Premature and low birth weight children's growth and development must be closely monitored. Embryonic and early childhood structural brain development is a slow process that last through the toddler stage. Embryonic gyrification, sulcation, and production of myelin is essential to brain development. Brain tissue requires more than 40 weeks of optimal gestational conditions. During the third trimester grey matter undergo corticle folding, while white matter undergo changes in tissue organization and maturation. The frontal lobe is especially vulnerable to fetal nutrient deficiency during this critical period. Stakeholders must also monitor infants and toddlers who are born early term (37-38 weeks gestation) since their brain tissue is also underdeveloped. Parents, physicians, and child-care providers are encouraged to assess preterm children's cognitive, learning, movement, language, and social emotional domains. Preterms should also receive visuospatial, neuromuscular skeletal and working memory assessments in addition to cognitive, learning, language, and social emotional assessments. Early intervention is the key to rehabilitation.
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Speaker presentation from U.S. News Healthcare of Tomorrow leadership summit, Nov. 17-19, 2019 in Washington, DC. Find out more about this forum at www.usnewshot.com.
Premature and low birth weight children's growth and development must be closely monitored. Embryonic and early childhood structural brain development is a slow process that last through the toddler stage. Embryonic gyrification, sulcation, and production of myelin is essential to brain development. Brain tissue requires more than 40 weeks of optimal gestational conditions. During the third trimester grey matter undergo corticle folding, while white matter undergo changes in tissue organization and maturation. The frontal lobe is especially vulnerable to fetal nutrient deficiency during this critical period. Stakeholders must also monitor infants and toddlers who are born early term (37-38 weeks gestation) since their brain tissue is also underdeveloped. Parents, physicians, and child-care providers are encouraged to assess preterm children's cognitive, learning, movement, language, and social emotional domains. Preterms should also receive visuospatial, neuromuscular skeletal and working memory assessments in addition to cognitive, learning, language, and social emotional assessments. Early intervention is the key to rehabilitation.
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Speaker presentation from U.S. News Healthcare of Tomorrow leadership summit, Nov. 17-19, 2019 in Washington, DC. Find out more about this forum at www.usnewshot.com.
A presentation by Maureen Samms-Vaughn as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days CHECKLEYCORE Group
CORE Group GHPC15
October 8, 2015
Concurrent Session: Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days: Translating Evidence into Programs for Stunting, Wasting, and the Double Burden of Malnutrition
Next steps in obesity Prevention: Altering early life systems to support he...Jesse Budlong
There is an urgent need for effective, sustainable child obesity prevention strategies. Progress toward this goal requires strengthening current approaches to add a component that addresses pregnancy onward. Altering early-life systems that promote intergenerational transmission of obesity holds promise for interrupting the continuing cycle of the obesity epidemic. A 2011 Institute of
Medicine (IOM) report emphasizes the need for interventions early in life to prevent obesity. A 2010 IOM report called for addressing gaps in existing obesity research evidence by using a systems perspective, simultaneously addressing interacting obesity promoting factors in multiple sectors and at multiple societal levels. A review of evidence from basic science, prevention, and systems
research supports an approach that (1) begins at the earliest stages of development, and (2) uses a systems framework to simultaneously implement health behavior and environmental changes in communities.
Findings from Suzanie Adina MAT SAAT’s PhD research at Loughborough University that explored the experiences of Malay children whose parent has cancer and their information needs and behaviour to cope with the challenges they faced as dependent children and care-givers.
Cardiff University Healthy Ageing Conference & Public Lecture
The importance of a healthy lifestyle
A Conference and a Public Lecture
Thursday 30th October 2014
http://medicine.cardiff.ac.uk/event/healthy-ageing-conference-public-lecture/
The first of 5 summary presentations around our Habit Fundamentals™ training. A brief look at the four stages of learning, with a voiceover from me to give some context.
A presentation by Maureen Samms-Vaughn as part of the Childhood Risk and Resilience panel discussion at the International Symposium on Cohort and Longitudinal Studies in Developing Contexts, UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti, Florence, Italy 13-15 October 2014
Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days CHECKLEYCORE Group
CORE Group GHPC15
October 8, 2015
Concurrent Session: Factors Associated with Growth in the First 1,000 Days: Translating Evidence into Programs for Stunting, Wasting, and the Double Burden of Malnutrition
Next steps in obesity Prevention: Altering early life systems to support he...Jesse Budlong
There is an urgent need for effective, sustainable child obesity prevention strategies. Progress toward this goal requires strengthening current approaches to add a component that addresses pregnancy onward. Altering early-life systems that promote intergenerational transmission of obesity holds promise for interrupting the continuing cycle of the obesity epidemic. A 2011 Institute of
Medicine (IOM) report emphasizes the need for interventions early in life to prevent obesity. A 2010 IOM report called for addressing gaps in existing obesity research evidence by using a systems perspective, simultaneously addressing interacting obesity promoting factors in multiple sectors and at multiple societal levels. A review of evidence from basic science, prevention, and systems
research supports an approach that (1) begins at the earliest stages of development, and (2) uses a systems framework to simultaneously implement health behavior and environmental changes in communities.
