Global Burden of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer
1) Hepatitis B and C infect over 500 million people globally and together cause over 1 million deaths per year, with hepatitis B causing 600,000 deaths and hepatitis C causing 350,000 deaths.
2) 78% of primary liver cancer cases result from chronic hepatitis B or C infection, with hepatitis B causing 53% of cases and hepatitis C causing 25% of cases.
3) In the Philippines, it is estimated that 7.3 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B, representing 16.7% of the adult population, and around 1 million people may be infected with hepatitis C.
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. It’s commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and alcohol. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease that occurs when your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue.
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. It’s commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and alcohol. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease that occurs when your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue.
Evolution and Revolution: Current Issues in HIV and HCV Co-infection
Chapter 1 – HIV-Hepatitis C Virus Co-infection: An evolving epidemic
Chapter 2 - Management of HIV infection in HIV/HCV co-infected patients
Chapter 3 - Management of HCV in co-infected patients
Chapter 4 - HCV Therapy: Direct acting antiviral agents in co-infected individuals
Chapter 5 - Drug interactions with directly acting antivirals for HCV: Overview & challenges in HIV/HCV Co-infection
Chapter 6 - Complicated cases
Chapter 7 - Future trials of Hepatitis C therapy in the HIV co-infected
Chapter 8 - HCV infection in marginalized populations
Chapter 9 - HIV/HCV Co-infection: Through the eyes of a co-infected hemophiliac
Outbreak of hepatitis b, epidemiology, and transmission in provinces of pakistanshahzebkhanshaz
hepatitis is much serious problem throughout the world the work presenting the epidemiology and transmission and risk factors are involved in spreading of disease
This presentation discusses:
Why it is a Global Health Issue?
Difference between HIV and AIDS?
Signs and Symptoms
Routes of Transmission
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Support for proven, effective and affordable priority strategies in controlling the most devastating infectious diseases, including:
Bednets and treatment strategies for rolling back malaria
DOTS (Directly-Observed Treatment, Short-course) for stopping TB.
Childhood vaccinations for reducing deaths from measles and other preventable diseases.
IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses) for addressing diarrhoeal diseases.
HIV prevention strategies such as condom prevention, sex education and STI treatment for reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Statement on the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United StatesDana Asbury
The National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States: Updated to 2020 (“NHAS 2020”) is a critically important and compelling review of the status of our nation’s response to the HIV epidemic in America and an action plan for the continuing fight.
Daniel Lee, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Evolution and Revolution: Current Issues in HIV and HCV Co-infection
Chapter 1 – HIV-Hepatitis C Virus Co-infection: An evolving epidemic
Chapter 2 - Management of HIV infection in HIV/HCV co-infected patients
Chapter 3 - Management of HCV in co-infected patients
Chapter 4 - HCV Therapy: Direct acting antiviral agents in co-infected individuals
Chapter 5 - Drug interactions with directly acting antivirals for HCV: Overview & challenges in HIV/HCV Co-infection
Chapter 6 - Complicated cases
Chapter 7 - Future trials of Hepatitis C therapy in the HIV co-infected
Chapter 8 - HCV infection in marginalized populations
Chapter 9 - HIV/HCV Co-infection: Through the eyes of a co-infected hemophiliac
Outbreak of hepatitis b, epidemiology, and transmission in provinces of pakistanshahzebkhanshaz
hepatitis is much serious problem throughout the world the work presenting the epidemiology and transmission and risk factors are involved in spreading of disease
This presentation discusses:
Why it is a Global Health Issue?
Difference between HIV and AIDS?
Signs and Symptoms
Routes of Transmission
Risk factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment
Support for proven, effective and affordable priority strategies in controlling the most devastating infectious diseases, including:
Bednets and treatment strategies for rolling back malaria
DOTS (Directly-Observed Treatment, Short-course) for stopping TB.
Childhood vaccinations for reducing deaths from measles and other preventable diseases.
IMCI (Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses) for addressing diarrhoeal diseases.
