A drastic shortage of black men exists within the United States’ teaching workforce. Centered on the assertion that both unsatisfactory, institutional conditions and racial insensitivity play key roles in black men’s decisions to exit the teaching profession, this portraiture case study, framed by Critical Race Theory, deeply examines this issue...
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Get out!!! black male suspensions in california public schools #BMIUCLA #SDSUGary Clarke
This report is a joint publication of the Black Minds Project (an initiative of the Community College Equity Assessment Lab (CCEAL) at San Diego State University (SDSU) and the Black Male Institute at the University of California, Los-Angeles (UCLA). In this report, we present analyses of publicly available statewide data on the suspension of Black males in California’s public schools.
The statewide suspension rate for Black males is 3.6 times
greater than that of the statewide rate for all students. Specifically, while 3.6% of all students were suspended in 2016-2017, the
suspension rate for Black boys and young men was 12.8%.
• Since 2011-2012, the suspension rates of Black males in California
has declined from 17.8% to 12.8%.
• The highest suspension disparity by grade level occurs in early
childhood education (Grades K through 3) where Black boys are
5.6 times more likely to be suspended than the state average.
• Black male students who are classified as “foster youth” are
suspended at noticeably high rates, at 27.4%. Across all analyses,
Black males who were foster youth in seventh and eighth grade
represented the subgroup that had the highest percentage of
Black male suspensions, at 41.0%.
• The highest total suspensions occurred in large urban counties,
such as Los Angeles County, Sacramento County, San
Bernardino County, Riverside County, and Contra Costa County.
In fact, these five counties alone account for 61% of Black
male suspensions.
• The highest suspension rates for Black males occur in rural
counties that have smaller Black male enrollments. In 2016-2017,Glenn County led the state in Black male suspensions at 42.9%.
• Other Counties with high suspension rates included Amador
County, Colusa County, Del Norte County, and Tehama County.
San Joaquin county has especially high suspension patterns.
In the past 5 years, they have reported suspension rates
at 20% or above. Four counties have reported similarly high
suspension patterns across the past 4 of 5 years, they include:
Modoc County, Butte County, Merced County, and Yuba County.
• A number of districts have large numbers of Black boys
and young men who were suspended at least once. Some
of these districts included Sacramento City Unified (n = 887),
Los Angeles Unified (n = 849), Elk Grove Unified (n = 745), Fresno
Unified (n = 729) and Oakland Unified (n = 711).
• There are 10 school districts in the state with suspension rates
above 30%. Of these, the highest suspension rates are reported
at Bayshore Elementary (San Mateo County, at 50%), Oroville
Union High (Butte County, at 45.2%), and the California School for
the Deaf-Fremont (Alameda County, at 43.8%).
• There are 88 school districts in the state of California that have
suspension rates for Black males that are below the state
average. These schools vary in size, urbanicity, and region.
#BMIUCLA
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article explores collegiate Black identity development when African American students attend predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States, considering the overall impact of total marginality. The term “total marginality” is used to describe the myriad, chronic, and often inescapable ways that African American college students attending PWIs are marginalized in a college setting. The focus of this paper is the impact of total marginality on Black identity development for those African American collegians who successfully complete their university studies at a PWI.
Frank Hernandez, Elizabeth Murakami, PhD, and othersWilliam Kritsonis
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. He was honored by the Texas National Association for Multicultural Education as Professor, Scholar, and Pioneer Publisher for Distinguished Service to Multicultural Research Publishing. The ceremony was held at Texas A&M University-College Station. He was inducted into the prestigious William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor. He was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Dr. Kritsonis was a Visiting Scholar at Columbia University’s Teacher College in New York, and Visiting Scholar in the School of Education at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Hines, mack t dehumanization of black children nfeasj v32 n4 2015William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
EDR 8204 Week 8 Assignment: Develop a Fictitious Qualitative Data Analysis an...eckchela
This is a North Central University course (EDR 8204): Week 8 Assignment: Develop a Fictitious Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation. It is written in APA format, has been graded by Dr. Kanyongo (A), and includes references. Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, so remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
Curriculum Issues & Law - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Curriculum Legal Issues, Curriculum and Law, Extra Curricular Activites, Copyrights, Attendance, Discrimination, Due Process
A drastic shortage of black men exists within the United States’ teaching workforce. Centered on the assertion that both unsatisfactory, institutional conditions and racial insensitivity play key roles in black men’s decisions to exit the teaching profession, this portraiture case study, framed by Critical Race Theory, deeply examines this issue...
