This document discusses sex, gender, and sexuality. It defines sex as the biological dimensions assigned at birth based on anatomy and chromosomes, while gender is the social and cultural expectations and identities associated with one's sex. It notes that while sex is usually binary, some people are intersex or transgender. Sexual orientation pertains to one's emotional and sexual attractions. The document then discusses how views of gender and sexuality have changed over time as societies developed, with many historically having patriarchal systems that subordinated women and restricted their roles and rights. It outlines various women's movements that aimed to challenge patriarchal structures and gain equal rights.

1. Lesson 1: SEX, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY
Is the biological dimension of your gender and sexuality. Also referred to as biological sex or
physical sex, the term generally pertain to your identity depending on your sexual anatomy and
physiology the parts of your body that are relevant to reproduction and function of these parts.
Sex is often assigned at birth. Child is categorized;
Male- If a child is observed to have a penis and testicles.
Female- If a child is observed to have a vagina.
Hermaphroditism (from Hermes, a male Greek God, and Aphrodite, a female Greek Goddess)-
a case when the baby’s genitals appear to be a conglomerate of male and female organs. In
modern times, the term intersexuality is used to refer to this phenomenon.
Chromosomes- protein structures which contain your genetic materials are also used to
determine sex. There are specific chromosomes referred to as Sex Chromosomes.
Sex Chromosomes- which marks a person’s biological sex.
Set of XY- is said to be male
Set of XX- is said to be female
The level of some hormones are also used as markers.
For example;
1.Human males tend to have higher levels of testosterone which is associated to sex drive and
aggressions.
2.Human females tend to have higher levels of estrogen and progesterone, which are
associated with lactation, menstruation, and other female reproductive functions.
Humans are meaning-making organisms. Our ability for higher thinking and our tendency to
create social norms, allow us to attach social and cultural meanings to things, including our sex.
This social dimension of one’s sexuality is referred to as gender.
For example;
Males are typically expected to be masculine and females are expected to be feminine.
How we express our gender is largely based on our social and cultural setting.
Gender Identity- one important aspect of our gender is our sense of who we are: Do we see
ourselves as a man , woman or neither.
There are cases wherein a person’s biological sex does not align with one’s gender identity.
Transgender-such as a male who does not feel comfortable as a man(transgender woman) or a
female who is not comfortable identifying as a woman (transgender man).

2. Sexual Orientation – another aspect of our gender pertains to our emotional and sexual
attraction to a person.
Everyone’s sexuality is different and deeply personal. Our capacity for emotional and sexual
attraction is diverse and complex, but there are few common terms or labels for us to use.
People who are attracted to the opposite sex are called ‘heterosexual’
People who are attracted to people of the same sex are called ‘homosexual’
‘Bisexual’ or ‘bi’ people who are attracted to both sexes, male and female
‘LGBT’ refers to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community
Lesson 2: GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME
Historical accounts show that across time, humans’ conception of gender and sexuality has also
changed. Archeological artifacts reveal that in the distant past, during the dawn of civilization,
human societies have high regard for women.
Divine feminine( the sacredness of the woman due to her ability to conceive children)has
prevailed, and thus, women are treated equally with men. This makes societies egalitarian
(men and women have equitable power and roles)
However , human’s discovery of paternity (fatherhood/ role of the father in conception),
presumably during the agricultural era. How societies have changed the way they viewed
women and men therefrom.
PATRIARCHY
Patriarchy is from the Greek word Patriarkhes, which means “the rule of the father”.
Patrilineal society often follows a patriarchal society, this means only men can inherit property
and the family name. Women were left with no inheritance and are expected to marry a man
who can support her economically.
Friedrich Engels, a German philosopher and sociologist, argues that patriarchy came about
when people started having property instead of a communal living.
HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER

3. Greek- Aristotle, Plato and other Greek philosophers viewed women as the interior of sex and
properties of men whose only job was to obey their husbands, bear children and take care
household.
Egypt- Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed the Egyptian civilization citing that Egyptian
women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they can inherit property and
engage in trade and politics.
China- Confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how women should conduct
themselves. “Three obedience and four virtues” and “Precepts of women” states that women
should obey their father, when married she is to obey her husband and when widowed she is to
obey her son.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Women’s liberation movement, women’s movement , or feminism is continuing series of social
movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these oppressive political
structures, beliefs and practices against women.
Le Mouvement de Libération des Femmes or women’s liberation movement was formed in
Europe and they sought the right to education, work and right to vote in the 1940s.
FEMINISM DEMAND EQUALITY
Women suffrage
Equality in politics and society
Reproductive rights
Domestic violence
Sexual harassment and sexual violence
Other rights include the right to divorce their husbands, right to make decisions on her
pregnancy, equitable wages and equal employment opportunity.