HIV prevention strategies such as condom prevention, sex education and STI treatment for reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Statement on the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United StatesDana Asbury
The National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States: Updated to 2020 (“NHAS 2020”) is a critically important and compelling review of the status of our nation’s response to the HIV epidemic in America and an action plan for the continuing fight.
Daniel Lee, MD
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
Spread the Awareness about #Hepatitis with us on this World Hepatitis Day!
#28July #WorldHepatitisDay
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World AIDS Day
World AIDS Day is held on 1 December each year. It raises awareness across the world and in the community about the issues surrounding HIV and AIDS. It is a day for people to show their support for people living with HIV and to commemorate people who have died.
Taking place under the tagline ‘We can. I can.’, World Cancer Day 2016-2018 will explore how everyone – as a collective or as individuals – can do their part to reduce the global burden of cancer.
Just as cancer affects everyone in different ways, all people have the power to take various actions to reduce the impact that cancer has on individuals, families and communities.
World Cancer Day is a chance to reflect on what you can do, make a pledge and take action. Whatever you choose to do ‘We can. I can.’ make a difference to the fight against cancer.
WCD2016 website http://www.worldcancerday.org/ materials http://www.worldcancerday.org/materials and ways to help http://www.worldcancerday.org/get-involved
Ghia foundation strategy document v4.dec.17.2015 (ab)Ghia Foundation
GHIA FOUNDATION WAS FOUNDED IN 2013 by a team of kind-heated Professionals.
VISION: A World where women in developing Countries live healthier , longer lives
MISSION – To reduce morbidity and mortality among women in developing Countries by strengthening Health Systems to deliver high quality, comprehensive health services.
Epidemiology of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)Prabesh Ghimire
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
1. Global Burden of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer
Philippine Hepatitis and Liver Cancer Summit 2014
Shangrila Hotel, Makati City
4 February 2014
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
2. Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs)
• Heart diseases and
strokes
• Cancers
• Diabetes
• Chronic respiratory
diseases
36M deaths each year due to NCDs…
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
3. Global Burden of Cancer
• Cancer is the world’s second biggest killer after cardiovascular
diseases.
• It kills around 8.2 million people globally each year. 65% (5.3
million) of the cancer deaths occurred in les developed regions,
with huge implications on human suffering, health systems, health
budgets, and efforts to reduce poverty.
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
4. Viral Hepatitis
• Viral hepatitis is a group of infectious diseases that affects
hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
• Five distinct hepatitis viruses have been identified: A, B, C, D
and E.
• Hepatitis B and C are particularly prevalent.
• Untreated chronic hepatitis B and C infection can result in
liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.
• An estimated 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of
cases of primary liver cancer result from HBV or HCV
infection.
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
5. Global Burden of hepatitis B
(HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV)
• 500 million chronically infected
– 350 million HBV
– 150-170 million HCV
• 1 million deaths per year
– 600,000 HBV
– 350,000 HCV
• 57% of cirrhosis
– 30% HBV
– 27% HCV
• 78% of Hepatocellular carcinoma
– 53% HBV
– 25% HCV
7. Chronic Hepatitis B Infection
• Children less than 6 years of age who become infected with the
hepatitis B virus are the most likely to develop chronic
infections.
• 80–90% of infants infected during the first year of life develop
chronic infections.
• 30–50%% of children infected before the age of 6 years
develop chronic infections.
• In adults: <5% of otherwise healthy adults who are infected will
develop chronic infection;
• 15–25% of adults who become chronically infected during
childhood die from hepatitis B-related liver cancer or cirrhosis.
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
8. Hepatitis B and C in Philippines
• Estimated 7.3 M (16.7% of adult population) chronically
infected with BHV
• Around 2.3% or 1 M Filipinos may be infected with HCV
» Source: Hepatology Society of thePhilippines, 2013
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
9. Why should we be concerned about viral
hepatitis?
• Millions of people are living with viral hepatitis and millions more are at
risk.
• Most people who were infected long ago with HBV or HCV are
unaware of their chronic infection. They are at high risk of developing
severe chronic liver disease and can unknowingly transmit the infection
to other people.
• Viral hepatitis places a heavy burden on the health care system
because of the costs of treatment of liver failure and chronic liver
disease.
