Current situation in the meningitis belt, impact of MenAfriVac, countries that have introduced or committed to introducing it into routine schedules, catch up campaigns, controlling outbreaks and the challenge of maintaining vaccine stockpiles, use of conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Preparedness for and response to meningococcal outbreaks: preliminary results of a Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) randomized controlled trial of two schedules of 4CMenB vaccine in adolescents and young adults.
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Prospects for GBS prevention - current candidates & removing barriers to licensure of a GBS vaccine for pregnant women globally
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Preparedness for and response to meningococcal outbreaks: preliminary results of a Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) randomized controlled trial of two schedules of 4CMenB vaccine in adolescents and young adults.
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Prospects for GBS prevention - current candidates & removing barriers to licensure of a GBS vaccine for pregnant women globally
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
What next for prevention of pneumococcal disease in light of serotype replacement? Is there a pathway to licensure for novel pneumococcal vaccines?
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Single-dose oral ciprofloxacin prophylaxis as a meningococcal meningitis outbreak response: results of a cluster-randomized trial
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
mpact of MenZB on the incidence of gonorrhoea and potential future implications for cost effectiveness of teenage meningococcal vaccination
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Current epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the African meningitis belt and new WHO outbreak response guidelines after the Meningitis Vaccine Project
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
What next for prevention of pneumococcal disease in light of serotype replacement? Is there a pathway to licensure for novel pneumococcal vaccines?
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Single-dose oral ciprofloxacin prophylaxis as a meningococcal meningitis outbreak response: results of a cluster-randomized trial
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
mpact of MenZB on the incidence of gonorrhoea and potential future implications for cost effectiveness of teenage meningococcal vaccination
https://www.meningitis.org/mrf-conference-2017
Current epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the African meningitis belt and new WHO outbreak response guidelines after the Meningitis Vaccine Project
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Dr Marie-Pierre Preziosi's presentation at Meningitis Research Foundation's 2013 conference, Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults http://www.meningitis.org/conference2013
First presented at the Meningitis Vaccine Project Closure Conference in Addis Ababa in February, Gavi’s CEO Seth Berkley gives a summary of Gavi’s role in reducing the burden of meningitis in Africa.
Meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt and the impact of MenAfriVac: an overview of the MenAfriCar project
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Need Health System Preparedness & Readiness for DengueSagarParajuli9
This seminar presentation is prepared as part of the Course requirement of HSM621 Seminar and Practicum for the Master's Degree of Public Health (MPH), Pokhara University and can be used as reference materials.
The content and facts included in the presentation are as of information available till March 2024 and no conflict of interest is associated with the presentation. The presentation is prepared by Sagar Parajuli.
Three months after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan (China), the African response could be labelled as impressive. Many lessons were learnt by African countries from Ebola epidemic which hit West Africa (2014-2016). Industrial resiliency (mask production at scale), Technological innovations (PCR test local production, machine learning and robotics) and Genomic Prowess (Genome sequence of COVID-19 virus) ; all showed Africa is ready to be part of the global solution to COVID-19. Yet, only 3 clinical trials for vaccine and medicine against the virus were ongoing across the continent at the time of this presentation. The presentation also discusses some of the public health and industrial strategies to build even more resiliency in the continent beyond the pandemic.
In light of the global health crisis, Imperial College Healthcare Club to host the second webinar discussion around Africa’s healthcare system resilience to COVID-19. We are honored to be joined by Dr. Kaouthar Lbiati, who are both currently working on the continent’s response to the pandemic.The event will be a discussion, where the speakers will be presenting their work as well as their views and perspectives around the Healthcare crisis in Africa.