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Get out!!! black male suspensions in california public schools #BMIUCLA #SDSUGary Clarke
This report is a joint publication of the Black Minds Project (an initiative of the Community College Equity Assessment Lab (CCEAL) at San Diego State University (SDSU) and the Black Male Institute at the University of California, Los-Angeles (UCLA). In this report, we present analyses of publicly available statewide data on the suspension of Black males in California’s public schools.
The statewide suspension rate for Black males is 3.6 times
greater than that of the statewide rate for all students. Specifically, while 3.6% of all students were suspended in 2016-2017, the
suspension rate for Black boys and young men was 12.8%.
• Since 2011-2012, the suspension rates of Black males in California
has declined from 17.8% to 12.8%.
• The highest suspension disparity by grade level occurs in early
childhood education (Grades K through 3) where Black boys are
5.6 times more likely to be suspended than the state average.
• Black male students who are classified as “foster youth” are
suspended at noticeably high rates, at 27.4%. Across all analyses,
Black males who were foster youth in seventh and eighth grade
represented the subgroup that had the highest percentage of
Black male suspensions, at 41.0%.
• The highest total suspensions occurred in large urban counties,
such as Los Angeles County, Sacramento County, San
Bernardino County, Riverside County, and Contra Costa County.
In fact, these five counties alone account for 61% of Black
male suspensions.
• The highest suspension rates for Black males occur in rural
counties that have smaller Black male enrollments. In 2016-2017,Glenn County led the state in Black male suspensions at 42.9%.
• Other Counties with high suspension rates included Amador
County, Colusa County, Del Norte County, and Tehama County.
San Joaquin county has especially high suspension patterns.
In the past 5 years, they have reported suspension rates
at 20% or above. Four counties have reported similarly high
suspension patterns across the past 4 of 5 years, they include:
Modoc County, Butte County, Merced County, and Yuba County.
• A number of districts have large numbers of Black boys
and young men who were suspended at least once. Some
of these districts included Sacramento City Unified (n = 887),
Los Angeles Unified (n = 849), Elk Grove Unified (n = 745), Fresno
Unified (n = 729) and Oakland Unified (n = 711).
• There are 10 school districts in the state with suspension rates
above 30%. Of these, the highest suspension rates are reported
at Bayshore Elementary (San Mateo County, at 50%), Oroville
Union High (Butte County, at 45.2%), and the California School for
the Deaf-Fremont (Alameda County, at 43.8%).
• There are 88 school districts in the state of California that have
suspension rates for Black males that are below the state
average. These schools vary in size, urbanicity, and region.
#BMIUCLA
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article explores collegiate Black identity development when African American students attend predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States, considering the overall impact of total marginality. The term “total marginality” is used to describe the myriad, chronic, and often inescapable ways that African American college students attending PWIs are marginalized in a college setting. The focus of this paper is the impact of total marginality on Black identity development for those African American collegians who successfully complete their university studies at a PWI.
Frank Hernandez, Elizabeth Murakami, PhD, and othersWilliam Kritsonis
WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. He was honored by the Texas National Association for Multicultural Education as Professor, Scholar, and Pioneer Publisher for Distinguished Service to Multicultural Research Publishing. The ceremony was held at Texas A&M University-College Station. He was inducted into the prestigious William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor. He was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, United Kingdom. Dr. Kritsonis was a Visiting Scholar at Columbia University’s Teacher College in New York, and Visiting Scholar in the School of Education at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
Hines, mack t dehumanization of black children nfeasj v32 n4 2015William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
EDR 8204 Week 8 Assignment: Develop a Fictitious Qualitative Data Analysis an...eckchela
This is a North Central University course (EDR 8204): Week 8 Assignment: Develop a Fictitious Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation. It is written in APA format, has been graded by Dr. Kanyongo (A), and includes references. Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, so remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
Curriculum Issues & Law - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Curriculum Legal Issues, Curriculum and Law, Extra Curricular Activites, Copyrights, Attendance, Discrimination, Due Process
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg - louder than words ijsaid v12 n1 2010William Kritsonis
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, www.nationalforum, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, Houston, Texas, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
National FORUM Journals, Founded in 1983, Over 5,000 professors published. All NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS are refereed, juried, blind-reviewed professional journals intended for a national and world-wide audience. Over 56,000 articles are downloaded each year for academic purposes.