• Some groups are at more risk of contracting viral hepatitis than others.
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
18. Risk Factors for Liver Cancer
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chronic Viral Hepatitis B and C – most common risk factor
Cirrhosis
Heavy alcohol use
Aflatoxin
Obesity
Type 2 Diabetes
Tobacco Use
Gender: Male
Race/ Ethnicity
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
19. • 2010 World Health Assembly resolution 63.18:
– Call for comprehensive approach to hepatitis prevention
and control
• Mandate to WHO:
– Develop guidelines and strategies for surveillance,
prevention and control of viral hepatitis
– Support development of scientific research
– Improve global prevalence and disease-burden estimates
– Mobilize support
– Strengthen WHO Safe Injection Global Network
20. Framework for global action
• Vision:
– A world where viral hepatitis
transmission is stopped and all
have access to safe and
effective care and treatment.
• Axes:
– Axis 1: Raising awareness,
promoting partnerships and
mobilizing resources
– Axis 2: Evidence-based policy
and data for action
– Axis 3: Prevention of
transmission
– Axis 4: Care and Treatment
21. Monitoring the Response: the 2012 Survey
• Baseline survey
• Provided information relating to the
four axes of he WHO strategy
• Will be carried out every one to two
years to monitor overall progress in
implementation
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
22. WHO Regional Goals to
prevent HepB through
VACCINATION
2003: the WHO Region agreed to set targets for HepB control
though vaccination
2005: the Region adopted targets:
Milestone: reduce chronic HB prevalence to <2% in children
at least 5 years old by 2012
Goal: <1% prevalence, target year to established
2013: the Region decided the <1% prevalence target as 2017
23. World Hepatitis Day (28 July)
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
24. How WHO Fights Cancer
• Backed by the World Health
Assembly resolution 58.22 of
2005 on cancer prevention and
control, WHO is committed to a
Global Action Plan Against
Cancer to reduce the cancer
burden worldwide.
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
25. The WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013-2020
Vision:
A world free of the avoidable
burden of NCDs
Goal:
To reduce the preventable and
avoidable burden of morbidity,
mortality and disability due to
NCDs by means of multisectoral
collaboration and cooperation at
national, regional and global levels
26. WHO Framework Convention on
Tobacco Control (FCTC)
Quitting tobacco is the best way
to reduce cancer. To help make
this happen, WHO develops and
helps implement powerful
tobacco controls.
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
27. WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical
Activity and Health
• Eating well and staying active
are keys to leading healthier lives
and eliminating the risks of
chronic conditions like cancer.
• WHO works with countries to
craft straightforward approaches
to promote healthy diets and
physical activity.
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
28. Global Strategy on Harmful Use of
Alcohol
•WHO works with governments to introduce policies that reduce
the negative health consequences of hazardous and harmful
alcohol use, identify risky drinking patterns and improve public
health.
• In 2005, the World Health Assembly adopted a resolution on
“public health problems caused by harmful use of alcohol,”
urging countries to develop, implement and evaluate effective
strategies to reduce the health and social problems associated
with alcohol.
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
29. Immunization Drives Against
Hepatitis B
• WHO promotes the introduction of
hepatitis B vaccine in many poor countries.
• WHO estimates more than 2 million child
deaths were averted through immunization
in 2003, plus another 600 000 hepatitis Brelated deaths that would have occurred in
adulthood from liver cancer and cirrhosis.
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
30. NCD “best buys”
Condition
Interventions
Tobacco use Tax increases; smoke-free indoor workplaces & public places;
health information / warnings; advertising/promotion bans
Alcohol use
Tax increases; restrict retail access; advertising bans
Unhealthy diet &
physical inactivity
Reduced salt intake; replacement of trans fat; public
awareness about diet & physical activity
CVD & diabetes
Counselling & multi-drug therapy (including glycaemic
control for diabetes) for people with >30% CVD risk
(including those with CVD); treatment of heart attacks with
aspirin
Cancer Hepatitis B immunization to prevent liver cancer; screening &
treatment of pre-cancerous lesions to prevent cervical
cancer
35. Population-wide Interventions:
on Cancer Prevention
• Vaccination against Hepatitis (BEST BUY)
• HPV vaccination
• Protection against environmental or occupational risk
factors for cancer, such as aflatoxin, asbestos and
contaminants in drinking-water
• Screening for breast and cervical cancer
Office of the WHO Representative in the Philippines
Approximately 1 000 000 people die each year (~2.7% of all deaths) from causes related to viral hepatitis, most commonly liver disease, including liver cancer.
An estimated 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of cases of primary liver cancer
According to the Global Burden of Disease estimates, hepatitis B and hepatitis C together caused 1.4 million deaths in 2010, including deaths from acute infection, liver cancer and cirrhosis.
Approximately 1 000 000 people die each year (~2.7% of all deaths) from causes related to viral hepatitis, most commonly liver disease, including liver cancer.
An estimated 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of cases of primary liver cancer
The likelihood that infection with the hepatitis B virus becomes chronic depends upon the age at which a person becomes infected.
Children less than 6 years of age who become infected with the hepatitis B virus are the most likely to develop chronic infections:
80–90% of infants infected during the first year of life develop chronic infections;
30–50%% of children infected before the age of 6 years develop chronic infections.
In adults:
<5% of otherwise healthy adults who are infected will develop chronic infection;
15–25% of adults who become chronically infected during childhood die from hepatitis B-related liver cancer or cirrhosis.
Liver cancer is largely a problem of the less developed regions where 83% (50% in China alone) of the estimated 782,000 new cancer cases worldwide occurred in 2012. It is the fifth most common cancer in men (554,000 cases, 7.5% of the total) and the ninth in women (228,000 cases, 3.4%).
In men, the regions of high incidence are Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (ASRs 31.9 and 22.2 respectively). In women, the rates are generally much lower, the highest being in Eastern Asia and Western Africa (10.2 and 8.1 respectively).
Liver cancer estimated to be responsible for nearly 746,000 deaths in 2012 (9.1% of the total).
The prognosis for liver cancer is very poor (overall ratio of mortality to incidence of 0.95), and as such the geographical patterns in incidence and mortality are similar.
Liver cancer is the 6th most common cancer in 2012, and third most common cause of death from cancer worldwide in both sexes.
Among men, liver cancer is the 5th most common cancer, and second most common cause of death from cancer. (5 and 2)
Among women, liver cancer is the 9th most common cancer, and sixth most common cause of death from cancer. (9 and 6)
6 and 3
3 and 2 among men (PHL)
5 and 4
In 2010, the World Health Assembly adopted its first resolution on viral hepatitis and called for a comprehensive approach to prevention and control, opened a new era of awareness about the magnitude of the disease and the need for urgent action on several fronts.
The World Health Organization (WHO) followed up on the resolution in 2012 by crafting a strategy that addresses four axes: awareness-raising, partnerships and resource mobilization; evidence-based policy and data for action; prevention of transmission; and screening, care and treatment.
To raise awareness about hepatitis
WHO Member States at the 58th World Health Assembly in Geneva approved a resolution on Cancer Prevention and Control which called on all Member States to develop national cancer programmes, to cover strategies on prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment, and palliative care.
The global cancer control strategy encouraged national governments to provide the unifying framework so actions at all levels and by all stakeholders will be mutually supportive.
It emphasized the need for multisectoral action as many cancer risk factors lie outside the health sector’s direct influence.
It pushed for integrated interventions and seeks involvement of governments and nongovernmental organizations, like health professional associations and national cancer societies.
WHO also addresses some of the main risk factors for NCDs through global action, such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health.
WHO also addresses some of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease through global action, such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health.
WHO also addresses some of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease through global action, such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health.
There were 14.1 million new cancer cases, 8.2 million cancer deaths and 32.6 million people living with cancer (within 5 years of diagnosis) in 2012 worldwide. 57% (8 million) of new cancer cases, 65% (5.3 million) of the cancer deaths and 48% (15.6 million) of the 5-year prevalent cancer cases occurred in the less developed regions.
The overall age standardized cancer incidence rate is almost 25% higher in men than in women, with rates of 205 and 165 per 100,000, respectively.