The webinar will focus on :
1. How the healthcare actors based in Africa have been crucial in responding to the pandemic.
3. How the long-term consequences of this crisis can bring major changes in Africa.
Kaouthar Lbiati (MD, MSc) will be emphasising on the wider scope of the healthcare policy & industry and explore the strategies on both that Africa as a continent could
establish to build resilience.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Dr Ado Bwaka @ MRF's Meningitis & Septicaemia in Children & Adults 2017
1. MRF ConferenceMRF Conference
14-1514-15November 2017November 2017
Meningitis Control in Africa
Dr Ado BwakaDr Ado Bwaka
WHOWHO
Inter country Support Team - West AfricaInter country Support Team - West Africa
2. Outline
1. Current Epidemiological situation of meningitis in Africa
2. Strategies to eliminate meningitis epidemics
3. MenAfriVac achievements 2010–2017
4. MenAfriVac introduction in routine : challenges
5. Controlling meningitis outbreaks and challenges
6. Conclusion
3. Meningitis burden remains high in the region
MenAfriVac introduction
2010-2017
Meningitis suspected cases and deaths in Africa, 2004-2017
4. Bacteriological profile of meningitis in Africa 2003-2017
Predominance of
non NmA after 2010:
Nm C, W, X, and Sp.
In 2017:
NmC (35%) major
epidemics since 2015
(Nigeria, Niger(
S.pneumoniae (27%(
Mixed epidemics in
Ghana since 2016
(Sp. & NmC(
NmX (13%)
increasing since 2016
NmW (10%(
major epidemics
since 2016 (Togo &
Ghana(
Predominance of
non NmA after 2010:
Nm C, W, X, and Sp.
In 2017:
NmC (35%) major
epidemics since 2015
(Nigeria, Niger(
S.pneumoniae (27%(
Mixed epidemics in
Ghana since 2016
(Sp. & NmC(
NmX (13%)
increasing since 2016
NmW (10%(
major epidemics
since 2016 (Togo &
Ghana(
MenAfriVac first introduction
5. • Ensure long-term protection against NmA disease
A regional effort, a two-fold strategy
1. Mass vaccination campaigns (herd protection)
2. Routine immunization (long-term sustainability)
• Enhance outbreak response and control
• Enhance surveillance and strengthen laboratory capacity
• Promote development & use of affordable multivalent conjugate vaccines
Strategies to eliminate meningitis epidemics
6. MenAfriVac achievements
Mass campaigns & Routine immunization 2010–2017
> 280 million persons vaccinated in 21 countries
1-dose campaigns targeting 1 to 29 year-olds
3 million children vaccinated
Nationwide introduction in 7 countries, underway in an additional 6
countries
7. MenAfriVac® introduction in routine : challenges
• Nationwide vs. high risk areas
• Public perceptions of inequity could arise with regard to different vaccination
programmes in different parts of the country
• Complexity of implementing different vaccination programmes in the same country
• Multiple injections at one visit: MCV1 and YF at 9 months
• Vaccination beyond 12 months of age, changing norms and behaviors:
Mothers; Communities; Health workers
• Health workers training
8. Huge MenAfriVac impact on carriage and disease
Kristiansen et al. (2011, 2012) Burkina Faso
Elimination of NmA carriage in vaccinated & unvaccinated population up to two years after mass
vaccination, when comparing pre- and post-vaccination carriage prevalence
Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Feb 1;56:354-363.
BMC Infect Dis. 2014 Dec 4;14:663.
Daugla et al. (2012, 2013) in Chad
94% reduction in incidence of meningitis in vaccinated vs. unvaccinated districts (suspected cases)
98% decrease in NmA carriage prevalence 4-6 months after mass vaccination vs. pre-vaccination
Lancet. 2013 Jan 4; 383: 40–47.
Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jan;21:115-8.
Trotter et al. (2010-2015) in 9 countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Togo)
58% decline in incidence of meningitis (suspected cases)
>99% decline in incidence of NmA meningitis (confirmed cases)
60% decline in risk of epidemics
Lancet. 2017 Aug; 17, 867–872.
9. Sustained vaccine impact on NmA carriage
2009 – 2012 ... 2016 - 2017
Kristiansen PA et al. Clin Infect Dis 2013, BMC Infect Dis 2014
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
7 years after mass vaccination campaigns
•No Nm A
•No ST-7 or ST-2859 with a non-A capsule
•Predominance of non-groupable Nm (ST-192)
•Presence of invasive epidemic strains C (ST-10217) et W
(ST-11)
Kristiansen PA et al. Preliminary results
MenAfriVac mass campaigns MenAfriVac catch up campaign - routine introduction
10. Vaccine effect on disease, on meningococcal carriage and
transmission
94% reduction
in meningitis incidence
98% difference in NmA carriage
prevalence
Daugla et al, Lancet 2014
11. Vaccine impact on disease
and risk of epidemics, 2005-2015
>99% decline in NmA
IRR=2.0 (95%CI 0.92, 4.38)
for other Nm
58% decline in meningitis
60% decline in risk of epidemics
in fully vaccinated population
Analysis of surveillance data from 9 countries:
Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Togo
12. However, NmA is still in circulation
Confirmed cases of NmA after MenAfrivac campaigns, 2011-
2016 NmA detected:
-2015: in 3 countries
-2016: in 5 countries
-2017: in 2 countries (Guinea, Nigeria)
Only one documented case of vaccine
failure (NmA in a vaccinated case)
in Burkina Faso
Introduction into routine is a priority
13. Meningitis epidemics in Africa 2016-17
Figure A : Meningitis epidemic season 2016 w 1-26 Figure B : Meningitis epidemic season 2017 w 1-26
W
C
S.p
W C
Sp
Countries Suspected cases Deaths
Nigeria 14,518 1,166 (CFR = 8%)
Niger 3,303 197 (CFR = 6%)
Togo 515 35 (CFR = 6.6 %)
Cameroon 25 9 (CFR = 36%)
Ghana 817 75 (CFR = 9.2%)
Chad 205 (CFR = 9.3%)
Countries Suspected cases Deaths
Nigeria 600 29 (CFR = 5.2 %)
Niger 1540 114 (CFR = 7.4 %)
Togo 1834 118 (CFR = 6.4 %)
Ghana 2406 222 (CFR = 9.2%)
Chad 114 21 (CFR = 14.6 %)
CW
S.p
X
14. 14
An emerging threat: NmC
Total Cases 14,518
Total Deaths 1,166
Case Fatality Ratio 8%
Samples tested 1006 (7%)
Confirmed cases 474 (47%)
NmC 80%
15. 15
Delays in response: surveillance (analysis and reporting) and laboratory confirmation
EOC Activated
Graph courtesy of Dr. Chikwe Ihekweazu, National Coordinator NCDC
16. Challenges in surveillance and laboratory confirmation
Data quality
Laboratory confirmation capacity
Rapid Test developments
Picture courtesy of
17. Controlling Meningitis outbreaks and challenges
• Planning and resource mobilization
• Annual planning and review meeting on surveillance, preparedness and response and
MenAfriNet partners meeting
• Encourage resource mobilization to implement epidemic preparedness and response
action plan to meningitis epidemics
• Coordination and partnership
• Reinforce technical support during epidemic season in countries
• Regional monitoring of meningitis surveillance
• Support the functioning of national rapid response committees
• Fostering national and international partnership for surveillance and response to
meningitis outbreaks
18. Emergency vaccination response: challenges
Lack of vaccine
• In 2017: 4,208,505 doses of
vaccines requested by countries
versus 2,877,490 released
Delays in accessing the international
vaccine stockpile (ICG)
• Late request by countries
• Surveillance data not supportive
• Average shipment : 10 days
Falsified vaccines (Niger, Cameroon)
Delays in response
2
4 4
9
12
17
20
10 9
7
0 0 0 0 1
2
0 0 1 0
0
5
10
15
20
25
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
Reactive vaccination
Epi curve, Akebou district, Togo
19. Getting more vaccine!
Recognized usefulness of
national contingency stockpiles
close monitoring (quality and
quantities)
ICG equity principle should be
maintained
Balance (ideal stock size) to be
carefully maintained
Procurement strategy (WHO,
GAVI, UNICEF SD) - 5 years
tender 2017-2021 for 25
million doses (5 million doses
per year)
Promote development and use
of affordable multivalent
conjugates
20. Conclusion
• Unpredictability of meningitis
epidemics. Re-emergence of non-A
meningococcal diseases (C-W-X)
after the introduction of
MenAfriVac
• Need for efficient surveillance
• Laboratory confirmation is key and
should be strengthened
• Resource mobilization for vaccine
stockpile and lab materials for
prompt and adequate response to
• Continue MenAfriVac introduction
for elimination of Meningococcal
meningitis A through campaigns
and routine immunization
• Regional plan for eliminating all
epidemics – 2030 horizon