Westbrook, steven parents of first generation college students focus v6 n1 20...William Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
Founded 1982
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS are a group of national refereed, juried, peer-reviewed, blind-reviewed professional periodicals. Any article published shall earned five affirmative votes from members of our National Board of Invited Distinguished Jurors and must be recommended for national publication by members of the National Policy Board representing all National FORUM Journals. Journal issues are distributed both nationally and world-wide.
Our website features national refereed articles that are published daily within our National FORUM Journals Online Journal Division. Over 1,000 articles are available to scholars and practitioners world-wide. Over 250,000 guests visit our website yearly. About 56,000 articles are downloaded for academic purposes at no charge. We have about an 88% rejection rate. See: www.nationalforum.com
Founded in 1982, National FORUM Journals has published the scholarly contributions of over 5,200 professors with over 2,000 articles indexed. Our journals are indexed with many global agencies including Cabell’s Directories, ERIC, EBSCO, SWETS International, Library of Congress National Serials Data Program, and the Copyright Clearance Center, Danvers, Massachusetts.
Global Website: www.nationalforum.com
C E N S O R H S I P S T U D E N T P U B L I C A T I O N SWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law - Educational Law & Policy Studies, Censorship, Due Process, Hiring Discrimination, Termination, Controversial Topics, Diversity, Public School Law.
School Law For Teachers - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law Power Point Presentation, Educational Laws & Policies, Due Process, Employment Law, Personnel Law, Equal Rights, Discrimination, Diversity, Teacher Rights, Termination of Employment
Dr. James D. Laub, PhD Dissertation Chair, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Disse...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Committee for Dr. James D. Laub, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Dr. Darrell Cleveland, The Richmond Stockton College of New Jersey - Publishe...William Kritsonis
Dr. Darrell Cleveland, The Richmond Stockton College of New Jersey - Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, Houston, Texas - www.nationalforum.com
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982 (www.nationalforum.com) is a group of national and international refereed journals. NFJ publishes articles on colleges, universities and schools; management, business and administration; academic scholarship, multicultural issues; schooling; special education; counseling and addiction, international issues; education; organizational theory and behavior; educational leadership and supervision; action and applied research; teacher education; race, gender, society; public school law; philosophy and history; psychology, and much more. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief.
Dr. W. Sean Kearney & Dr. David Herrington
Published in NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, Houston, Texas - www.nationalforum.com
Challenges, barriers and experiences women superintendents doneWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. Kritsonis has served as an elementary school teacher, elementary and middle school principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, professor, author, consultant, and journal editor. Dr. Kritsonis has considerable experience in chairing PhD dissertations and master thesis and has supervised practicums for teacher candidates, curriculum supervisors, central office personnel, principals, and superintendents. He also has experience in teaching in doctoral and masters programs in elementary and secondary education as well as educational leadership and supervision. He has earned the rank as professor at three universities in two states, including successful post-tenure reviews.
Dr. Gary D. Bates, PhD Dissertation Defense, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Dis...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Committee for Dr. Gary D. Bates, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Dissertation Chair for Rhodena Townsell, Dissertation Defense PPT.
1. 1
RURAL AFRICAN AMERICAN ADMINISTRATOR
CAREER TRAJECTORIES
A Dissertation Defense
by
Rhodena Townsell
January 26, 2009
Chair: William Allan Kritsonis, Ph.D.
2. 2
Committee Members
William Allan Kritsonis, Ph.D.
( Dissertation Chair)
David Herrington, Ph.D. Camille Gibson, Ph.D.
(Member) (Member)
Donald Collins, Ph.D.
(Member)
3. 3
Dissertation Defense Format
I. Purpose of the Study
II. Research Questions
III. Conceptual Framework
IV. Method
V. Major Findings
VI. Conclusions
VII. Implications
VIII. Challenge
IX. Recommendations for Further Study
X. References
4. 4
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to describe
factors that influence the career trajectories
of successful rural African American
administrators. Literature suggests that aspiring
school leaders may gain insight from the
experiences of others that will result in a better
understanding of the diverse career pathways
toward successful school leadership (Crenshaw,
2004).
5. 5
Research Questions
1. What childhood and academic experiences, including
encouragements and barriers, influence the career pathways of
rural African American administrators?
2. What work experiences, including encouragements and barriers,
Influence the career pathways of rural African American
administrators?
3. What characteristics of rural African American administrators
appear to influence their career pathways?
7. Conceptual Framework
Supporting Literature
This framework was constructed because traditional
models in leadership are developed by using mostly
Caucasian males and should not be generalized for
other groups of individuals (Kezar & Moriarty, 2000).
Theodore Kowalski, an authority in the area of
educational administration, relates that other groups of
individuals experience the world in their own unique
way (Valverde & Brown (1988) cited in Kowalski, 2003).
04/30/13 7
8. 8
Method
• Qualitative Descriptive Study
• Data was collected in the form of Structured Personal Interviews
• A review of literature was the basis for preliminary theme
identification
• Member Checking was utilized to give the interview participants
an opportunity to review and clarify their responses to the
interview questions
• Data was reduced and extracted by clustering and marginal
coding (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2006; Miles & Huberman, 1994)
• Microsoft Word was used as the transcribing tool
9. 9January 26, 2009
Method
An 80% response rate was collected from the 20 Texas Regional
Education Service Centers & the Texas Alliance of Black School
Educators (TABSE) by Snowball Sampling.
A Population of 17 African American administrators from eight
remote Texas Rural Systemic Initiative (TRSI) school districts was
discovered. Five of the districts were located in East Texas, Two
in West Texas, and one in Central Texas.
A total of seven individuals agreed to participate in the study. One
was interviewed for the pilot study and the remaining six became
the sample.
10. Method
A Pilot Study was conducted using the interview questions from
the dissertation, Small Missouri Public School Female
Superintendent Career Stories (Benson, 2006).
Prior to the study, the words superintendent and
superintendency were replaced with the words administrator and
administrative and the word gender was replaced with word race.
The word Missouri was replaced with the word Texas.
After the pilot study, the first question was divided into two
separate questions because of the lengthy nature of the response
necessary for the first half of the question. Questions 7 and 8 were
added to the instrument to obtain information to answer research
question 3. All changes to the interview instrument were reported to
the IRB.
10
11. 11
Method
Interview Questions
1. Would you tell me about your childhood?
2. Would you tell me about your educational background?
3. How long have you been in the education field? How long as an
administrator?
4. What motivated you to want to become an administrator?
5. What pathways or guiding compasses did you take to obtain
your position?
6. In seeking an administrative position, do you think
there were or are race specific career pathways or
guiding compasses?
12. 12
Method
7. What things inspire and renew you?
8. Do you prefer to work in a rural setting? If so why?
9. Do you have any recommendations for aspiring rural
African American administrators about the career
pathways or guiding compasses they need to take to
obtain an administrative position in a rural Texas
public school?
10. Is there any other information that you would like to add?
13. 13
Major Findings
Rural African American Administrator Population by Gender
____________________________________________________
Administrators Males Females
____________________________________________________
Superintendents 0 1
Assistant Superintendents 1 0
Principals 5 5
Assistant Principals 2 2
Program Coordinators 0 1
_____________________________________________________
14. 14
Major Findings
Sample Administrators by Job Assignment
____________________________________________
Administrators Frequency
____________________________________________
Superintendents 1
Principals 3
Assistant Principals 1
Program Coordinators 1
____________________________________________
16. Major Findings
Emerging Theme One
Research Question One: What childhood and academic
experiences, including encouragements and barriers,
influence the career pathways of rural African American
administrators?
Determination to Do Well
17. Major Findings
Supporting Literature
Emerging Theme One: Determination to do Well
• Personal drive, confidence and commitment
• Leadership preparation
• Willingness understand and respect other cultures
• Willingness to build positive relationships
• Professionalism (Bush et al, 2005)
• Personal determination, courage and hard work
(Kowalski, 2003)
18. Major Findings
Determination to do Well
• Encouragements: Family, Community, Friends and Teachers
Two individuals from two parent homes quoted, “It takes a village.”
Family and community members taught them to, “value work, respect
others and do well”. One person, from a single parent became an Eagle
scout. The highest rank in scouting. Oath: I will do my best...
• Barriers: Abuse, Poverty, and Negative Talk
One individual from a divorced family was encouraged to by a friend
after a teacher spoke negatively about her desire to become an
educator. Two more were from single parent homes. One of these was
raised by older siblings and encouraged to do well. The other one lived
in poverty after being rescued by a grandmother from abuse at the
hands of her 16 year old mother. She was validated by teachers a who
called her smart.
04/30/13 18
19. Major Findings
Emerging Theme One
Determination to do Well
Many contrasts were found in the childhood and
academic experiences of the administrators in the
sample. Sample members reported childhood
experiences that ranged from being nurtured and
privileged to those of coping with poverty and abuse.
The early support and validation received by these
administrators was the chief factor in the development
of their determination to do well.
20. Major Findings
Emerging Themes Two & Three
Research Question Two: What work experiences, including
encouragements and barriers, influence the career pathways
of rural African American administrators?
EnduringIsolated yet Rurally Connected
21. Major Findings
Supporting Literature
Emerging Theme Two: Isolated Yet Rurally Connected
– Rural Backgrounds, Personal Characteristics, or Educational
Experiences (Collins, 1999)
– Childhood Memories (Turner, 2004)
– Family Ties (Whitner, Jen, & Kassel)
– Isolation (Collins, 1999)
• Professional
• Social
• Geographic
22. Major Findings
Isolated Yet Rurally Connected
• Encouragements: Family Ties, Community, Identification with
the current school or with rural schools
Four attended rural schools, Two grew up in large cities. All had only
rural experience. Two said, “Rural schools represent family.” One
related that it was her husband’s dream to live in a rural area.
• Barrier: Isolation (Professional, Social, and Geographic)
Each was the only African American administrator on the campus or at
the central office. One said that his wife was the only other African
American educator in the district. The pilot study administrator was the
first and only African American administrator in his district. One
administrator added the words, “few and far in between.” Another said,
it’s lonely at the top.”
04/30/13 22
23. Major Findings
Supporting Literature
Emerging Theme Three: Enduring
• Rural poverty is at an all-time high
– Particularly in schools with large populations of African
American students
• New rural teachers are likely to face inadequate
housing (Laub, 2007)
• New rural teachers are most likely to feel isolated
(Laub, 2007)
• Rural educators may be asked to work toward
additional certification
• Rural educators have smaller incomes (TEA, 2007)
25. Major Findings
Supporting Literature
Emerging Theme Three: Enduring
• Rural educators tend to work in their districts for
many years before an administrative opportunity
comes along.
• Rural Board practices and attitudes can be negative
(Bates,2007)
• Rural Educators must be willing to work with other
cultures (Bush et al, 2005)
• Rural administrators must wear many hats (Benson,
2006) “Jack of all trades” (Laub, 2007)
04/30/13 25
26. Major Findings
Comparison: Rural Sample Turnover Rates to that of Texas________________
School District Percentage of Turnover
___________________________________________________________________
School 1 11%
School 2 23.3%
School 3 32%
School 4 17.9%
School 5 21.6%
School 6 14.9%
School 7 17.9%
School 8 31.9%
State of Texas 15.6%
________________________________________________________________
04/30/13 26
27. Major Findings
Comparison of Years in Education to Years in Administration___
Years in Education Years in Administration
__________________________________________________
42 32
28 16
28 9
15 10
11 8
10 3
___________________________________________________
28. Major Findings
Enduring
• Encouragements: Success of Students and Teachers, Family Ties,
and Community Support
Two administrators named student and teacher success as their
encouragement, One named family ties, One was living out a dream,
and another was told that she was born to do it by a professor. Her
entire community (African Americans and Caucasians) insisted that she
apply for a leadership position. All enjoyed the profession of education.
• Barriers: Turnover Rates, Assignment Practices, Number of
Responsibilities, Privacy Issues, Miscommunication, and Unwritten
Policy (Community Attitudes and Taboos)
One administrator remained determined and19 years passed before
she was promoted. The others contrasted with the literature findings
and worked an average of 7.4 years before administration. Another was
discouraged by the lack of rules and cited their lack of privacy
04/30/13 28
29. 29
Major Findings
Conclusion Two
Isolated Yet Rurally Connected and Enduring
Each of the administrators in the study was
the only African American administrator: on the campus,
in the district, or at the central office level and each held
a viable connection to his or her school district. All of
these administrators successfully navigated their rural
systems long enough gain promotion.
30. Major Findings
Emerging Themes Four & Five
Research Question Three: What characteristics of rural
African American administrators appear to influence their
career pathways?
Trusting in the will of GodCommunicators of Discipline
31. Major Findings
Supporting Literature
Communicators of Discipline
– Understanding of the culture and the expectations
of the school and the surrounding community
(Depit, 1988)
– Minority student improvement
– Willingness to build positive relationships
– Professionalism
– Appointed without interviews or external
competition (Bush, et al, 2005)
32. Major Findings
Communicators of Discipline
• Encouragements: Stakeholders
Four administrators were moved into administration before certification. Quotes
were, “The district was accustomed to Black leadership” “looking for someone
to handle the situation” “Workhorse” “Good disciplinarian” “Born to do it.” One
administrator was hired as the principal after one year as an assistant principal.
Another was recruited and hired after her predecessor (Caucasian) was sued
by an African American group for allegedly mishandling a young student.
• Barriers: Availability of Positions and Promotion Practices
The turnover rates for the teachers in six of the eight sample school districts
were higher than the 15.6% average for the state of Texas (TEA, 2007). The
researcher has experienced that turnover rate for rural administrators is lower.
Usually someone has to retire or die.
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33. Major Findings
Supporting Literature
Emerging Theme Five: Trusting in the Will of God
African American administrators in the Bush (2005),
Echols (2007), and Turner (2004) studies indicated that
that leaders should believe in God.
These leaders believed that holding God in high
esteem and praying when there was trouble in their
personal and professional lives was beneficial.
34. Major Findings
Trusting in the Will of God
• Encouragements: Personal Beliefs and Perceptions
of Blessings
Quotes from the study were, “It was God’s will for us to always
do well,” “Sunday was the first day of the week at my house”,
“…and God moved again…,” “Just have faith. God will move
you when it is His will,” “God showed me that this is where He
wanted me to be,” and "Trust in the Lord with all your heart,
and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways
acknowledge Him, and He shall direct your paths" (Proverbs
3:5-6).
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35. 35
Major Findings
Conclusion Three
Communicators of Discipline &
Trusting in the Will of God
All of the administrators in the study were able to meet the
expectations of key stakeholders in their school districts because
they were articulate, strong disciplinarians who could, “handle the
situation”. All administrators were trusting in the will of God to lead
them through many challenges, including the opportunity to move
into administration.
36. Implications
Many factors influence the career trajectories of rural African
American administrators. Their determination to do well is
developed early in life due to support and validation. Feelings
normally associated with isolation are minimized by the
development of viable rural connections. Enduring rural
challenges is possibly made easier by the extension of willingness
to understand and respect the culture of their schools and
surrounding communities. This willingness has also appeared to
increase their job promotion opportunities. Especially for those
educators who are viewed as strong communicators of
discipline. Finally, trusting in the will of God has given many
African American educators the faith to accept and maintain their
roles as leaders in rural education.
38. 38
Recommendations
for Further Study
1. Duplication of the study in other geographical areas
of the country.
2. Case studies of certified rural African Americans who
aspired to become leaders and were not promoted to
leadership positions.
3. A case study of a rural African American
superintendent.
39. 39
Recommendations
For Further Study
4. A study about the process utilized by rural African
American administrators to establish effective mentor
relationships and develop political networks.
5. A study examining the leadership behaviors and
beliefs of rural African American administrators over
an extended period of time.
6. A study comparing the experiences and
characteristics influencing the career trajectories of
rural African American administrators with those of
another ethnic group of administrators.
40. REFERENCES
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superintendency: a dissertation. Prairie View, TX: Prairie View A&M
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Benson, D. M. (2006). Small Missouri public school female superintendent
career stories: An exploration of guiding compasses. ProQuest
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Tangie, K. (2005). Black and minority ethnic leaders. Final report to the
national college for school leadership. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from
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Crenshaw, S. T. (2004). African American female school principals’ leadership
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Delgado, R. and J. Stefanic. (Ed.). (2000). Critical race theory: The cutting
edge. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Delpit, L.D. (1988). The silenced dialogue: Power and pedagogy in educating
other people’s children. http://rpp.english.ucsb.edu/research/race-class-
and-pedagogy/delpit-lisa Harvard Educational Review. Retrieved
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Echols, C. (2007). Challenges facing black American principals: A
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Kerka, S. (1998). Career development and gender, race, and class. ERIC
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43. REFERENCES
Texas Education Agency (2007). Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Texas
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Townsell, R. & Kritsonis, W. A. (2006). National insight: A look at synnoetics in
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Turner, C. T. (2004). Voices of four African American and European American
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44. 44
“I’m wide awake and full of fun, scared to death, but I won’t run!”
Grandpa Ethridge Townsell 1890-1985
Thank You!
"Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and lean not on
your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge Him, and
He shall direct your paths" (Proverbs 3:5-6).