Findings from Suzanie Adina MAT SAAT’s PhD research at Loughborough University that explored the experiences of Malay children whose parent has cancer and their information needs and behaviour to cope with the challenges they faced as dependent children and care-givers.
Cardiff University Healthy Ageing Conference & Public Lecture
The importance of a healthy lifestyle
A Conference and a Public Lecture
Thursday 30th October 2014
http://medicine.cardiff.ac.uk/event/healthy-ageing-conference-public-lecture/
The first of 5 summary presentations around our Habit Fundamentals™ training. A brief look at the four stages of learning, with a voiceover from me to give some context.
Engagement is key to member loyalty and volunteering is the stickiest form of engagement - so lets optimize volunteer opportunity in your association through #VolunteerLove. Tips and ideas. Samples.
LegalThings was born from a common pain to almost everyone who has worked in a corporate environment: despite working with smart and organised people, we are still spending too much time on process management and reproduction of the same content.
Deben elegirse a 2 comisionados del Instituto de Acceso a la Información Públ...FUSADES
Ante el retraso en la elección de los candidatos a comisionados del Instituto de Acceso a la Información Pública (IAIP) por parte del sector de las universidades y asociaciones empresariales, el Grupo Promotor hace saber:
El IAIP debe continuar siendo el garante del derecho a saber, sin embargo, actualmente el proceso de elección de comisionados, se encuentra ante un nuevo retraso. Por segunda vez se da por cerrada la convocatoria a elección de dos de estos, por no contar con el mínimo de candidatos necesarios. Situación que provocó que el 27 de marzo se realizara una tercera convocatoria, extendiendo nuevamente el plazo de ejercicio de los miembros que originalmente fueron nombrados para un período de tres años. Debe recordarse que los funcionarios que resultasen electos debían asumir el cargo el 24 de febrero de 2017, por lo que el IAIP ya lleva un mes de irregularidad en su composición.
Seminario docente en donde se enseña cómo realizar un workshop, o taller práctico, en torno al tema del compromiso público e investigador en torno a la investigación financiada con fondos públicos.
Fisheries in Transition Finance ToolkitDakota Korth
Developed for World Wildlife Federation; focus on sustainability in the seafood industry. Created during MAP program at the University of Michigan Stephen M. Ross School of Business.
Does early lif shock retard cognitive development essp2
Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA) and the Econometric Society 19th Annual Conference of the African Region Chapter of the Econometric Societ 12th international Conference on the Ethiopian Economy. July 16-19, 2014
Epidemiological aspects of maternal and child healthnew 3Sinmayee Kumari
"maternal and child health refers to the promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care for mothers and children"
this topic is very essential for all the health care personnel
Structure and function of the left temporal lobeOzella Brundidge
The Structure and Function of the Left Temporal Lobe
The temporal lobe is made up of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and the inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). The auditory center (BA 41/42) is located in the anterior STG and the Wernicke’s area (BA 22) is located in the posterior STG. Both the pSTG and pMTG are activated by phonemic discrimination and are involved with processing speech and language. Verbal information is integrated along the superior temporal gyrus. The auditory center and the pSTG are involved with phonological processing and semantics. Sentence comprehension begins in the auditory center and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). Semantics continues in the angular gyrus which is located in the inferior parietal lobe. Decreased activation along the left STG negatively affects reading skills.
The left MTG is structurally and functionality connected to the primary language processing regions through the ventral and semantic language pathways. The left MTG stores verbal knowledge and obtains semantic information from the sound-to-meaning network which courses through the MTG. Visual and auditory decoding activate the left MTG. Functional connectivity between the left MTG and the frontal lobe is quite significant. The left MTG share connectivity between the precentral, middle frontal, dorsomedial, and ventromedial cortices, along with the inferior frontal gyri. The left MTG is also significantly connected to the right MTG, inferior occipital gyri and angular gyri bilaterally, and to the limbic system’s posterior cingulate gyri.
The fusiform gyrus is located on the underside of the left inferior temporal gyrus. It engages the adjacent occipital gyrus to form the visual word form area. The VWFA is a critical component of the mature reading and writing network. There are phonological and semantic clusters located in posterior IFG which is responsible for grapheme-phonemic conversion and audiovisual integration of syllables. The posterior temporal lobe and adjacent occipital gyrus is referred to as the occipitotemporal region (OTR). The OTR is critically important to visual and auditory language processing. Damage to the left inferior temporal lobe is associated with visual anomia, an inability to name visual objects.
Cognition is one of seven early childhood developmental domains. The other domains are: language, social and emotional, self-help and adaptive, spiritual and moral, fine motor, and gross motor. Early cognitive abilities include processing sensory information, attention, thinking, memory, representational competence, nonlinguistic, and executive functions. It is well accepted that premature birth and low birthweight affect cognitive abilities. The four cognitive abilities which account for preterm and full-term differences on the Baylor mental development index (MDI) are attention, processing speed, memory, and representation competence.
Cognitive attention is vital for selecting and maintaining focus on perceived information experienced by the senses. Representational Competence is a complex ability directly related to the MDI. While Processing speed is indirectly related to the intelligence quotient (IQ), and Memory is also a complex ability directly related to MDI. The elementary abilities that play a pivotal role in executive functions are cognitive flexibility, self-regulation, cognitive planning, and problem solving. Attention and working memory are cognitive abilities associated with Executive control.
The Cascading Model shows that elementary infant information processing abilities influence complex infant abilities, also influence MDI scores at 2 and 3-years of age and preterm preadolescence children’s IQ. The Cascading Model revealed connected paths between cognitive abilities at birth and high complex information processes associated with IQ. Researchers have found that cognitive and neuropsychological characteristics of late preterm preschoolers born with complications are visuospatial, visuomotor, and executive function. Preterm IQ differences remain even after controlling for gender, socioeconomic status, race, and ethnicity.
Auditory processing begins in the primary auditory center. The Heschl’s Gyrus (BA 41) and Brodmann area 42 forms the primary auditory center, and it is located within the Anterior Superior Temporal Gyrus (aSTG). Sound travels through the descending auditory pathway beginning at the outer ear, tympanic membrane, the middle ear, cochlear, cochlear nucleus, superior olivary nucleus, inferior collicus, medial geniculate nucleus to the auditory cortex where auditory processing begins. There is a difference between auditory processing and hearing sensitivity tasks. Auditory processing tasks are designed to measure how well auditory information is processed. While hearing sensitivity tests are designed to measure how well a person can detect sounds. Auditory processing testing is based on the concept of redundancies in both the auditory pathways and the message.
The Heschl’s gyrus (BA 41) is the first cortical structure to process incoming auditory information. It is part of the audio-motor loop which relays information from the posterior superior temporal gyrus to a motor region in the frontal lobe. The planum temporale is a highly lateralized cortical region located within the Wernicke’s area (posterior superior temporal gyrus). It is involved in auditory and phonological processing. Planum temporal deficits lead to poor receptive language and expressive language skills, along with decreased efficiency in auditory rehearsal, auditory memory, word finding, and picture naming.
Preterm birth affects auditory processing. Previous studies on extremely preterm infants have found that long hospitalizations in neonatal intensive care units had adverse effects on auditory processing. Auditory event-related potentials (AERPs) is used to investigate cognitive processes passively and non-invasively. Late preterm infants are a population at risk of developmental delays including sensory modulation dysfunction, including auditory sensory modulation. Late-preterm infants were found to have cortical auditory processing difficulties. Previous findings from a preterm student’s complete audiological evaluation and auditory processing test battery revealed that he had tolerance fading memory, central auditory processing disorder of decoding, and integration difficulties. Compared with the normal term controls, high-risk late preterm infants in Maximum Length Sequence Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (MLS BAER) at Wave V latency was significantly increased at 227 click rates/second. MLS BAER of a high risk late preterm female showed an increase in wave V latency and I–V interval show steeper slope. All neonates would benefit from having AERP and MLS BAER data in their medical records.
Relationship between prematurity and executive functionOzella Brundidge
Researchers have found relationships between prematurity and executive function (EF). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies revealed alterations neural networks in preterm children. Preterm born adolescents had better executive function performance than full-terms in the left temporal region, and worse performance in the frontal regions. The full-term children had better executive function performance in the right temporal, right hippocampal regions, and in the basal ganglia. Preterm children experience cognitive impairments linked to lower academic attainment, and poorer educational outcomes. The affected domains are phonological processing, attention, and executive function. Weak EF and poor reading ability in high-risk preterm children is possibly related to connective tissue integrity within the Perisylvian Language system.
Previous studies have revealed poorer executive functioning in children born moderately preterm at 4 years of age. Preterm children’s poor executive function skills have been associated with reading deficits. High-risk preterm born children with poor reading ability performed poorly on reading and EF tasks. They present with a unique pattern of nonverbal and early language development deficiencies. Preschool age late preterms born with complications had significantly poorer verbal fluency scores than their full-term peers. The verbal fluency assessment is used to measure early executive function skills. Moderate preterm girls’ intelligence, attention, visuospatial reasoning, and executive function skills seem to be more vulnerable at age 7, while moderate preterm boys tend to catch up to their male peers at the age of seven. Late preterm born preschool age children who were born with complications presented with visuospatial and visuomotor nonverbal deficits, in addition to executive function difficulties. However, they did not have problems with attention/working memory or nonverbal reasoning skills. Preschool age preterm children perform significantly poorer than full-term peers on standardized measures of general intelligence. School-age children and adolescents born premature with language and reading difficulties should be tested for fluid intelligence deficits. Early preterm children exhibited significant difficulties with problem solving on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire developmental assessment. Executive function assessments can also be useful in predicting attention and mathematics skills.
The executive function (EF) system located in the prefrontal cortex provides top-down bias signals to other brain structures to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways. The four categories of the executive control system are cognitive flexibility, attentional control, goal setting, and information processing. The EF construct is composed of multiple inter-related high functioning cognitive skill such as formulating goals, planning, and carrying out planned goals. The key elements of the EF system including initiation of activity, working memory, attention, mental flexibility, self-regulation, and monitoring of performance. Nonverbal disabilities such as visuospatial and visuomotor deficits are on the same continuum with attention and EF disorders. In adults, the most active cortical area while performing tasks requiring attention for cognition are the left premotor and supplementary motor areas (BA 6).
The frontal lobe is functional during both fluid intelligence and executive function activities. The left thalamus is activated by verbal working memory tasks which is also controlled by the EF system. The dorsolateral prefrontal (Guenon BA 9), Broca’s area BA 45 and BA 46, angular cingulate, and the left thalamus are components of the EF system’s verbal working memory model. Fluid intelligence encompasses problem solving, pattern recognition, abstract thinking, reasoning skills, and ability to draw inferences and understand relationships. Fluid intelligence is also influenced by the EF system. There is a relationship between fluid intelligence and executive functions. Frontal lobe deficits are entirely explained by fluid intelligence (g) when using some classical executive tasks such as verbal fluency, Trail Making Test B, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. However, multitasking, decision making, and social deficits are EF tasks that exceed those predicted by fluid intelligence loss.
Working memory mentally holds and processes incoming information from the sensory organs. Memory is directly related to an infant's mental development index. Premature birth affect hippocampus volume and working memory. However, working memory impairment is mostly associated with diffused white matter damage. The main components of working memory are the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer. A toddler's working memory and Wernicke's area becomes fully functional around the age of 10 months. The left Wernicke's area is a shared substrate for auditory short-term memory and speech comprehension. They both assist in the development of vocabulary skills. Working memory tasks also activate the supramarginal gyrus bilaterally. Auditory verbal short-term memory and language processing are mediated by the same areas on the left perisylvian cortex. Adolescents exhibit greater activation than young adults in the motor and premotor corticle areas during verbal working memory tasks. They exhibit greater activity than children in the parietal corticle area and the cerebellum during verbal working memory tasks. The lower premotor area is also active during working memory and silent rehearsal. Researchers have found that temporary storage of sentences is linked to activity in the left temporo-parietal region. While the Broca's area was found to be linked to word ordering rather than temporary storage. Spatial working memory tasks activate the right dorso-lateral and medial prefrontal grey matter. Visuo-spatial working memory is dependent upon the integrity of the superior frontal-intraparital network, primary motor cortex, somatosensory, and multiple grey and white matter regions in the frontal and parietal cortices. In conclusion, there are at least three working memory perception-action loops for language processing; one for phonology, another one for sentence processing, and a separate one for semantics.
Effects of preterm birth on motor skills – part IOzella Brundidge
Studies have found that there is a tight interdependence between mental, neuromusculoskeletal, and movement-related functions in terms of global development. Pediatricians, parents, child-care, and teachers must be aware that the growing brain and body are deceptively capable of hiding cognitive and motor functions delays and deficits. For this reason, early diagnosis and intervention is essential for children born premature or with low birth weight. Early preterm infants are more likely to have delays in fine motor and gross motor functions, working memory, and sensory integration. This cohort was also found to display deficits in visuomotor, visuospatial, cognitive, and other skills related to education. There is a wealth of studies on very preterm children. However, moderate to late preterm infants should be monitored for early diagnosis of neuropsychological disorders related to visual-motor, visual-perception, and language development.
Effects of preterm birth on school readiness part iiOzella Brundidge
Certain neonatal conditions, such as very preterm (VPT) and extremely low birth-weight (ELBW) along with Respiratory Distress Syndrome, have have negative effects on school readiness skills and academic achievement. Children born low birth-weight (LBW) or preterm (PT) may have deficits in mental functions, neuromusculoskeletal abilities, and movement related functions. Gestational age and school readiness in
reading and math were not moderated by maternal race/ethnicity, maternal education, infant sex, fetal growth, poverty, head start program, preschool programs, and attendance in early intervention in this cohort. Correlations were found between socioeconomic status (SES) of very preterm/extremely low birth-weight children's neurodevelopment assessment (Bayley Scales of Infant Development) at age 2, and school readiness of VPT born children who had Respiratory Distress Syndrome at age 5 years and 6 months. At kindergarten age, these children were tested again using The Bracken School Readiness Assessment, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-3rd Ed., and Beery–Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. Nearly 50% of the VPT/ELBW children born with Respiratory Distress Syndrome were not ready for school at age 5 years, 6 months.
Effects of preterm birth on school readiness part iOzella Brundidge
Preterm and low birth-weight born school-age children experience difficulties with complex language functions which can negatively effect social skills, communication abilities, and academic performance. Children born very low birth-weight (VLBW) from lower socioeconomic status (SES) households performed significantly poorer on intellectual ability and academic achievement. However, VLBW first grade children from higher SES households performed similar to their siblings. Parents, pediatricians, and early childcare providers play a critical role in obtaining critical early intervention for this heterogeneous cohort. Preschool enrollment improved verbal and nonverbal cognitive school readiness skills from socially disadvantaged families. Preschool enrollment had no significant effect on cognitive and behavioral skills for moderate preterm (MPT) and very preterm (VPT) born children by family SES. Although preschool enrollment did not moderate the relationship between premature birth and school readiness, enrollment did moderate the relationship between small for gestational age (SGA) and school readiness. Preschool enrollment has a positive effect on language skills and verbal school readiness outcome.
The auditory center is involved with auditory processing, phonological processing, and detecting language. Healthy full-term infants are able to distinguish their native language at four months old. The Heschl's gyrus (BA 41) and Brodmann area (BA 42) are the two specialized area in the auditory center and are located in the posterior superior temporal gyrus. The left Heschl's gyrus, planum temporal, and superior temporal sulcus become asymmetric during the third trimester of gestation. The Wernicke's area, planum temporale, posterior inferior temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and Broca's area are involved with phonological processing.
Learning to read is an internal and external collaborative behavior. This process begins with cortical competition for neural structures that which perform natural behaviors that are similar to functions that are necessary for the development of reading skills. The key corticle areas for reading are the Wernicke's area, Broca's area, fusiform gyrus, visual cortex, middle temporal gyrus, and the occipitotemporal region. White matter connective tissue is paramount to the development of good reading skills. The most imortant pathways are the syntactic network, sematic network, and the arcuate fasciculus.
Fmri and neural imaging technology has advanced our understanding of how the ...Ozella Brundidge
Neuroimaging technology such as the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) helped to reveal the phonological, semantic, and sentence clusters of the brain's language distribution networks. Technological advances in computer imaging software revealed areas where there were differences in blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal activation in response to either external and internal stimuli such as light or thinking respectively. Researchers are able to perform whole brain analysis to locate activation or deactivation, or microstructural connectivity strength, tissue alteration, or anatomical impairment.
The brain is a highly intricate organ consisting of specialized areas that work together to perform higher cognitive and language related functions. It is made up of two homologous hemispheres held together by the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere consists of four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and the cerebellum. The arcuate fasciculus transports linguistic information from the back of the brain to the frontal region.
The cerebellum is involved in the coordination of movement, cognition, and learning. During the third trimester rapid cerebellar growth is impeded by preterm birth. It continues to undergo microstructural changes until 37 weeks of gestation. The left cerebellar mediates language in preterm born young adults. There is a positive correlation between semantic language and the left cerebellum-inferior frontal gyrus pathways bilaterally. Larger cerebellar volumes were found to be associated with higher motor composite scores in two year old moderate to late preterm toddlers.
Prematurity affects the integrity of the dorsal and ventral streamsOzella Brundidge
Preterm birth has a negative effect on the dorsal and ventral streams, and other white matter pathways. Damage to these microstructures affects language comprehension, visual cognition, visuospatial working memory, and visually-guided actions. Prematurity may also affect speech production, the ability to understand words, and auditory-motor integration.
Relationship between brain volume maturation and gestational ageOzella Brundidge
Early childbirth affects brain growth and maturation. Reduction in brain matter is directly related to preterm birth. The most affect region is the right temporal lobe. Other regions are the parietal lobe, corpus callosum, and thalamus.
There are multiple characteristics to examine during fetal brain growth and development. Cortical surface area and cerebral volume are closely correlated with gestational age. Grey matter and white matter volume increase dramatically during the last few weeks of the third trimester. At the cellular and molecular levels, diffused white matter is involved with mylelination, cytostructural support, and communication. Myelination is closely related to the quality of neuronal connectivity.
Preterm neonates often develop hyperbilirubemia leading to jaundice. Parents must understand that bilirubin is a neurotoxin which may damage brain cells.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. Effects of Premature Birth on Neurocognitive Development and Academic
Performance: Longitudinal IEP Review of PT and SGA Student
Alamy, 2015; Beery, Buktenic , 2011; Woodcock-Johnson III Normative Update (NU) Complete, 1Ozella Brundidge 4/1/2017
2. Epidemiology of Preterm Birth
“Preterm birth is the most frequent cause of infant mortality, as well as the leading
cause of long term neurologic disabilities in children, including cerebral palsy and
developmental delays” (Shapiro-Mendoza & Lackritz, 2012, p. 120).
2
3. Preterm birth is an increasing public health problem in developed countries.2,5,6
3
Preterm Birth is an Increasing Public Health
Problem in the United States and
Developed Countries.
Cserjesi, Van Braeckel, Butcher, Kerstjens, Reijneveld, Bouma, Geuze, 2012; Goldenberg, Culhane, Iams, Romero,
2008 in 2012; Kramer, Demissie, Yang, Platt, Sauvé, Liston, 2000 in 2012; van Baar, Vermaas, Knots, de Kleine,
Soons, 2009 in 2012; Shapiro-Mendoza & Lackritz, 2012)
(Harrison-Dunn, 2016)
Preterm Birth Affects 12.5% of all Births in the USA
4. Preterm birth is an increasing public health problem in developed countries.2,5,6
4
Preterm Birth is an Increasing Public Health
Problem in the United States and
Developed Countries.
Cserjesi, Van Braeckel, Butcher, Kerstjens, Reijneveld, Bouma, Geuze, 2012; Goldenberg, Culhane, Iams, Romero,
2008 in 2012; Kramer, Demissie, Yang, Platt, Sauvé, Liston, 2000 in 2012; van Baar, Vermaas, Knots, de Kleine,
Soons, 2009 in 2012; Shapiro-Mendoza & Lackritz, 2012)
(Harrison-Dunn, 2016)
Preterm Birth Affects 12.5% of all Births in the USA
5. Preterm Infants are being Delivered at an Increasingly Early Gestational Age
5
Reasons for the Increase in Preterm Deliveries Include:
An increase in elective deliveries for medical indications
Increased use of caesarean section
(Kerr-Wilson, Mackay, Smith, & Pell, 2011 Meta-analysis citations: Howson, Merialdi, Lawn, et al., 2009; Noman, Morris,
& Chalmers, 2009; Goldenberg, Culhane, Iams, et al., 2008)
6. Precise Causes for the Increasing Preterm Birth
Trend are Unclear
6
Possible Etiologies
Include
Maternal Age
Artificial
Reproductive
Technologies
Multiple Births
(Cheong & Doyle, 2012; Kerr-Wilson, Mackay, Smith, & Pell, 2011
Meta-analysis citations: Howson, Merialdi, Lawn, et al., 2009; Noman,
Morris, & Chalmers, 2009; Goldenberg, Culhane, Iams, et al., 2008)
7. late preterm children not only have increased mortality and in-hospital morbidity including respiratory difficulties, but also
long-term cognitive, school performance, behaviour and psychiatric problems.
7(Cheong & Doyle, 2012)
Compared to Term,
Late Preterm
Children
have
Mortality
In-Hospital
Morbidity
Long-Term
Cognitive
Problems
School
Performance
Psychiatric
Problems
Behaviour
Problems
more
more
moreincreased
increased
poorer
8. The Practice of Delivering Infants Early when they Can be Delivered at Full-Term may Represent a
Larger Societal Burden than Previously Recognized
8(Lipkind, et al., 2012; Bastek, Sammel, Srinivas, Posencheg, & Elovitz, 2008 in 2012)
Evidence suggest that infants born late preterm have similar risks of adverse neonatal
morbidities as preterm infants delivered at 32-33+6 weeks’gestation.
The Practice of Delivering Infants Early when they
Can be Delivered at Full-Term may Represent a
Larger Societal Burden than Previously Recognized
(Montgomery, n.d.)
9. A Full 40-Week Gestation can help Prevent
Future Academic Difficulties
9
Late Preterm (LPT) Born Children are Not Reaching their
Full Academic Potential, and Require Additional Educational
Services that Might have been Avoided.
(Aeby, Van Bogaert, David, Baleriaux, Vermeylen, Metens, & De Tiege, 2012; Lipkind, et al., 2012; Bastek,
Sammel, Srinivas, Posencheg, & Elovitz, 2008 in 2012)
Evidence suggest that infants born late preterm (34-36+6 weeks’gestation) have similar
risks of adverse neonatal morbidities as moderate preterm infants delivered at 32-33+6
weeks’gestation.
10. The rising incidence and the possibility of long-term developmental impairments have triggered
growing concerns about the economic consequences of moderate prematurity for society.7,8
10
The increasing cases of moderate preterm (32-33 GA)
children with long-term developmental impairments have
triggered growing concerns about the medical, education,
and economic consequences for society.
(Jain, 2008; Stephens & Vohr, 2009)
(Kerstjens, et al., 2011; Mangham, Petrou, Doyle, Draper, Marlow, 2009 in 2011; Jain, 2008 in 2011)
(Brankin, n.d.)
11. A Normal Gestation Lasts 40 Weeks. Each year, Nearly 15 Million Infants are Born Premature
Worldwide.
11
A Normal Gestation Lasts 40 Weeks.
Each Year, Nearly 15 Million Infants
are Born Premature Worldwide.
(Barde, Yeatman, Lee, Glover, & Feldman, 2012; Noort-van der Speek, M.C. Franken, N.Weisglas-Kuperus, 2012 in
Ribeiro, C. D, Atramindes, D. V., Fuertes, M. G., dos Santos, P. N., Lamonica, D. A. (2016)
Meredith Woman's Corporation (2017)
12. the early interruption of the typical course of
pregnancy can lead to structural and anatomic
changes of the central nervous system
12
(Ribeiro, Abramides, Fuertes, Santos, Lamonica, 2016; Maria-Mengel & Linhares, 2007 in 2016; Reidy, et al., 2013 in
2016; Wohr, 2013 in 2016; Samra, et al., 2011 in 2016; Ballot, et al., 2012 in 2016; Ortiz-Mantilla, et al., 2008 in 2016)
Prematurity is Considered a Biological Risk Factor for
Atypical Developmental Trajectories
(123rf.com, 2017)
Early Interruption of the Typical
9.5 Month Course of Pregnancy can
Lead to Structural, Anatomic, &
Biological Changes in the Neonate’s
Central Nervous Center
(Study.com, 2017)
13. The Impact of Stress, Race, Poverty, and
Related Environmental Factors on Fetal Development
• Experience disproportionately high rates
of preterm delivery and low birth weight
• Are more than twice as likely to die during
their 1st year of life than White American
infants.
(Giscombé & Lobel, 2005; Myhre & Myhre, 2011)
13
African American Infants
14. Factors Associated with Ethnic Differences in
Adverse Birth Outcomes
• Ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and health behaviors
• Higher levels of stress in African American women
• Greater vulnerability to stress in African Americans
• The impact of racism as a contributor to stress or as a
factor that exacerbates stress effects
• Ethnic differences in stress-related neuroendocrine,
vascular, and immunological processes.
14
(Giscombé & Lobel, 2005)
(Etsy, Inc., 2017)
15. Infants of African American
Mothers are Disproportionately
Affected by Premature Deliveries
• 1.5 times the risk of preterm birth
• 3.4 times the risk of preterm-related
mortality
15
(Shapiro-Mendoza & Lackritz, 2012; ClipartFest, 2016)
16. Late Preterm Infants (34-36 weeks gestation) Account for up to 75%
of Preterm Births and make up a significant proportion of all
neonatal admissions.
16
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Admission by
Race 2009-2010
17. Late Preterm Infants (34-36 weeks gestation) Account for up to 75%
of Preterm Births and make up a significant proportion of all
neonatal admissions.
17(Davidoff, Dias, Damus, et al., 2006 in McGowan, et al., 2012
Late Preterm Infants (34-36 𝟔
𝟕 weeks)
make up a Significant Proportion of all
Neonatal Intensive Care Admissions.
18. Over 400,000 Infants were Born Premature in the United States in 2013
The percentage of preterm births in the United States by race and Hispanic origin in 2013 (CDC, 2015).
According to the
Center for Disease
Control and
Prevention (CDC),
16.3% of all African
American Infants
were Born Preterm in
2013 (CDC, 2015).
18
19. Absence of Prospective Data on Late Preterm Outcomes
• Late preterm (LPT) infants have been ignored in follow-up, because
they were thought to be at low risk for permanent impairments.
• Since LPTs are prone to having temporary clinical problems, this may
have led to a less rigorous approach to their perinatal and postnatal
management, and to the absence of prospective data sets that track
outcomes.
19
Jain, 2008
20. Decreasing Gestational Age is Associated with
Neuropsychological Deficits
20(Bhutta, Cleves, Casey, Cradock, Anand, 2002 in Cserjesi, et al., 2012)
• The mean cognitive scores of preterm-born cases and term-born controls
were directly proportional to their birth weight (R2 = 0.51; P<.001) and
gestational age (R2 = 0.49; P<.001).
• Preterm-born children also showed increases in externalizing and
internalizing behaviors in 81% of studies, and had more than twice the
relative risks for developing ADHD (pooled RR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.85-3.78).
Bhutta and colleagues’ (2002) previous study findings:
21. Moderately preterm infants born at ≥32 weeks’ gestational age (GA) currently
make up over 80% of all preterm births in developed countries
21(Stichting Perinatale Registratie Nederland, 2008 in Cserjesi, et al., 2012; Agarwal & Jain, Oct 19, 2013)
Moderately Preterm Infants Born at ≥32 weeks’
Gestational Age (GA) made up over 80% of all
preterm births in developed countries in 2006
22. Preterm Birth Effects 12.5% of all Births in the USA
22(Shapiro-Mendoza & Lack, 2012)
The preterm birth rate has increased by 33% in the last 25 years,
primarily due to the rise in late preterm births (34-36 weeks' gestation).
Infants of African American Mothers are Disproportionately Affected
1.5 times the risk of preterm birth
3.4 times the risk of preterm-related mortality
23. The Potential Risk for Preterm Birth as a Result of Exposure to Environmental Pollutants is
Poorly Understood
23
Environmental chemical pollutants, such as the
neurotoxin lead, tobacco smoke, and air pollutants are
suspects to contributing higher rates of preterm births
among African Americans living in inner cities or near
toxic waste sites.
The Potential Risk for Preterm Birth as a Result of Exposure
to Environmental Pollutants is Poorly Understood
(Behrman & Butler, 2007; thegirlwiththeblog, 2013 March 12; Fresh Water Systems.com,2017)
Alamy (2015). African American boy writing in a classroom in Washington DC. Retrieved from http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-african-american-boy-writing-in-a-classroom-in-washington-dc-34085287.html
Woodcock-Johnson® III Normative Update (NU) Complete (2015). http://www.riverpub.com/products/wjIIIComplete/
Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, 6th Edition (BEERY™ VMI 6) 2010 | Beery, Keith E., Buktenica, Norman A., and Beery, Natasha A. http://www.pearsonassess.ca/en/programs/00/62/35/p006235.html?prodCategory=ot-motor-visual-motor
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, Second Edition(Bender-Gestalt II)
Lauretta Bender, MD, the American Orthopsychiatric Association, Inc., Revised by Scott L. Decker, PhD, Gary G. Brannigan
http://www.pearsonclinical.com/psychology/products/100000190/bender-visual-motor-gestalt-test-second-edition-bender-gestalt-ii.html
Shapiro-Mendoza, C. K. & Lackritz, E. M. (2012). Epidemiology of late and moderate preterm birth. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 June ; 17(3): 120–125. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2012.01.007
Harrison-Dunn, A. (26 November 2016). Study quashes claim probiotic reduces NEC, sepsis & death in preterm infants, Image of baby in incubator. http://www.nutraingredients.com/var/plain_site/storage/images/publications/food-beverage-nutrition/nutraingredients.com/research/study-quashes-claim-probiotic-reduces-nec-sepsis-death-in-preterm-infants/10377543-1-eng-GB/Study-quashes-claim-probiotic-reduces-NEC-sepsis-death-in-preterm-infants.jpg
Harrison-Dunn, A. (26 November 2016). Study quashes claim probiotic reduces NEC, sepsis & death in preterm infants, Image of baby in incubator. http://www.nutraingredients.com/var/plain_site/storage/images/publications/food-beverage-nutrition/nutraingredients.com/research/study-quashes-claim-probiotic-reduces-nec-sepsis-death-in-preterm-infants/10377543-1-eng-GB/Study-quashes-claim-probiotic-reduces-NEC-sepsis-death-in-preterm-infants.jpg
1 Howson CP, Merialdi M, Lawn JE et al. White Paper on Preterm Birth:
The Global and Regional Toll. New York: March of the Dimes
Foundation, 2009. www.marchofthedimes.com/files/66423_MODComplete.
pdf.
2 Noman JE, Morris C, Chalmers J. The effect of changing patterns
of obstertric care in Scotland (1980–2004) on rates of preterm
birth and its neonatal consequences: perinatal database study. PLOS
Med 2009;6(9):e1000153.
3 Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD et al. Epidemiology and
causes of preterm birth. Lancet 2008;371:75–84.
Cheong, J. L. & Doyle, L. W. (2012). Increasing rates of prematurity and epidemiology of late preterm birth. Journal of Paediatric and Children Health, 48(9), 784-788. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2012.02536.x
Montgomery, M. (n.d.). First photo ultrasound sonogram wood picture FRAME silhouette baby bump African American expectant mother photo display Keepsake. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/155092780892117230/
7. Bastek JA, Sammel MD, Paré E, Srinivas SK, Posencheg MA, Elovitz MA. Adverse neonatal outcomes: examining the risks between preterm, late preterm, and term infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199:367.e1-8.
7. Bastek JA, Sammel MD, Paré E, Srinivas SK, Posencheg MA, Elovitz MA. Adverse neonatal outcomes: examining the risks between preterm, late preterm, and term infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199:367.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.08.002
Brankin, J. P. (n.d.) Image of preterm infant holding adult’s hand. Getty Images. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/07/developmental-delay-in-moderate-to-late-preterm-babies-study-finds
Study.com, (2017). Central Nervous System: Definition, Function & Parts. Retrieved from http://study.com/academy/lesson/central-nervous-system-definition-function-parts.html
123RF (03/16/2017). Limited vector - Biological risk sign. https://www.123rf.com/photo_5454346_biological-risk-sign.html
Drs. Scott and Jennifer Myhre Paradox Uganda blog. (Wednesday, March 16, 2011). My world, a nursery tour by phone photos. http://paradoxuganda.blogspot.com/2011/03/my-world-nursery-tour-by-phone-photos.html
Brochin, R., Leone, S., Phillips, D., Shepard, N., Zisa, D., & Angerio, A. (2008). The cellular effect of lead poisoning and its clinical picture. The Georgetown Undergraduate Journal of Health Sciences, 5(2). https://blogs.commons.georgetown.edu/journal-of-health-sciences/issues-2/previous-volumes/vol-5-no-2-december-2008/the-cellular-effect-of-lead-poisoning-and-its-clinical-picture/
THE GEORGETOWN UNDERGRADUATE JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCES 5 (2),
Robert Brochin1 , Siena Leone2 , Dylan Phillips1 , Nicholas Shepard1 , Diane Zisa1 , & Allan Angerio
Fresh Water Systems.com (2017). Lead in water. https://www.freshwatersystems.com/s-289-lead-in-water.aspx
Etsy, Inc. (2017). Pregnancy Maternity Baby Afro Mother Woman Print Illustration Watercolor. https://www.etsy.com/listing/103706847/pregnancy-maternity-baby-afro-mother
Giscombé, C. L. & Lobel, M. (2005). Explaining disproportionately high rates of adverse birth
outcomes among African Americans: The impact of stress, racism, and related factors in pregnancy (Abstract). Psychological Bulletin, 131(5), Sep 2005, 662 683. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.662
Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2005-11504-005
ClipartFest (2016). Ethnic Clip Art | Pregnant. Retrieved from https://clipartfest.com/download/f40e47523979b4641a5b377fd1c57185a55b8ee0.html
Centers for disease control and prevention, pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system 2009-2010. analysis condicted by the centers for disease control and prevention, division of reproductive health, national center for chronic disease prevention and health promotion
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2013). Infant Morbidity. Child Health USA. https://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa13/perinatal-health-status-indicators/p/infant-morbidity.html
Counting multiple births
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2013). Infant Morbidity. Child Health USA. https://mchb.hrsa.gov/chusa13/perinatal-health-status-indicators/p/infant-morbidity.html
Counting multiple births
Over 400,000 Infants wer Born Premature in the United States in 2013---Non-Hispanic White 10.2%; Non-Hispanic Black 16.3%; