This document provides a summary of recent research related to racism. It begins with an introduction from Dr. Zarrin Siddiqui, the president of ECCWA Research, stating the organization's goal of promoting multiculturalism. The document then summarizes six research articles on topics related to racism, including how exposure to racism affects birth outcomes for African American women, the relationship between structural racism and risk of heart attacks among black Americans, and discourses of denial around racism in local anti-racism efforts in Australia. The introduction notes that ECCWA Research Briefs are intended to keep abreast of recent research important for ethnic communities and provide overviews of key issues.
A psychological autopsy of an intellectually gifted student with attention de...KarinaBorges32
This document presents a psychological autopsy of an 18-year-old male who was intellectually gifted but also had attention deficit disorder. The autopsy uses theories of suicide and research on gifted students to analyze his life and death by suicide. It finds that he exhibited traits common to other gifted students who died by suicide, like intense emotions, polarized thinking, and discussions of suicide with peers. Schools need resources to support students with dual exceptionalities to prevent future deaths. Understanding the unique experiences of gifted students can help identify those at risk and promote their well-being.
Black Males, Social Imagery, and the Disruption of Pathological IdentitiesJonathan Dunnemann
Throughout the history of the U.S., racialized groups have often had their experiences profoundly shaped by social imagery in ways that have created tremendous hardships in the quest for
self-actualization and a healthy sense of self.
The purpose of this article is to shed light on the manner in which Black males have been one of the primary victims of negative social imagery and how the remnants of these constructions continue to have contemporary influences, ....
PO 450 Final Research Project - Alejandro LunaAlejandro Luna
This document summarizes research from several studies about adolescent suicide and criminal accountability for coercing suicide. It discusses how surveys and interviews were conducted to understand the psychological factors behind suicidal victims, especially among LGBT youth. The studies found that LGBT individuals reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and abuse. They were more likely to experience harassment, fear for their safety, and consider suicide. The document examines laws regarding bias intimidation and controversial debates around freedom of speech versus equal protection. It analyzes the external influences that can play a role in suicide, like bullying, isolation, desire for revenge. The goal is to better understand the roots and severity of coercing suicide.
This study aims to examine how aspects of poverty affect the information seeking behaviors of transgender individuals. A survey will be administered in person in San Francisco to collect data on participants' experiences with poverty indicators (e.g. housing instability, low income) and how they fulfill information needs (e.g. internet, support groups). Snowball sampling will be used to reach as many participants as possible. Results will be analyzed to identify correlations between forms of poverty and search methods used. The 12-week study involves obtaining permissions, collecting data for 7 weeks, analyzing results, and reporting findings. Care will be taken to ensure participants feel respected.
Manchester's Services for Minority Communities Report 2016Jonny Wineberg
This document summarizes the findings of a research study that examined the needs and views of minority communities in Manchester. It found that the top concerns were unemployment, financial security, racism, and mental health. Muslims expressed higher levels of worry across most issues surveyed. The qualitative responses revealed concerns about discrimination, lack of understanding between faiths, extremism, and language barriers. Recommendations included better services for jobs, finances, and policing in Muslim areas, as well as more opportunities for different groups to engage with each other.
This document discusses the high rate of high school dropouts in the United States. It notes that approximately 1.2 million students dropout each year, which is alarmingly high for a developed country. African Americans have the highest dropout rates at 56%, followed closely by Latinos at 54%. Poverty and racism are identified as key contributing factors. Those who dropout earn less on average and face higher unemployment. The purpose of the study is to explore the root causes of high dropout rates to identify effective solutions. Research questions focus on the problems caused by dropout, the relationship between poverty/racism and rates, and potential remedies. The study will use a qualitative design analyzing secondary data through literature review.
From the Civil Rights to Incarceration Nation by Doctor BrownPATRICK MAELO
The document summarizes key points from an article by Dr. Brown about racial inequality and the rise of mass incarceration in the United States. Dr. Brown argues that racial hierarchies remain firmly entrenched, with African Americans facing higher arrest and conviction rates for drug crimes despite similar usage rates compared to whites. The success of the civil rights movement gave rise to purportedly race-neutral policies like the war on drugs that disproportionately impacted black communities. Dr. Brown also shows that incarceration rates are much higher for black women and that imprisonment negatively impacts former inmates' employment and family prospects. Statistical evidence from tables and graphs supports the finding that lack of education is linked to unemployment and imprisonment for African Americans.
The document discusses the high costs of mass incarceration in the United States, both financially and socially. The U.S. spends $80 billion annually to imprison over 2.4 million people, disproportionately people of color. In addition to incarcerated individuals, their families also suffer severe economic and social consequences. Families struggle to meet basic needs, pay excessive court costs, and maintain connections through expensive prison visits and calls. Formerly incarcerated people also face significant barriers to housing, employment, education, and public benefits. These costs are shouldered not just by individuals but by communities who are deprived of resources better spent on social programs. Reforms are needed to reduce incarceration and reinvest savings in social services and support for
A psychological autopsy of an intellectually gifted student with attention de...KarinaBorges32
This document presents a psychological autopsy of an 18-year-old male who was intellectually gifted but also had attention deficit disorder. The autopsy uses theories of suicide and research on gifted students to analyze his life and death by suicide. It finds that he exhibited traits common to other gifted students who died by suicide, like intense emotions, polarized thinking, and discussions of suicide with peers. Schools need resources to support students with dual exceptionalities to prevent future deaths. Understanding the unique experiences of gifted students can help identify those at risk and promote their well-being.
Black Males, Social Imagery, and the Disruption of Pathological IdentitiesJonathan Dunnemann
Throughout the history of the U.S., racialized groups have often had their experiences profoundly shaped by social imagery in ways that have created tremendous hardships in the quest for
self-actualization and a healthy sense of self.
The purpose of this article is to shed light on the manner in which Black males have been one of the primary victims of negative social imagery and how the remnants of these constructions continue to have contemporary influences, ....
PO 450 Final Research Project - Alejandro LunaAlejandro Luna
This document summarizes research from several studies about adolescent suicide and criminal accountability for coercing suicide. It discusses how surveys and interviews were conducted to understand the psychological factors behind suicidal victims, especially among LGBT youth. The studies found that LGBT individuals reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and abuse. They were more likely to experience harassment, fear for their safety, and consider suicide. The document examines laws regarding bias intimidation and controversial debates around freedom of speech versus equal protection. It analyzes the external influences that can play a role in suicide, like bullying, isolation, desire for revenge. The goal is to better understand the roots and severity of coercing suicide.
This study aims to examine how aspects of poverty affect the information seeking behaviors of transgender individuals. A survey will be administered in person in San Francisco to collect data on participants' experiences with poverty indicators (e.g. housing instability, low income) and how they fulfill information needs (e.g. internet, support groups). Snowball sampling will be used to reach as many participants as possible. Results will be analyzed to identify correlations between forms of poverty and search methods used. The 12-week study involves obtaining permissions, collecting data for 7 weeks, analyzing results, and reporting findings. Care will be taken to ensure participants feel respected.
Manchester's Services for Minority Communities Report 2016Jonny Wineberg
This document summarizes the findings of a research study that examined the needs and views of minority communities in Manchester. It found that the top concerns were unemployment, financial security, racism, and mental health. Muslims expressed higher levels of worry across most issues surveyed. The qualitative responses revealed concerns about discrimination, lack of understanding between faiths, extremism, and language barriers. Recommendations included better services for jobs, finances, and policing in Muslim areas, as well as more opportunities for different groups to engage with each other.
This document discusses the high rate of high school dropouts in the United States. It notes that approximately 1.2 million students dropout each year, which is alarmingly high for a developed country. African Americans have the highest dropout rates at 56%, followed closely by Latinos at 54%. Poverty and racism are identified as key contributing factors. Those who dropout earn less on average and face higher unemployment. The purpose of the study is to explore the root causes of high dropout rates to identify effective solutions. Research questions focus on the problems caused by dropout, the relationship between poverty/racism and rates, and potential remedies. The study will use a qualitative design analyzing secondary data through literature review.
From the Civil Rights to Incarceration Nation by Doctor BrownPATRICK MAELO
The document summarizes key points from an article by Dr. Brown about racial inequality and the rise of mass incarceration in the United States. Dr. Brown argues that racial hierarchies remain firmly entrenched, with African Americans facing higher arrest and conviction rates for drug crimes despite similar usage rates compared to whites. The success of the civil rights movement gave rise to purportedly race-neutral policies like the war on drugs that disproportionately impacted black communities. Dr. Brown also shows that incarceration rates are much higher for black women and that imprisonment negatively impacts former inmates' employment and family prospects. Statistical evidence from tables and graphs supports the finding that lack of education is linked to unemployment and imprisonment for African Americans.
The document discusses the high costs of mass incarceration in the United States, both financially and socially. The U.S. spends $80 billion annually to imprison over 2.4 million people, disproportionately people of color. In addition to incarcerated individuals, their families also suffer severe economic and social consequences. Families struggle to meet basic needs, pay excessive court costs, and maintain connections through expensive prison visits and calls. Formerly incarcerated people also face significant barriers to housing, employment, education, and public benefits. These costs are shouldered not just by individuals but by communities who are deprived of resources better spent on social programs. Reforms are needed to reduce incarceration and reinvest savings in social services and support for
This document summarizes a student paper that explored the determinants of immigration opinion in the United States. The paper reviewed existing literature on factors that influence attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy, including income, education, religion, age, gender, and race. It hypothesized relationships between religious practices, income, and education with opinions on illegal immigrants and immigration. The student analyzed data from the 2008 American National Election Survey to test these relationships, finding some statistically significant but weak correlations between the determinant variables and measures of immigration opinion.
Ethnicity and family Relationships within and between ethnic groupsThink Ethnic
- The document analyzes ethnic relationships and family composition in Britain using data from 2004-2008. It finds that while 85% of individuals identified as White British, nearly 20% of children belonged to a minority group.
- Rates of inter-ethnic partnerships (relationships between people from different ethnic groups) were higher among minority groups compared to the White British majority. Groups that were more geographically concentrated or economically marginalized, such as Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, had lower rates of inter-ethnic partnerships.
- Younger individuals, those born in Britain, and men (with some exceptions) generally had higher rates of inter-ethnic partnerships compared to their respective groups. The analysis suggests Britain's population
This document summarizes an honors thesis project examining the overrepresentation of sexual violence and assault among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women. The project conducted qualitative interviews with 8 participants to identify possible factors contributing to higher rates of sexual assault among AIAN women compared to other groups. Previous research found AIAN women are over 2 times more likely to experience sexual assault. The thesis aims to gain a deeper understanding of this issue by exploring intimate partner violence, tribal law complexities, and intergenerational trauma as potential influencing factors. It also discusses the study's methodology and plans for analysis to connect findings to sociological theory and policy implications.
Problems of inequaltity and power presentationLisa Moen
This document discusses racism in Canada through examining its definition, causes, and examples. Racism stems from the belief that certain races are superior, creating an imbalance of power. While Canada prides itself on multiculturalism, more progress is needed to overcome subtle forms of racism like aversive and modern racism. Examples of racism in Canada include prejudice, stereotyping, and racial profiling experienced especially by First Nations people. Causes include learned racism through socialization and media portrayals of stereotypes. Solutions proposed are education to address individual racism and political strategies like anti-discrimination laws to improve socioeconomic status and replace negative images.
Fractionalization alesinassrn fractionalizationEspi Sul
This document presents new measures of ethnic, linguistic, and religious fractionalization for around 190 countries. It provides these measures to reexamine the relationship between fractionalization and economic growth and quality of institutions. The authors find that ethnic and linguistic fractionalization are negatively associated with growth and quality of government, while religious fractionalization shows no significant relationship or a slight positive one. The results depend on the specification used, and the variables are often highly correlated, making causal relationships difficult to determine precisely. Overall, the paper aims to provide more comprehensive fractionalization data and a nuanced analysis of the complex links between diversity and economic and political outcomes.
Lgbt identity, violence, and social justiceIim Ibrahim
This document discusses LGBT identity, violence, and social justice. It begins by reviewing statistics on violence against LGBT people internationally and in the US. Reasons for this violence include challenging gender norms and laws/policies that criminalize LGBT identities. The psychological effects of victimization are also discussed. The document argues that mental health professionals should play a greater role in advocating for LGBT social justice issues and rights.
This document summarizes the cover art and contents of the 2015-16 volume of the Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy. The cover art, titled "Veritas Black", connects the horrors of slavery to Harvard University. The volume contains articles, commentaries, interviews, and creative works that illuminate student movements to affirm black identity and visibility on college campuses. It discusses strategies for changing institutional culture, reconciling curriculum with historical biases, defining privilege, and sustaining black student mental health and success through Critical Race Theory.
The document discusses issues around media representation of religion in New Zealand. It notes that both the media landscape and religious demography are diverse. Minority religious groups often feel dissatisfied with stereotypical or sensationalized portrayals. The author argues that journalists need better training and expertise around religions to competently cover religious topics and dimensions of news stories. Establishing a working group to develop guidelines around responsible and accurate religious coverage could help address these issues.
How National Identities Are Built: An Empirical Test of the Theory of “Image...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study is an empirical test of Anderson's (2006) theory of "imagined communities" among the BRICS nations and the U.S. Using data collected through the fifth wave of the World Values Survey from Brazil, China, India, India, South Africa, and US, the study confirmed the argument of Anderson who believes that mass media have been the major channel for citizens of nation-states to construct their national identities. Religion’s impacts on the constriction of national identity, national proudness, and global identity is complex. Interestingly, the data revealed that national identity does not lessen global identity, which is positively associated with the postmaterialist value that is prevalent among the younger generations.
This document provides an abstract and literature review for a study on women of color politicians and social media. The abstract outlines that the author conducted a qualitative content analysis of posts by women of color Members of Congress on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to assess how they self-gender and discuss issues related to their intersectional identities. The literature review covers research on the evolution of women in politics, traditional media representations of female politicians that often rely on gender stereotypes, and the rise of social media in politics. However, little research has examined women of color politicians and social media. The author aims to address this gap by analyzing how women of color politicians gender themselves online.
Ethnic Classification in Global Perspective: A Cross-National Survey of the 2...FactaMedia
This document analyzes data from 141 national censuses conducted between 1995-2004 to classify approaches to ethnic enumeration worldwide. It finds that 63% of censuses included questions about ethnicity, but used diverse terminology (e.g. race, nationality) and question/answer formats that varied regionally. The study aims to develop a taxonomy of ethnic classification approaches to inform theories on why countries classify ethnicity differently and to provide applied demographers with alternative census models.
This document summarizes research on sexual assault statistics and prevention tactics at colleges. It finds that the majority of Utah universities have centers for women that provide counseling and education on sexual assault. However, some universities do more like offer self-defense classes or discuss assault prevention during orientation. The research also finds that assaults are more common during the fall semester and often involve alcohol/drugs. Most victims know their attackers as friends or acquaintances. While informing students and parents of university resources can help prevention and guide victims, more support is still needed, especially for LGBTQ students and students of color.
The Significance of Racial Identity in the Development of African American Children is a presentation I have done on how a strong sense of belonging to one's ethnic/racial group, an understanding of group history, and participation in group cultural activities contributes to positive child development in African American and Native American children.
Dramatizing gender stereotypes and violence within the context of hiv aids in...Alexander Decker
This document discusses gender stereotypes and their role in fueling the spread of HIV/AIDS in Kenya. It analyzes the Kenyan television drama Siri, which aims to challenge harmful stereotypes about masculinity and femininity that increase risks of HIV transmission. The drama seeks to provide information to empower women to make their own reproductive health choices and encourage men to support women's health. Analyzing episodes, the author argues that addressing gender stereotypes and norms through entertainment-education strategies in media can help curb the continued spread of HIV/AIDS by breaking cycles of misinformation.
Implicit bias among teachers is a significant contributor to the disproportio...Clementine Muthoni
This document is a dissertation proposal that examines implicit bias among teachers as a contributor to disproportionate out-of-school suspension rates in American schools. The proposal includes an introduction that provides background on implicit bias and outlines the problem statement, purpose, objectives, research questions, significance, and limitations of the study. It also includes a literature review chapter that discusses the theoretical framework of implicit theories, connectionist theories, and dual process theory of implicit bias. The chapter also examines themes related to implicit bias such as racism, gender, and lifestyle.
This document discusses media reporting of religion in New Zealand. It notes that while codes of conduct exist for journalists, complaints about misrepresentation of religion in media continue. Recent cases from the UK and US show religious identification in stories can be problematic and even lead to false accusations. The field of studying "religion and media" has grown and looks at how religion is framed in coverage. While regulations exist, more may be needed to improve reporting and address ongoing complaints about coverage of religion.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed 395 students at York College about their views on immigration, race, and education. The study aimed to examine how demographic factors influence opinions on immigrants and immigration. A survey was administered that asked questions about perceptions of immigrants and their contributions. The results found that immigrant students tended to be more supportive of immigration than opposed, but there was no significant relationship found between variables. Limitations included a small sample size and concise survey questions.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document examines the relationship between race, education, and voting using data from the 2012 General Social Survey. Crosstab analyses found that whites were more likely to vote than blacks or others, and those with a bachelor's degree or higher were more likely to vote than those with less education, supporting the two hypotheses. The analyses revealed a statistically significant correlation between both race and education level with likelihood of voting.
The Division of Race in Neighborhood StructurePaul Blazevich
This document is a research paper analyzing the division of race in neighborhood structures. It examines how ethnic groups tend to segregate into distinct areas of cities. The paper reviews 5 studies that provide evidence this segregation is not accidental, but rather a result of historic racial inequality and lack of socioeconomic mobility for minorities. The literature shows racial minorities face higher levels of environmental pollution and crime in their neighborhoods. The conclusion is that while acceptance of diversity has increased, segregation remains normalized due to the effects of multi-generational racism and economic disadvantages imposed on some groups.
The religious landscape of America is becoming more diverse, with three key trends:
1) White Christians now account for less than half of the population, declining from over 80% in the 1970s.
2) Non-Christian religions are growing, though still small at less than 10% combined.
3) America's youngest religious groups are non-Christian, with over 30% of Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists under 30, compared to under 15% of white Christian groups.
O cavaquinho é um instrumento de origem portuguesa que se tornou popular no Brasil. Começou sendo usado para acompanhar danças e músicas festivas em Portugal, mas foi levado para diversas colônias portuguesas incluindo o Brasil, onde se tornou essencial para estilos como o choro e o samba. Ao longo dos anos, o cavaquinho evoluiu em sua construção e uso, com novos estilos surgindo e cavaquinhistas inovando a aplicação do instrumento.
This document summarizes a student paper that explored the determinants of immigration opinion in the United States. The paper reviewed existing literature on factors that influence attitudes toward immigrants and immigration policy, including income, education, religion, age, gender, and race. It hypothesized relationships between religious practices, income, and education with opinions on illegal immigrants and immigration. The student analyzed data from the 2008 American National Election Survey to test these relationships, finding some statistically significant but weak correlations between the determinant variables and measures of immigration opinion.
Ethnicity and family Relationships within and between ethnic groupsThink Ethnic
- The document analyzes ethnic relationships and family composition in Britain using data from 2004-2008. It finds that while 85% of individuals identified as White British, nearly 20% of children belonged to a minority group.
- Rates of inter-ethnic partnerships (relationships between people from different ethnic groups) were higher among minority groups compared to the White British majority. Groups that were more geographically concentrated or economically marginalized, such as Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, had lower rates of inter-ethnic partnerships.
- Younger individuals, those born in Britain, and men (with some exceptions) generally had higher rates of inter-ethnic partnerships compared to their respective groups. The analysis suggests Britain's population
This document summarizes an honors thesis project examining the overrepresentation of sexual violence and assault among American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women. The project conducted qualitative interviews with 8 participants to identify possible factors contributing to higher rates of sexual assault among AIAN women compared to other groups. Previous research found AIAN women are over 2 times more likely to experience sexual assault. The thesis aims to gain a deeper understanding of this issue by exploring intimate partner violence, tribal law complexities, and intergenerational trauma as potential influencing factors. It also discusses the study's methodology and plans for analysis to connect findings to sociological theory and policy implications.
Problems of inequaltity and power presentationLisa Moen
This document discusses racism in Canada through examining its definition, causes, and examples. Racism stems from the belief that certain races are superior, creating an imbalance of power. While Canada prides itself on multiculturalism, more progress is needed to overcome subtle forms of racism like aversive and modern racism. Examples of racism in Canada include prejudice, stereotyping, and racial profiling experienced especially by First Nations people. Causes include learned racism through socialization and media portrayals of stereotypes. Solutions proposed are education to address individual racism and political strategies like anti-discrimination laws to improve socioeconomic status and replace negative images.
Fractionalization alesinassrn fractionalizationEspi Sul
This document presents new measures of ethnic, linguistic, and religious fractionalization for around 190 countries. It provides these measures to reexamine the relationship between fractionalization and economic growth and quality of institutions. The authors find that ethnic and linguistic fractionalization are negatively associated with growth and quality of government, while religious fractionalization shows no significant relationship or a slight positive one. The results depend on the specification used, and the variables are often highly correlated, making causal relationships difficult to determine precisely. Overall, the paper aims to provide more comprehensive fractionalization data and a nuanced analysis of the complex links between diversity and economic and political outcomes.
Lgbt identity, violence, and social justiceIim Ibrahim
This document discusses LGBT identity, violence, and social justice. It begins by reviewing statistics on violence against LGBT people internationally and in the US. Reasons for this violence include challenging gender norms and laws/policies that criminalize LGBT identities. The psychological effects of victimization are also discussed. The document argues that mental health professionals should play a greater role in advocating for LGBT social justice issues and rights.
This document summarizes the cover art and contents of the 2015-16 volume of the Harvard Journal of African American Public Policy. The cover art, titled "Veritas Black", connects the horrors of slavery to Harvard University. The volume contains articles, commentaries, interviews, and creative works that illuminate student movements to affirm black identity and visibility on college campuses. It discusses strategies for changing institutional culture, reconciling curriculum with historical biases, defining privilege, and sustaining black student mental health and success through Critical Race Theory.
The document discusses issues around media representation of religion in New Zealand. It notes that both the media landscape and religious demography are diverse. Minority religious groups often feel dissatisfied with stereotypical or sensationalized portrayals. The author argues that journalists need better training and expertise around religions to competently cover religious topics and dimensions of news stories. Establishing a working group to develop guidelines around responsible and accurate religious coverage could help address these issues.
How National Identities Are Built: An Empirical Test of the Theory of “Image...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study is an empirical test of Anderson's (2006) theory of "imagined communities" among the BRICS nations and the U.S. Using data collected through the fifth wave of the World Values Survey from Brazil, China, India, India, South Africa, and US, the study confirmed the argument of Anderson who believes that mass media have been the major channel for citizens of nation-states to construct their national identities. Religion’s impacts on the constriction of national identity, national proudness, and global identity is complex. Interestingly, the data revealed that national identity does not lessen global identity, which is positively associated with the postmaterialist value that is prevalent among the younger generations.
This document provides an abstract and literature review for a study on women of color politicians and social media. The abstract outlines that the author conducted a qualitative content analysis of posts by women of color Members of Congress on Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to assess how they self-gender and discuss issues related to their intersectional identities. The literature review covers research on the evolution of women in politics, traditional media representations of female politicians that often rely on gender stereotypes, and the rise of social media in politics. However, little research has examined women of color politicians and social media. The author aims to address this gap by analyzing how women of color politicians gender themselves online.
Ethnic Classification in Global Perspective: A Cross-National Survey of the 2...FactaMedia
This document analyzes data from 141 national censuses conducted between 1995-2004 to classify approaches to ethnic enumeration worldwide. It finds that 63% of censuses included questions about ethnicity, but used diverse terminology (e.g. race, nationality) and question/answer formats that varied regionally. The study aims to develop a taxonomy of ethnic classification approaches to inform theories on why countries classify ethnicity differently and to provide applied demographers with alternative census models.
This document summarizes research on sexual assault statistics and prevention tactics at colleges. It finds that the majority of Utah universities have centers for women that provide counseling and education on sexual assault. However, some universities do more like offer self-defense classes or discuss assault prevention during orientation. The research also finds that assaults are more common during the fall semester and often involve alcohol/drugs. Most victims know their attackers as friends or acquaintances. While informing students and parents of university resources can help prevention and guide victims, more support is still needed, especially for LGBTQ students and students of color.
The Significance of Racial Identity in the Development of African American Children is a presentation I have done on how a strong sense of belonging to one's ethnic/racial group, an understanding of group history, and participation in group cultural activities contributes to positive child development in African American and Native American children.
Dramatizing gender stereotypes and violence within the context of hiv aids in...Alexander Decker
This document discusses gender stereotypes and their role in fueling the spread of HIV/AIDS in Kenya. It analyzes the Kenyan television drama Siri, which aims to challenge harmful stereotypes about masculinity and femininity that increase risks of HIV transmission. The drama seeks to provide information to empower women to make their own reproductive health choices and encourage men to support women's health. Analyzing episodes, the author argues that addressing gender stereotypes and norms through entertainment-education strategies in media can help curb the continued spread of HIV/AIDS by breaking cycles of misinformation.
Implicit bias among teachers is a significant contributor to the disproportio...Clementine Muthoni
This document is a dissertation proposal that examines implicit bias among teachers as a contributor to disproportionate out-of-school suspension rates in American schools. The proposal includes an introduction that provides background on implicit bias and outlines the problem statement, purpose, objectives, research questions, significance, and limitations of the study. It also includes a literature review chapter that discusses the theoretical framework of implicit theories, connectionist theories, and dual process theory of implicit bias. The chapter also examines themes related to implicit bias such as racism, gender, and lifestyle.
This document discusses media reporting of religion in New Zealand. It notes that while codes of conduct exist for journalists, complaints about misrepresentation of religion in media continue. Recent cases from the UK and US show religious identification in stories can be problematic and even lead to false accusations. The field of studying "religion and media" has grown and looks at how religion is framed in coverage. While regulations exist, more may be needed to improve reporting and address ongoing complaints about coverage of religion.
This document summarizes a study that surveyed 395 students at York College about their views on immigration, race, and education. The study aimed to examine how demographic factors influence opinions on immigrants and immigration. A survey was administered that asked questions about perceptions of immigrants and their contributions. The results found that immigrant students tended to be more supportive of immigration than opposed, but there was no significant relationship found between variables. Limitations included a small sample size and concise survey questions.
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document examines the relationship between race, education, and voting using data from the 2012 General Social Survey. Crosstab analyses found that whites were more likely to vote than blacks or others, and those with a bachelor's degree or higher were more likely to vote than those with less education, supporting the two hypotheses. The analyses revealed a statistically significant correlation between both race and education level with likelihood of voting.
The Division of Race in Neighborhood StructurePaul Blazevich
This document is a research paper analyzing the division of race in neighborhood structures. It examines how ethnic groups tend to segregate into distinct areas of cities. The paper reviews 5 studies that provide evidence this segregation is not accidental, but rather a result of historic racial inequality and lack of socioeconomic mobility for minorities. The literature shows racial minorities face higher levels of environmental pollution and crime in their neighborhoods. The conclusion is that while acceptance of diversity has increased, segregation remains normalized due to the effects of multi-generational racism and economic disadvantages imposed on some groups.
The religious landscape of America is becoming more diverse, with three key trends:
1) White Christians now account for less than half of the population, declining from over 80% in the 1970s.
2) Non-Christian religions are growing, though still small at less than 10% combined.
3) America's youngest religious groups are non-Christian, with over 30% of Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists under 30, compared to under 15% of white Christian groups.
O cavaquinho é um instrumento de origem portuguesa que se tornou popular no Brasil. Começou sendo usado para acompanhar danças e músicas festivas em Portugal, mas foi levado para diversas colônias portuguesas incluindo o Brasil, onde se tornou essencial para estilos como o choro e o samba. Ao longo dos anos, o cavaquinho evoluiu em sua construção e uso, com novos estilos surgindo e cavaquinhistas inovando a aplicação do instrumento.
This document provides an extensive literature review and overview of automatic text summarization from multiple documents. It discusses definitions of text summarization and the summarization process, which includes steps like domain definition, subject analysis, data analysis, feature generation, information aggregation, summary representation, generation and evaluation. It also describes using n-gram graphs as a text representation for summarization and the operators and algorithms involved. Finally it discusses evaluation of summarization systems and using background knowledge to improve the summarization process.
2006 presentation at The European Health Psychology Conference in Bath: Can We Bury the Idea That Psychotherapy Extends the survival of Cancer Patients?
1) The West Route Project of China's South to North Water Transfer aims to divert water from the Tibetan highlands to the upper reaches of the Yellow River to address water scarcity issues.
2) It will divert 17 billion cubic meters of water annually from the Tongtianhe, Yalunjiang and Daduhe Rivers to the Yellow River.
3) The project faces significant engineering challenges due to the remote, high-altitude environment of the Tibetan plateau where it is located.
This document discusses the tension between human rights and property rights that arises from two competing theories of rights. It creates a moral dilemma that impacts business, government, and forms of ownership. This division limits society's ability to say no to costs imposed upon it and defines power as the ability to impose costs on others. Social costs like debt, unemployment, pollution, and poverty produce waste and risk and prevent rational economic exchanges. To resolve this, a reformation is needed to build a more ethical community that respects both human and property rights.
Practical issues in tax deduction at source uploaded by Simpletaxindia.netPSPCL
The document discusses various practical issues related to tax deduction at source under Section 194A to 194C of the Indian Income Tax Act of 1961. It addresses key questions on whether TDS applies to interest payments, commission, rent, professional fees, and payments to contractors. It analyzes case laws to determine if discounting charges, usance interest, delayed purchase price payments, deputation of employees, and franchise agreements fall under the TDS mandate. The document provides guidance on interpreting 'work', service contracts, and what payments are exempt from TDS like warehousing charges.
Este documento trata sobre alcanos y cicloalcanos. Explica la estructura, propiedades, isomería, conformaciones y reactividad de los alcanos lineales, ramificados y cíclicos. También analiza la obtención de alcanos a partir del petróleo crudo mediante procesos como el craqueo y reforming, así como métodos de síntesis como la hidrogenación de alquenos y alquinos.
This document provides an overview of an Integrated Care Network (ICN) project proposed by five partner organizations in Manatee County, Florida. The three main programs of the ICN are: 1) A Mobile Integrated Healthcare Program that will provide case management and primary care using community paramedics. 2) A Mobile Clinic that will deliver medical services to underserved areas. 3) Expanded Behavioral Health Services through integration with emergency services and primary care. The goal is to increase access to care, prevent unnecessary emergency room visits, and lower healthcare costs for uninsured and underinsured residents.
This document discusses the concept of race in epidemiology. It argues that race is a social construct rather than a biological reality, and that it serves as a proxy for factors like social class, culture, and genes, but is not equivalent to any of those factors. Race reflects the social classification and experiences of racism that people face. Racism operates at institutional, personally mediated, and internalized levels, and is likely a root cause of health disparities observed between racial groups. The author recommends that epidemiologists investigate the underlying causes of race-associated health differences rather than simply adjusting for race in analyses.
This document discusses racial micro-aggressions, which are brief everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to people of color. The session will discuss research finding micro-aggressions in healthcare, academic, and other settings and how they negatively impact sense of belonging. Examples of micro-aggressions are provided. Continued racial micro-aggressions can cause psychological distress in individuals. Strategies for improving organizational climate and culture will also be discussed.
Color-Blind Racial IdeologyTheory, Training, and Measurement.docxdrandy1
Color-Blind Racial Ideology
Theory, Training, and Measurement Implications in Psychology
Helen A. Neville University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Germine H. Awad University of Texas at Austin
James E. Brooks and Michelle P. Flores University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Jamie Bluemel Chicago School of Professional Psychology
Synthesizing the interdisciplinary literature, we character-
ize color-blind racial ideology (CBRI) as consisting of two
interrelated domains: color-evasion (i.e., denial of racial
differences by emphasizing sameness) and power-evasion
(i.e., denial of racism by emphasizing equal opportunities).
Mounting empirical data suggest that the color-evasion
dimension is ineffective and in fact promotes interracial
tension and potential inequality. CBRI may be conceived as
an ultramodern or contemporary form of racism and a
legitimizing ideology used to justify the racial status quo.
Four types of CBRI are described: denial of (a) race, (b)
blatant racial issues, (c) institutional racism, and (d) White
privilege. We discuss empirical findings suggesting a rela-
tionship between CBRI and increased racial prejudice,
racial anger, and racial fear. Implications for education,
training, and research are provided.
Keywords: color-blind racial ideology, racism, racial be-
liefs, prejudice, discrimination
The question of whether the United States has movedbeyond race and racism is one that scholars havegrappled with for decades. For some, President
Barack Obama’s ascension into the White House in 2008
marked the beginning of a new “postracial” era in which
issues of race and racial discrimination are memories of a
not-too-distant past. After all, such people argue, if a Black
American man could be elected twice to the highest office,
then the country has transcended its racial past. Scholars
have provided sharp analyses countering the legitimacy of
a postracial or color-blind America after Obama’s first
election (e.g., Alexander, 2010; Cha-Jua, 2009; Wise,
2010). Public opinion polls provide further empirical sup-
port for these analyses (e.g., Agiesta & Ross, 2012; Hutch-
ings, 2009). Some findings suggest that White adults’
views on racial policies changed very little between 1998
and the election of President Obama (Hutchings, 2009),
while others indicate an actual increase in explicit and
implicit anti-Black racial prejudice since his historic elec-
tion (Agiesta & Ross, 2012). Thus, even though a Black
American man twice has been elected president, we have
actually witnessed an increase in anti-Black prejudice, sug-
gesting that race still matters in U.S. society.
Psychology has a rich history of research designed to
understand and describe the changing expressions of racial
beliefs, including the highly contested notion of racial color
blindness. In the 1990s, the American Psychological As-
sociation (APA; 1997) published a pamphlet answering the
question: Can— or Should—America Be Color-Blind? Us-
ing research from soc.
Color-Blind Racial IdeologyTheory, Training, and Measurement.docxcargillfilberto
Color-Blind Racial Ideology
Theory, Training, and Measurement Implications in Psychology
Helen A. Neville University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Germine H. Awad University of Texas at Austin
James E. Brooks and Michelle P. Flores University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Jamie Bluemel Chicago School of Professional Psychology
Synthesizing the interdisciplinary literature, we character-
ize color-blind racial ideology (CBRI) as consisting of two
interrelated domains: color-evasion (i.e., denial of racial
differences by emphasizing sameness) and power-evasion
(i.e., denial of racism by emphasizing equal opportunities).
Mounting empirical data suggest that the color-evasion
dimension is ineffective and in fact promotes interracial
tension and potential inequality. CBRI may be conceived as
an ultramodern or contemporary form of racism and a
legitimizing ideology used to justify the racial status quo.
Four types of CBRI are described: denial of (a) race, (b)
blatant racial issues, (c) institutional racism, and (d) White
privilege. We discuss empirical findings suggesting a rela-
tionship between CBRI and increased racial prejudice,
racial anger, and racial fear. Implications for education,
training, and research are provided.
Keywords: color-blind racial ideology, racism, racial be-
liefs, prejudice, discrimination
The question of whether the United States has movedbeyond race and racism is one that scholars havegrappled with for decades. For some, President
Barack Obama’s ascension into the White House in 2008
marked the beginning of a new “postracial” era in which
issues of race and racial discrimination are memories of a
not-too-distant past. After all, such people argue, if a Black
American man could be elected twice to the highest office,
then the country has transcended its racial past. Scholars
have provided sharp analyses countering the legitimacy of
a postracial or color-blind America after Obama’s first
election (e.g., Alexander, 2010; Cha-Jua, 2009; Wise,
2010). Public opinion polls provide further empirical sup-
port for these analyses (e.g., Agiesta & Ross, 2012; Hutch-
ings, 2009). Some findings suggest that White adults’
views on racial policies changed very little between 1998
and the election of President Obama (Hutchings, 2009),
while others indicate an actual increase in explicit and
implicit anti-Black racial prejudice since his historic elec-
tion (Agiesta & Ross, 2012). Thus, even though a Black
American man twice has been elected president, we have
actually witnessed an increase in anti-Black prejudice, sug-
gesting that race still matters in U.S. society.
Psychology has a rich history of research designed to
understand and describe the changing expressions of racial
beliefs, including the highly contested notion of racial color
blindness. In the 1990s, the American Psychological As-
sociation (APA; 1997) published a pamphlet answering the
question: Can— or Should—America Be Color-Blind? Us-
ing research from soc.
RUNNING HEAD: Racial bias and double standards 1
Racial bias and double standards 8
Racial Bias and Double Standards
Assignment 3 Week 8
Mark Abbott
Professor PRIMM-BETHEA, ANGELA
11/30/2014
Double standards and racial bias are some of the biggest problems in the United States. Martin Luther King junior had this vision of People being judged by their personality instead of their skin color. He wished that there were no race boxes and that everything was color blind so that people did not face racial bias. It is unfortunate that people still use race as a factor when making decisions. Race preferences are wrong. It should be a thing of done with the past. There is a double regular in America .if you are black it is there was no questioning to be racist, but it is not okay when a white person says an offensive thing to a black person. It is considered to be racial. It’s okay to have organizations that allow black people only, but it would not be okay if an organization only had white people. It’s okay to have racist black entertainment channels in the United States, but it not very much okay to have a channel only for white people. The thought that only black people could present black, and white people only represent whites is outrageous. People should not choose their leaders because of their skin color, but they should consider their beliefs and ambitions.
Applicable Sociological Concepts. The socio-psychological theory lets us understand the human behavior and thoughts. Old-fashioned racism has replaced by a different form of racism. Unlike the old fashioned racism where people could feel the racism around them, the new racism is symbolic and not easy to notice. In fact in the American society many people believe that the racial equality is committed to diversity. Dislike is not a form of racism, but conscious hatred of people due to their race is only insufficient. Racism needs to take into account.
Social-structural theory. Unconscious racism or structured racism needs to be taken account. All Americans share a historical culture whether black, white or Hispania. Blatant prejudice is the traditional form while the subtle discrimination is in modern form and is indirect. The African Americans prefer to call them Americans since they are also of the American community. Unconscious racism changes the moral obligations imposed by the commonwealth and the equality. We are not obliged to impose assumptions that are discriminatory. The determination of who is who and who is not white has fluctuated the over time
Principled politics. Americans are Multiracial, and all have mixed ancestry. They have a sense of self-identity both culturally and socially. After racial segregation there have been inter-racial marriages that allow blacks, whites, and other race.
- The document discusses a research project examining factors that influence poverty rates in America, specifically looking at incarceration, health, income, and race.
- The researchers hypothesized that ethnic minorities with low incomes who are incarcerated are more likely to experience poverty due to barriers to employment and healthcare access after prison.
- Analysis of 2012 GSS survey data found those with criminal records were more likely to come from low-income backgrounds, supporting the hypothesis. However, relationships between other variables like health were less clear. Overall, the findings confirm race and income influence recidivism and perpetuation of poverty.
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Learning Objectives
• Understand the concepts of “race” and “ethnicity” as social constructs.
• Analyze evidence about racial inequality and social class in relation to crime.
• Analyze evidence about racial differences in rates of victimization.
• Analyze evidence regarding racial inequality and incarceration rates.
• Explore how the War on Drugs contributes to racial discrimination in the criminal justice system.
• Examine crack cocaine and marijuana law enforcement in context of racial discrimination.
• Critically analyze the connections between race and the death penalty.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of racial profiling.
• Examine empirical evidence on the issue of immigration and crime rates.
Crime, Race, and Ethnicity
4
coL82305_04_c04_091-122.indd 91 7/5/13 4:18 PM
Section 4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System CHAPTER 4
In April of 2012, law enforcement in Oklahoma arrested one of the region’s foremost drug kingpins. In the home of the alleged drug kingpin, police seized four pounds of marijuana, $276,000 in cash, and two firearms: a revolver and a semiautomatic pistol.
Police believe that the defendant is the “mastermind” (Perez, 2012, p. 1) of a drug-dealing
organization that supplies approximately 40% of the marijuana markets in Oklahoma and
three nearby states: Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas. The suspect, drug kingpin Darlene
Mayes, is a White grandmother with thinning silver hair who appears to be in her 60s or
70s. Thus she has been dubbed the “Granny Drug Kingpin” (Perez, 2012).
Studies suggest that when asked to picture a drug dealer, overwhelmingly the American
public visualizes a young man of color (Burston, Jones, & Roberson-Sanders, 1995). How-
ever, evidence from this chapter will demonstrate that drug use and drug crime spans
racial and ethnic groups and that all racial groups seem to commit drug crime in similar
rates. Whether broaching issues of drug crime, or any other type of crime, issues of per-
ception, race, and criminality are central in the study of criminology.
4.1 Race and the Criminal Justice System
The American criminal justice system disproportionately impacts people of color, and this disproportionate impact by race is often dramatic and consistent at nearly every level of the system. Research demonstrates that members of poor, disenfranchised
groups receive harsher treatment in all phases of the criminal justice system: They are
more likely to be stopped, investigated, arrested, charged, put on trial, found guilty, and
sent to prison (Tonry, 2011). The disproportionate involvement in the system is cumula-
tive. Police are more likely to arrest someone who has a prior record, prosecutors are more
likely to charge someone who has previously been arrested or spent time in jail. A judge
is more likely to convict and incarcerate a defendant rather than offer probation to some-
one who has .
COMMENTARYMinority Group Status and Healthful AgingSociLynellBull52
COMMENTARY
Minority Group Status and Healthful Aging:
Social Structure Still Matters
During the last 4 decades,
a rapid increase has oc-
curred in the number of sur-
vey-based and epidemio-
logical studies of the health
profiles of adults in general
and of the causes of dispar-
ities between majority and
minority Americans in par-
ticular. According to these
studies, healthful aging con-
sists of the absence of dis-
ease, or at least of the most
serious preventable diseases
and their consequences, and
findings consistently reveal
serious African American
and Hispanic disadvantages
in terms of healthful aging.
We (1) briefly review con-
ceptual and operational def-
initions of race and Hispanic
ethnicity, (2) summarize how
ethnicity-based differentials
in health are related to social
structures, and (3) empha-
size the importance of atten-
tion to the economic, politi-
cal, and institutional factors
that perpetuate poverty and
undermine healthful aging
among certain groups. {Am
J Public Health. 2006;96:
1152-1159. doi:10.2105/AJPH.
2006.085530)
Jacqueline L Angel, PhD, and Ronald J. Angel. PhD
ALTHOUGH THE SUPREME
Courl outlawed the principle of
sepajate but equal in 1954 with
its famous Brown versus Bom-d
of Education decision, many mi-
nority y^mericans luul that they
are still separate and unequal.
Despite a century of impressive
innovations in medical science
and improvements in public
health, poverty continues to un-
dermine the pliysical and emo-
tional health of a large number
of Americans, and serious ra-
cial/ethnic health disparities
persist'"^ Low-income families
have inadequate healtli care
coverage,"'^ and individuals who
lack adequate insurance are
more likely to die from cancer
and other serious diseases be-
cause of late diagnoses and defi-
cient care.^"" Perhaps the most
basic question is wliether health
disadvantages among minority
Americans are the direct and
almost complete resuit of pov-
erty and its correlates. Well-
documented correlates include
low educationai levels, labor
force disadvantages, and resi-
dential segregation iii ghettos
and barrios, where individuals
are exposed to environmental
and social health risks such as
drugs. \'io!ence. and fainily
disruption.'"^" ̂ ''
Radal/ethnic disparities in mor-
bidity and mortality are so glaring
that the federal govemment has
been forced to respond, and a
large body of research has exam-
ined tlie role socioeconomic status
(SES) and ailture play in these
disparities.'̂ The ultimate goal Ls
to identiiy the sodal stuictural
causes of inequities in health so
that genera] population health can
be impn)ved. We will present ap-
proaches to studying radal/etlinic
health disparities hy (1) reviewing
operational definitions of race and
ethnicity and tlie research tools
tliat estimate difierential disease
burdens and health au'e use,
(2) assessing jast how far the field
has come in understanding healtli.
and (3) |iro]X)sing a future re-
search agenda that examines the
soda ...
Running head LITERATURE REVIEW1MINORITY BOYS SCHOOL DROPOUT A.docxwlynn1
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
MINORITY BOYS SCHOOL DROPOUT AND CONTINUATION SCHOOL 2
Literature Review
Literature Review
It is expected that every student enrolled in high school works hard towards the completion of their high school diploma. However, research indicates there was a 5.4% drop out among the minority groups, in which 6.4% of the overall status dropout rate is that of the male youth. Among the Africans, Hispanics, and American Indian Natives, the dropout rates among the boys are 8%, 10%, and 11.6%, respectively (Musu-Gillette, De Brey, McFarland, Hussar, Sonnenberg, & Wilkinson-Flicker, 2017). These dropouts often join continuation schools later in life with the hope that they will get an equivalent of their high school diploma. The theoretical framework of this research is based on the phenomenological approach, in which the aim is to examine the occurrence of school dropout among minority boys and their performance after joining continuation school.
One of the theories that explain why minority boys drop out of school is the Critical Race Theory. The model argues that education opportunities are often affected by an individual’s race and racism (Colbert, 2017). Based on this theory, minority groups are often faced with issues such as poverty and racial discrimination in schools, which causes some of the male students to drop out of school. Racism victims in school feel inferior to the whites and sometimes feel like they do not deserve a quality education, and they end up falling behind in school.
Cultural production theory, on the other hand, explains why the dropouts choose to go back to school. The theory holds that the education system helps to level out the playing field so that people get equal opportunities to make their lives. The approach provides an essential perspective as to why minority boys dropouts join continuation schools and complete their learning process.
According to Bania, Lydersen, and Kvernmo (2016), non-completion of high school mostly results from different problems, most of which are health-related. In research in which the authors carried out among the youths in the Arctic, they found out that dropout rates were higher among males. Additionally, minority males often drop out due to mental issues. Based on the article, education affects an individual’s employment opportunities and income, as well as the quality of life, which explains why the dropouts choose to join continuation schools later in life.
Hernandez and Ortez (2019) undertake research in which they analyze the experiences of some Latinas who are enrolled in continuation school. Based on the writers’ claims, continuation schools have put in place strategies that enable the students to cope and realize that they have an opportunity to succeed just like any other individual. Additionally, due to the improvement in the prospects for quality education presented to the marginalized groups, the article indicates that there are .
This document discusses a teach-in being held about the Black Lives Matter movement. It provides background on the movement, addressing the disproportionate violence faced by Black people and efforts to recognize and end anti-Black racism. Statistical data is presented showing the overrepresentation of Black children in the child welfare system compared to white children, which social workers should work to address through efforts like poverty alleviation and improving socioeconomic conditions.
Research Paper (Stereotype Activation and Application)Dylan Russell
Dylan V. Russell conducted a study to examine the effect of media content priming on the activation and application of racial stereotypes. 41 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to read one of three newspaper articles: one portraying African Americans negatively, one neutrally, and one positively. Participants then completed a Symbolic Racism Scale. Results showed no significant difference in scores between the three media content groups, suggesting priming with words alone may not effectively activate racial stereotypes.
This document discusses intersectionality and how violence against women of color is shaped by intersecting systems of racism and sexism. It provides examples of how structural intersectionality can increase the vulnerabilities women of color face, such as immigrant women being dependent on their husbands and facing language barriers. It also discusses political intersectionality, noting that women of color have to split their political energies between anti-racism and feminist groups that sometimes have conflicting agendas. The document argues for recognizing and addressing intersectional issues in order to fully understand and combat violence against women of color.
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
Pd Anti Racism Anti Oppression Approach To Settlement Services A4ocasiconference
This document outlines the agenda and content for an anti-racism/anti-oppression professional development conference for those working in settlement services. It defines key terms like multiculturalism, diversity, cultural competency, anti-oppression, and anti-racism. It discusses systemic barriers faced by newcomer immigrants and refugees from racialized communities. Statistics about Canada's increasing racial diversity and disparities faced by racialized groups are presented. The need for an anti-racism framework in the mental health system and settlement services is argued based on studies showing the negative impacts of racism on health and social outcomes.
Anti Racism Anti Oppression Approach To Settlement Servicessettlementatwork
This document outlines the agenda and content for an anti-racism/anti-oppression professional development conference for those working in settlement services. It defines key terms like multiculturalism, diversity, cultural competency, anti-oppression, and anti-racism. It discusses systemic barriers faced by newcomer immigrants and refugees from racialized communities. Statistics are presented on trends in visible minority populations in Canada and disparities they face. The need for an anti-racism framework in organizations and service delivery is discussed.
Latina lesbian, bisexual, and queer women's sexual health is shaped by social and cultural contexts. A qualitative study was conducted with 14 Latina LBQ women in Seattle through interviews. Four main themes emerged: 1) Their identities and behaviors are influenced by living in a heteronormative society with experiences of discrimination. 2) They lack comprehensive sexual health knowledge due to education focused on heterosexual contexts. 3) Their health behaviors vary based on partner gender and relationships. 4) They value taking responsibility for their own sexual health. The study highlights how intersectional identities impact sexual health.
This document summarizes research on child sexual abuse across cultures. It begins by reviewing prevalence studies from around the world that show rates of child sexual abuse ranging from 7-36% for females and 3-29% for males. A few exceptions outside these ranges are noted from studies among Native Canadians, South Africans, and Malaysians. The document then provides a more detailed review of recent prevalence studies and report data on child sexual abuse in various world regions, including the Americas, Western Europe, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Pacific. The goal is to broaden understanding of child sexual abuse beyond Western cultures and address this issue inclusively across all societies.
Running Head Racial DiscriminationHouston 6Racial Discrim.docxcharisellington63520
Running Head: Racial Discrimination
Houston 6
Racial Discrimination
Final Project Milestone Two: Article Critique
Johnathen Houston
PSY-216-Q1822
Dr. Liza Smith
10/25/15
Objective Analysis
The article that is well about racism has been well represented in the article’s content. The title that is about the gender and socio-economic differences in the experiences of African Americans is well elaborated in the article. This is because, within the article, the experiment that was done was major to try and find out about how men and women are mistreated on the different socioeconomic environment (Adler, 2000).
Within the introduction, the purpose that is basing on the health effects of racism is well elaborated. Considering the be an exploration on the method to which the investigation will be done through different socioeconomic position such as education, financial and employment status, the prediction of the title is captured well in the introduction of the article.
The discussion is relevant. It is relevant in essence that, it is that we can understand to which discriminations done in the offices that most of the officers operate. The discussion is further relevant given the fact statistical methods have been sued to do the experiment (Barg, 2005).Using the exact figure makes not only a thorough but an actual result to be relied upon.
Using a sample size of 144 people to me is underemphasizing of the discrimination in the states. Given the number of people living in the US are many, a better number of participants would have been used. The issue of the socio-emotional prospect is less emphasized. It should have been made so clear that, in the United States and the United Kingdom, it is in this set ups that moist of the discrimination occur. Limiting the age made the age made the experiment a little bit less factual as the result should have focused more on a range of age like, for instance, the socioeconomic discrimination on young people is not much pronounced as that for the aged people who are workplaces. New York City only should not have been the only place to make the data valid.
The authors’ statements are very clear. It is clear in the sense that, most of the assumptions made are what happens exactly in the field. It is ambiguous for the data to claim that the modest size could have been used which could not limit the sample size. It is of the essence to not that, in an analysis, depending on the population, is a small size can be very useful in making an assumption.
The authors want to validate different assumption his research. First of all, there is an assumption that Africans are a threat to security and as a form of discrimination; they must be frisked very well as in the care of Joan. The author assumes that in most of the cases of racism, men are the target of racism, and they are the ones who are affected more. The third assumption by the author is that the socioeconomic status of the society is not consistent and is sub.
ABOUT THIS REPORT
This initial report was produced by Institute for Policy Studies staff in support of the Poor People’s Campaign: A
National Call for Moral Revival (www.PoorPeoplesCampaign.org). This campaign, marking the 50th anniversary of
the Poor People’s Campaign led by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other leaders, aims to build a broad and
deep national movement rooted in the leadership of the poor and dispossessed as moral agents and reflecting the
great moral teachings to unite our country around a transformative agenda to combat poverty, racism, militarism,
and ecological devastation. We worked in collaboration with the Co-Chairs of the Poor People’s Campaign, Rev. Dr.
William J. Barber, II and Rev. Dr. Liz Theoharis, and the Tri-Chairs of the Campaign's Audit Committee, Rev. Dr.
James Forbes, Dr. Tim Tyson, and Shailly Gupta Barnes.
In the coming months, the Institute for Policy Studies will work with the Poor People’s Campaign to conduct a much
more in-depth “audit” of the structural and systemic causes for what Dr. King called the “Triplets of Evil” — racism,
extreme materialism, and militarism — as well as the interrelated problem of ecological destruction. To learn lessons
for today, we will be hearing testimony and interviewing leaders who’ve been in the middle of the key struggles
for progress of the past 50 years. This analysis will feed into the new Poor People’s Campaign’s efforts to advance
structural solutions to the multiple crises of today.
Do We Overemphasize the Role of Culture in the Behavior ofRa.docxpetehbailey729071
This document discusses evidence of a cultural (mis)attribution bias in American psychology, which is the tendency to overemphasize the role of culture in explaining the behaviors and cognitions of racial/ethnic minorities, while underemphasizing the influence of culture on white individuals. Through two studies, the authors investigate this bias by examining over 400 psychological research articles and surveying 361 psychologists. The results provide evidence that culture is more often cited as influencing minorities, while psychological factors are more often cited for whites. This bias can constrain psychological explanations and treatment by viewing minorities primarily through a cultural lens, rather than considering other important influences.
Do We Overemphasize the Role of Culture in the Behavior ofRa.docx
ECCWA Research Brief 01
1. April 2014
ECCWA Research
Brief 01
Racism
Dr. Zarrin S Siddiqui
President
20 View Street, North Perth WA 6006
eccwa.info@gmail.com
@eccwa
2. Preamble
One of the objectives of our strategic plan 2014-2016 is to promote Multiculturalism, Integration
and Harmony so the ethnic communities can participate effectively. In order to achieve this it is
important to undertake research, consultation, and collaborative projects to identify, address and
advocate the needs of ethnic and CaLD communities.
ECCWA Research Brief will thus be produced quarterly to keep abreast of recent research in the
areas that are important for ethnic communities. During the month of March the Attorney General
George Brandis has tabled proposed amendments in the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 for feedback
hence it is timely that our first Research Brief provides an over view of the recent literature related
to Racism.
I hope you find the information valuable. As the ECCWA is not receiving funding, we can only
contribute a summary of research available however it is anticipated that our future Research Briefs
will actually be integrative or systematic reviews subject to state funding which will allow us to
employ policy officers.
Please do not hesitate to provide feedback.
D. Zarrin S Siddiqui
3. Literature on Racism
1. Lifetime racism and blood pressure changes during pregnancy:
Implications for fetal growth.
Health Psychology, Volume 33, 2014, 43-51
HILMERT, CLAYTON J.; DOMINGUEZ, TYAN PARKER; SCHETTER, CHRISTINE DUNKEL; SRINIVAS,
SINDHU K.; GLYNN, LAURA M.; HOBEL, CALVIN J.; SANDMAN, CURT A.
This research suggests that exposure to racism partially explains why African American
women are 2 to 3 times more likely to deliver low birth weight and preterm infants.
However, the physiological pathways by which racism exerts these effects are unclear. This
study examined how lifetime exposure to racism, in combination with maternal blood
pressure changes during pregnancy, was associated with fetal growth. Methods: African
American pregnant women (n = 39) reported exposure to childhood and adulthood racism
in several life domains (e.g., at school, at work), which were experienced directly or
indirectly, meaning vicariously experienced when someone close to them was treated
unfairly. A research nurse measured maternal blood pressure at 18 to 20 and 30 to 32
weeks gestation. Standardized questionnaires and trained interviewers assessed maternal
demographics. Neonatal length of gestation and birth weight data were collected from
medical charts. Results: Childhood racism interacted with diastolic blood pressure to predict
birth weight. Specifically, women with two or more domains of indirect exposure to racism
in childhood and increases in diastolic blood pressure between 18 and 32 weeks had lower
gestational age adjusted birth weight than the other women. A similar pattern was found
for direct exposure to racism in childhood. Conclusions: Increases in diastolic blood pressure
between the second and third trimesters predicted lower birth weight, but only when
racism exposure in childhood (direct or indirect) was relatively high. Understanding
pregnant African American women’s lifetime direct and indirect experiences with racism in
combination with prenatal blood pressure may improve identification of highest risk
subgroups within this population.
2. Structural racism and myocardial infarction in the United States
Social Science & Medicine, Volume 103, 2014, 42-50
ALICIA LUKACHKO, MARK L. HATZENBUEHLER, KATHERINE M. KEYES
There is a growing research literature suggesting that racism is an important risk factor
undermining the health of Blacks in the United States. Racism can take many forms, ranging
from interpersonal interactions to institutional/structural conditions and practices. Existing
research, however, tends to focus on individual forms of racial discrimination using self-
report measures. Far less attention has been paid to whether structural racism may
disadvantage the health of Blacks in the United States. The current study addresses gaps in
the existing research by using novel measures of structural racism and by explicitly testing
4. the hypothesis that structural racism is a risk factor for myocardial infarction among Blacks
in the United States. State-level indicators of structural racism included four domains:
(1) political participation; (2) employment and job status; (3) educational attainment;
and (4) judicial treatment. State-level racial disparities across these domains were
proposed to represent the systematic exclusion of Blacks from resources and
mobility in society. Data on past-year myocardial infarction were obtained from the
National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (non-Hispanic
Black: N = 8245; non-Hispanic White: N = 24,507), a nationally representative survey
of the U.S. civilian, non-institutionalized population aged 18 and older. Models were
adjusted for individual-level confounders (age, sex, education, household income,
medical insurance) as well as for state-level disparities in poverty. Results indicated
that Blacks living in states with high levels of structural racism were generally more
likely to report past-year myocardial infarction than Blacks living in low-structural
racism states. Conversely, Whites living in high structural racism states experienced
null or lower odds of myocardial infarction compared to Whites living in low-
structural racism states. These results raise the provocative possibility that structural
racism may not only harm the targets of stigma but also benefit those who wield the
power to enact stigma and discrimination.
3. Talking culture? Egalitarianism, color-blindness and racism in
Australian elementary schools
Teaching and Teacher Education Volume39, 2014, 112 - 122
JESSICA WALTON, NAOMI PRIEST, EMMA KOWAL, FIONA WHITE, KATIE BRICKWOOD,
BRANDI FOX, YIN PARADIES.
This study examines egalitarianism as an ethnic-racial socialization message used by
teachers with 8 to12 year old children in four socio-demographically diverse elementary
schools in Melbourne, Australia. The three main types of egalitarian messages identified are
i) procedural-justice color-blindness, ii) distributive-justice colour-blindness and iii) color-
muteness, and each is explored in relation to how teachers talk to children about racial,
ethnic and cultural diversity, and racism. We conclude that teacher confidence and
capability, and to a lesser degree, school context, influenced the types of egalitarian
messages used about diversity and the extent to which teachers had explicit and critical
discussions about racism.
5. 4. Advancing racism with Facebook: Frequency and purpose of
Facebook use and the acceptance of prejudiced and egalitarian
messages.
Computers in Human Behavior, Volume 29, 2013 610 - 615
SHANNON M RAUCH, KIMBERLY SCHANZ
The present study examined the relationship between frequency of Facebook use and
attitude toward negative racial messages that are presented via Facebook. White
participants completed a measure of Facebook use and then read one of three persuasive
messages regarding race: an egalitarian message, a negative message with a superiority
focus, or a negative message with a victim focus. Participants indicated their attitude
toward the message and their Facebook-related behavioral intentions. Results showed that
frequency of Facebook use related positively to message acceptance, particularly messages
with overt racist content. Facebook users who were motivated by information seeking
needs discriminated the most between messages, accepting an egalitarian message and
rejecting messages with racist content.
5. Denial of racism and its implications for local action
Discourse Society, Vol. 24, 2013, 89-109
JACQUELINE K NELSON
Literature on modern racism identifies denial as one of its key features. This article
examines the discourses of denial that feature in the talk of local anti-racism actors in
Australia, and asks what drives these discourses. The research draws on qualitative
interviews undertaken with participants involved in local anti-racism in two case study
areas, one in South Australia and the other in New South Wales. This article explores the
way local participants in the case study areas deployed four discourses to deny or minimise
racism: temporal deflections; spatial deflections; deflections from the mainstream; and
absence discourses. Place defending and the desire to protect one’s local area from being
branded a racist space is discussed as a driver of those local denial discourses. Local denial
of racism is also linked to national politics of racism and anti-racism. In particular, the
Australian government’s retreat from multiculturalism, and the preference for ‘harmony’
rather than ‘anti-racism’ initiatives, was linked to the avoidance of the language of racism
within participants’ responses. The way denial discourses narrow the range of possibilities
for local anti-racism is discussed, as is the importance of acknowledgement of racism,
particularly institutional and systemic racism. Public acknowledgement of these forms of
racism will broaden the scope of local anti-racism.
6. 6. Cultural diversity, racialisation and the experience of racism in
rural Australia: the South Australian case
Journal of Rural Studies, Vol. 30, 2013, 1-9.
JAMES FORRESTA, , KEVIN DUNNB
Rural spaces in settler nations like Australia are commonly perceived as ‘white’, with low
numbers of ‘non-white’ ethnic minorities. Perhaps because of this, although ethnic diversity
is a feature of some rural communities, there is a paucity of research into issues of cultural
exclusion. This is surprising in view of recent federal government initiatives to encourage
non-Anglo immigrants to settle in rural areas. How welcoming are the receiving
communities? Set within a constructivist paradigm, racism is analysed here as a social
construction within places, reflecting the local ethnic mix and socio-demographic profiles.
From a telephone survey in 2007 and questions looking at ‘old’, ‘new’ and ‘symbolic’
racisms, this study finds that levels of tolerance and intolerance are everywhere different.
Traditional associations between racism and higher education or increasing age are
sometimes true, sometimes not; degree of contact is sometimes associated with
acceptance, sometimes not. Particulars of the ethnic mix are especially important.
Consistent with new racist attitudes, dispositions towards ‘out-groups’ varies between
acceptance of immigrants from Britain and Europe and lesser acceptance of those from sub-
Saharan Africa, Asia, or the Middle East (Muslims). However, while rural South Australians
are less tolerant than people living in metropolitan Adelaide, low levels of experience of
racist behaviour are found among ethnic minority group members than analysis of attitudes
might have suggested.
7. A systematic review of studies examining the relationship
between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children
and young people
Social Science & Medicine, Volume 95, October 2013, Pages 115-127
NAOMI PRIEST, YIN PARADIES, BRIGID TRENERRY, MANDY TRUONG, SAFFRON KARLSEN, YVONNE
KELLY
Racial discrimination is increasingly recognised as a determinant of racial and ethnic health
inequalities, with growing evidence of strong associations between racial discrimination and
adult health outcomes. There is a growing body of literature that considers the effects of
racial discrimination on child and youth health. The aim of this paper is to provide a
systematic review of studies that examine relationships between reported racial
discrimination and child and youth health. We describe the characteristics of 121 studies
identified by a comprehensive search strategy, including definitions and measurements of
racial discrimination and the nature of reported associations. Most studies were published
in the last seven years, used cross-sectional designs and were conducted in the United
7. States with young people aged 12–18 years. African American, Latino/a, and Asian
populations were most frequently included in these studies. Of the 461 associations
examined in these studies, mental health outcomes (e.g. depression, anxiety) were most
commonly reported, with statistically significant associations with racial discrimination
found in 76% of outcomes examined. Statistically significant associations were also found
for over 50% of associations between racial discrimination and positive mental health (e.g.
self-esteem, resilience), behaviour problems, wellbeing, and pregnancy/birth outcomes. The
field is currently limited by a lack of longitudinal studies, limited psychometrically validated
exposure instruments and poor conceptualisation and definition of racial discrimination.
There is also a need to investigate the complex and varying pathways by which reported
racial discrimination affect child and youth health. Ensuring study quality in this field will
allow future research to reveal the complex role that racial discrimination plays as a
determinant of child and youth health.
8. Racism and Social Capital: The implications for social and
physical well-being
Journal of Social Issues, Volume 68, 2012, 358 - 384
ELIZABETH BRONDOLO, MADELINE LIBRETTI, LUIS RIVERA, KATRINA M.WALSEMANN
Racism can be manifest at the cultural, institutional and individual levels, and can exert
effects at the intrapersonal level if targeted individuals internalize attitudes toward their
own racial/ethnic groups. The general aim of this article is to examine the ways in which all
levels of racism undermine the development of peer relations, one component of social
capital; and consequently affect the health and well-being of targeted individuals. The
evidence suggests that cultural racism inculcates attitudes that may foster race-related
social distancing; institutional racism isolates individuals from the opportunities to develop
the skills needed to develop cross race-relations and promotes engagement with peers who
exhibit antisocial behavior; interpersonal racism may erode the quality of routine
interpersonal exchanges and engender anxiety about interacting with cross-race peers; and
internalized racism may undermine the benefits of cross-race peer interactions. To the
degree that racism affects the ability to form, maintain and benefit from peer relationships;
it can contribute to racial disparities in economic, social and health-related outcomes and
undermine the types of social cohesion that promote national unity.
9. More than culture: Structural racism, intersectionality theory,
and immigrant health
Social Science & Medicine, Vol.75, 2012, 2099-106
EDNA A. VIRUELL-FUENTES A, PATRICIA Y. MIRANDA B, SAWSAN ABDULRAHIM C
Explanations for immigrant health outcomes often invoke culture through the use of the
concept of acculturation. The over reliance on cultural explanations for immigrant health
8. outcomes has been the topic of growing debate, with the critics’ main concern being that
such explanations obscure the impact of structural factors on immigrant health disparities.
In this paper, we highlight the shortcomings of cultural explanations as currently employed
in the health literature, and argue for a shift from individual culture-based frameworks, to
perspectives that address how multiple dimensions of inequality intersect to impact health
outcomes. Based on our review of the literature, we suggest specific lines of inquiry
regarding immigrants’ experiences with day-to-day discrimination, as well as on the roles
that place and immigration policies play in shaping immigrant health outcomes. The paper
concludes with suggestions for integrating intersectionality theory in future research on
immigrant health.
10. The pervasive effects of racism: Experiences of racial
discrimination in New Zealand over time and associations with
multiple health domains
Social Science & Medicine, Volume 74, Issue 3, February 2012, Pages 408-415
RICCI HARRIS, DONNA CORMACK, MARTIN TOBIAS, LI-CHIA YEH, NATALIE TALAMAIVAO, JOANNA
MINSTER, ROIMATA TIMUTIMU
Self-reported experience of racial discrimination has been linked to a range of health
outcomes in various countries and for different ethnic groups. This study builds on previous
work in New Zealand to further investigate the prevalence of self-reported experience of
racial discrimination by ethnicity, changes over time and associations with multiple health
measures.
The study uses data from the 2002/03 (n = 12,500) and 2006/07 (n = 12,488) New Zealand
Health Surveys, nationally representative population-based surveys of adults (15+ years).
Reported experience of racial discrimination was measured in both surveys and covered 5
items: experience of an ethnically motivated physical or verbal attack; and unfair treatment
because of ethnicity by a health professional, in work, or when gaining housing. Ethnicity
was classified as Maori, Pacific, Asian or European. Health indicators included measures of:
mental health (SF36 mental health scale, psychological distress, doctor diagnosed mental
health condition); physical health (self-rated health, SF36 physical functioning scale,
cardiovascular disease); and health risk (smoking, hazardous drinking, excess body fat).
Logistic regression was used to examine changes in prevalence of reported experience of
racial discrimination over time and associations with health.
Reported experience of racial discrimination increased between 2002/03 (28.1% ever) and
2006/07 (35.0% ever) among Asian peoples but remained largely unchanged for other
ethnic groupings (Maori 29.5%, Pacific 23.0%, European 13.5%). Experience of racial
9. discrimination was associated with all negative health measures except excess body fat.
Where there were significant associations, a dose-response relationship was also evident.
We conclude that racial discrimination experienced across a range of settings has the
potential to impact on a wide range of health outcomes and risk factors. While ongoing
research is needed to understand the multifarious nature of racism and the pathways by
which it leads to poor health, it is feasible to monitor experiences of racial discrimination in
national surveys.
11. Responding to racism: Insights on how racism can damage
health from an urban study of Australian Aboriginal people
Social Science & Medicine, Volume 73, 2011, 1045-1053
ANNA M. ZIERSCH, GILBERT GALLAHER, FRAN BAUM, MICHAEL BENTLEY
This paper examines responses to racism and the pathways through which racism can affect
health and wellbeing for Aboriginal people living in an urban environment. Face-to-face
interviews were conducted in 2006/07 with 153 Aboriginal people living in Adelaide,
Australia. Participants were asked about their experience of, and responses to, racism, and
the impact of these experiences on their health. Racism was regularly experienced by 93%
of participants. Almost two thirds of people felt that racism affected their health. Using a
thematic analysis with a particular focus on how agency and structure interacted, a number
of key reactions and responses to racism were identified. These included: emotional and
physiological reactions; and responses such as gaining support from social networks;
confronting the person/situation; ignoring it; avoiding situations where they might
experience racism; ‘minimising’ the significance or severity of racism or questioning whether
incidents were racist; and consuming alcohol, tobacco and other drugs. A further theme was
a conscious decision to not ‘allow’ racism to affect health. Our study found that most people
used more than one of these coping strategies, and that strategies were selected with an
awareness of positive and negative health impacts. While individuals demonstrated
substantial agency in their responses, there were clear structural constraints on how they
reacted and responded. We found that not only was racism potentially detrimental to
health, but so too were some responses. However, while some strategies appeared
‘healthier’ than others, most strategies entailed costs and benefits, and these depended on
the meanings of responses for individuals. This paper concludes that initiatives to promote
health-protective responses to racism need to consider structural constraints and the
overarching goal of reducing systemic racism.
10. 12. Racism and Hypertension: A Review of the Empirical Evidence
and Implications for Clinical Practice
American Journal of Hypertension, Volume 24,2011, 518-529.
ELIZABETH BRONDOLO, ERICA E. LOVE, MELISSA PENCILLE, ANTOINETTE SCHOENTHALER,GBENGA
OGEDEGBE
Despite improved hypertension (HTN) awareness and treatment, racial disparities in HTN
prevalence persist. An understanding of the biopsychosocial determinants of HTN is
necessary to address racial disparities in the prevalence of HTN. This review examines the
evidence directly and indirectly linking multiple levels of racism to HTN. Published empirical
research in EBSCO databases investigating the relationships of three levels of racism
(individual/interpersonal, internalized, and institutional racism) to HTN was reviewed.
Direct evidence linking individual/interpersonal racism to HTN diagnosis is weak. However,
the relationship of individual/ interpersonal racism to ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) is
more consistent, with all published studies reporting a positive relationship of interpersonal
racism to ABP. There is no direct evidence linking internalized racism to BP. Population-
based studies provide some evidence linking institutional racism, in the forms of residential
racial segregation (RRS) and incarceration, to HTN incidence. Racism shows associations to
stress exposure and reactivity as well as associations to established HTN-related risk factors
including obesity, low levels of physical activity and alcohol use. The effects vary by level of
racism. Overall the findings suggest that racism may increase risk for HTN; these effects
emerge more clearly for institutional racism than for individual level racism. All levels of
racism may influence the prevalence of HTN via stress exposure and reactivity and by
fostering conditions that undermine health behaviors, raising the barriers to lifestyle
change.
13.Racial/Ethnic Differences in Self-Reported Racism and Its
Association With Cancer-Related Health Behaviors
American Journal of Public Health, Volume 100, 2010, 364 – 374.
SALMA SHARIFF-MARCO, ANN C. KLASSEN JANICE V. BOWIE
This study used population-based survey data to estimate the prevalence of self-reported
racism across racial/ethnic groups and to evaluate the association between self-reported
racism and cancer-related health behaviors. Cross-sectional data from the 2003 California
Health Interview Survey was used. Questions measured self-reported racism in general and
in health care. The cancer risk behaviors we assessed were smoking, binge drinking, not
walking, being overweight or obese, and not being up to date with screenings for breast,
cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancers. Analyses included descriptive analyses and logistic
regression. Prevalence of self-reported racism varied between and within aggregate
racial/ethnic groups. In adjusted analyses, general racism was associated with smoking,
11. binge drinking, and being overweight or obese; health care racism was associated with not
being up to date with screening for prostate cancer. Associations varied across racial/ethnic
groups. Associations between general racism and lifestyle behaviors suggest that racism is a
potential stressor that may shape cancer-related health behaviors, and its impact may vary
by race/ethnicity.
14. Responses to Racism: A Taxonomy of Coping Styles Used by
Aboriginal Australians American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry, volume 74, 2004, 56-71
MELLOR, DAVID.
In this article the author has explored the coping responses of those who experience racism.
Previous attempts to provide taxonomies of responses to racism-discrimination-oppression
are reviewed. An analysis of data derived from semi-structured interviews conducted with
34 Indigenous Australians that explored experiences of racism and emotional and
behavioral responses is reported, and taxonomy of coping made up of 3 broad categories is
presented. The defining feature of these categories is the purpose of the responses
contained therein: to defend the self, to control or contain the reaction, or to confront the
racism. It is argued that this may be a more useful way to understand responses to racism
than taxonomies previously proposed.
12. Glossary
1
Gee, G. C., Ro, A., Shariff-Marco, S., & Chae, D. (2009). Racial discrimination and health among
Asian Americans: Evidence, assessment, and directions for future research. Epidemiologic
Reviews, 31, 130 – 151.
2
Helms, J. E. (1990). An overview of Black racial identity theory. In J. E. Helms (Ed.), Black and White
racial identity: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 9 – 32). Westport, Conn: Praeger.
3
The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, Report of an inquiry by Sir William MacPherson of Cluny (The MacPherson
Report): Chapter 6". The Stationery Office. February 1999. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
4
Griffith, Derek, Childs, Erica L., Eng, Eugenia, and Jefferies, Vanessa. "Racism in organizations: The case of a
county public health department." Journal of Community Psychology 35.3Apr 2007 287-302. 6 November
2008.
Racism The process, norms, ideologies, and behaviours that perpetuate
racial inequality1
Cultural Racism Societal beliefs and customs that promote the assumption that the
products of white culture (e.g., language, traditions, appearance) are
superior to those of non-White cultures.2
Institutional Racism the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate
and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or
ethnic origin3,4