a scale of 1 to 5, the possibilities are as follows: several times a day, coded
“1”; once a day, coded “2”; a few times a week, coded “3”; once a week or less, coded “4”;
never, coded “5”.
The dependent variable tested in the third hypothesis measures the respondents’ support
of policy regarding a three-year work period for illegal immigrants in the United States. It can
be found in the dataset as illegal_wrk, measuring opinions on a seven-point scale: favor a great
deal, coded “1”; favor moderately, coded “2”; favor a little, coded “3”; neither favor nor oppose,
coded “4”; oppose a little, coded “5”; oppose moderately, coded “6”; oppose a great deal, coded
“7”. The independent variable used to test H3 is income_r3 measures the income of the
respondent using three categories: low, coded “1”; middle, coded “2”; and high, coded “3”.
The variable illegal_citizenship_r serves as the dependent variable in the fourth
hypothesis. It measures the respondents’ support of a path of citizenship for illegal immigrants.
Like the dependent variable in H3, it uses the same seven-point scale: favor a great deal, coded
“1”; favor moderately, coded “2”; favor a little, coded “3”; neither favor nor oppose, coded “4”;
11. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 11
oppose a little, coded “5”; oppose moderately, coded “6”; oppose a great deal, coded “7”. The
independent variable used to test H4 is educ_r2, which separates level of completed education
into two categories: high school or less and any formal education beyond high school.
Analysis & Interpretation
To determine if there was a relationship between the variables in the first hypotheses, a
cross-tabular analysis was run. A restatement of the first hypothesis and a summary of findings
can be found below:
H1: In a comparison of individuals, those who frequently attend religious services will
be more likely have a favorable opinion of illegal immigrants than those who
attend religious services less frequently.
Table 1: Effect of Religious Attendance on Attitudes Towards Illegal Immigrants
It is not immediately clear if there is a positive relationship between attendance of religious
services and opinion of illegal immigrants though those who have middle and high level of
attendance do show a more favorable attitude than those with low levels of attendance. The data
indicates that 27.3% of those with high levels of religious attendance show favorable attitudes
towards illegal immigrants as opposed the 21.7% of favorable attitudes in those with low levels
of religious attendance. However, this apparent relationship could be an artifact of sampling
error. To measure the significance of the relationship a chi-square test was included in the data
TABLE 1 Level of attendance to religious services
Low Middle High Tota1
Attitude
Towards
Illegal
Immigrants
TABLE 1
(con’t.)
Unfavorable 58.8%
(634)
51.5%
(152)
52.1%
(364)
55.5%
(1150)
Neutral 19.6%
(211)
20.0%
(59)
20.6%
(144)
20.0%
(414)
Favorable 21.7%
(234)
28.5%
(84)
27.3%
(191)
24.6%
(509)
Total 100.0%
(1079)
100.0%
(295)
100.0%
(699)
100.0%
(2073)
Chi-Square: 12.260 P-value: .016 Somers’ D: -.064
12. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 12
analysis. If the null hypothesis is correct, from the population that the sample was drawn there
will be no relationship between those who frequently attend church service and those who hold
favorable opinions of illegal immigrants and random sampling error will produce a chi-square
value of 12.260 only 1.6% of the time. Using the standard measure of .05 we are able to reject
the null hypothesis, therefore the relationship is significant. The absolute value of somers’d,
being 0.064, indicates a very weak, and therefore insignificant, relationship frequency of
attendance at religious services and attitudes held towards illegal immigrants.
A cross-tabular analysis was also used to test the second hypothesis. A restatement of H2
and a summary of findings can be found below:
H2: In a comparison of individuals, those who pray more frequently will be more
likely to have a favorable opinion of illegal immigrants than those who pray less
frequently.
Table 2: Effect of Prayer on Attitudes Toward Illegal Immigrants
TABLE 2 How often does R pray?
Not Frequently Frequently Tota1
Attitude
Towards
Illegal
Immigrants
Unfavorable 57.5%
(558)
53.8%
(588)
55.6%
(1146)
Neutral 20.8%
(202)
19.2%
(210)
20.0%
(412)
Favorable 21.7%
(211)
26.9%
(294)
24.5%
(505)
Total 100.0%
(971)
100.0%
(1092)
100.0%
(2063)
Chi-Square: 7.511 P-value: .023 Somers’ d: .050
The cross-tabular analysis for this hypothesis does show a positive relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variable. Those who pray more frequently have 5.2% of
an increase in favorable attitudes toward immigrants than those who do not pray as often. Under
the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct, in the population from which the sample was
drawn, there is no relationship between those who frequently pray and those who hold favorable
opinions of illegal immigrants, then random sampling error will produce the chi-square value of
13. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 13
7.511 a mere 2.3% of the time. Again, with the benchmark of .05 in mind, we can reject the null
hypothesis. The somers’d indicates that knowing frequency of prayer enables us to improve our
prediction of attitudes towards illegal immigrants roughly 5% percent by knowing the
independent variable of prayer frequency.
A restatement and analysis by crosstabs and chi square analysis of the third hypothesis
follows:
H3: In comparison of individuals, those with higher incomes will be less likely to
favor a three-year work period for illegal immigrants than those with lower
incomes.
Table 3: Effect of Income on Immigrant Work Period Opinion
TABLE 3 Respondents’ Income
TotalLow Middle High
Favor/Oppose
3-year work
period for
United States’
illegal
immigrants
Favor a great
deal
10.7%
(42)
11.8%
(37)
8.5%
(30)
10.3%
(109)
Favor
moderately
8.4%
(33)
9.6%
(30)
14.5%
(51)
10.4%
(114)
Favor a little 4.1%
(16)
3.5%
(11)
2.0%
(7)
3.2%
(34)
Neither favor
nor oppose
21.1%
(83)
17.2%
(54)
17.6%
(62)
18.8%
(199)
Oppose a
little
4.1%
(16)
3.5%
(11)
1.7%
(6)
3.1%
(33)
Oppose
moderately
12.9%
(51)
13.7%
(43)
13.9%
(49)
13.5%
(143)
Oppose a
great deal
38.8%
(153)
40.8%
(128)
41.8%
(147)
40.4%
(428)
Total 100.0%
(394)
100.0%
(314)
100.0%
(352)
100.0%
(1060)
Chi-Square: 17.332 P-value: .138 Somers’ d: .014
The relationship between income level and support of a three-year work period for illegal
immigrants demonstrates a negative correlation between the independent and dependent
variables as Hypothesis 3 predicted. Only 8.5% of high-income individuals were shown to
greatly favor a work period for illegal immigrants as opposed to their middle and low-income
counterparts, respectively showing 11.8% and 10.7% to favor the proposed immigrant work
14. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 14
period a great deal. Given the p-value of .138, though, the null hypothesis would produce the
observed chi-square value of 17.332 nearly 14% of the time, therefore the null hypothesis is
accepted.
The final hypothesis was tested using the same methods as the three preceding. A
summary of the findings is found below:
H4: In a comparison of individuals, those with higher education levels will be more
likely to support finding a citizenship process for illegal immigrants than those
with lower education levels.
Table 4: Effect of Education on Citizenship Policy Opinions
TABLE 4 Level of completed education by R
TotalHigh School or Less Beyond High School
Favor/Oppose
a path to
citizenship
for United
States’ illegal
immigrants
Favor a great
deal
23.1%
(84)
23.6%
(135)
23.4%
(219)
Favor
moderately
21.5%
(78)
32.3%
(185)
28.1%
(263)
Favor a little 8.5%
(31)
6.5%
(37)
7.3%
(68)
Oppose a
little
3.3%
(12)
2.3%
(13)
2.7%
(25)
Oppose a
moderately
7.7%
(28)
10.6%
(61)
9.5%
(89)
Oppose a
great deal
35.8%
(130)
24.8%
(142)
29.1%
(272)
Total 100.0%
(363)
100.0%
(573)
100.0%
(936)
Chi-Square: 22.775 P-value: .000 Somers’ d: -.103
The data analysis of education and opinion regarding a path to citizenship supports
Hypothesis 4. Taking into account all three various levels of favoring citizenship for illegal
immigrants, 53.1% of those who obtained a high school or less education level supported
citizenship initiatives as opposed to the greater 62.4% support from those who completed
education beyond high school. Furthermore, the data shows that those with less education to
greatly oppose citizenship pathways 11% than those with higher education. Under the
assumption that the null hypothesis is correct, a chi-square test statistic of 22.775 would be found
15. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 15
nearly zero percent of the time, which enables us to reject the null. The somers’d indicates that
knowing education level enables us to improve our prediction of opinions regarding a path to
citizenship 10.3 percent by knowing the independent variable of education level.
Conclusions
Tests for Hypothesis 1, 2 and 4 each supported their respective hypothesis with
statistically significant results though seemingly weak relationships between the independent and
dependent variables. The third hypothesis, however, was not supported by the data analysis that
sought to draw a connection between income level and support of an immigrant work period.
Possible reasoning for this could be xenophobic attitudes, or, while people may not support a
work period for illegal immigrants, they rather advocate for a more inclusive citizenship process.
If this were the case, there instead may be a plausible relationship between income level and
one’s support of a pathway to citizenship.
Consistent with the religiosity theory proposed by Knoll (2009), the results from testing
H1 and H2 showed statistically significant but weak relationships between both frequencies of
prayer and levels of religious attendance in correlation to one’s attitude towards illegal
immigrants. The strongest relationship demonstrated by the study was between education level
and support of a citizenship process for illegal immigrants after testing the empirical observation
of H4—a seemingly curious coincidence considering the majority of previous research and
literature in the area of immigration opinion has been rooted in theoretical frameworks.
As the data analysis showed statistically significant relationships between the
independent variables of prayer, religious attendance, and education, stronger relationships might
be shown if control variables were inserted into the analysis. Controlling for characteristics such
16. THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 16
as age, race, gender, political ideology, or specific religion contain the possibility of unveiling
spurious relationships between each of the variables tested in the first, second, and fourth
hypothesis.
Though drawing confident conclusions regarding the determinants of immigration
opinion would be premature after reviewing the results of this study, the importance of
continuing research in this area should not be undermined. Given that immigration debate has
maintained its hot seat on the American political stage, public opinion research specific to illegal
immigration and immigrants has become increasingly important as the face of America continues
to change in big ways. Understanding public attitudes on illegal immigration and immigrants
has become a pertinent facet to drafting successful policies and cultural initiatives for the future.
Careful research studies have the responsibility of advising American politicians, think tanks and
cultural organization so that the country can best move forward as the United States population
continues its significant demographic shift throughout the coming decades.
17. Running head: THE DETERMINANTS OF IMMIGRATION OPINION 17
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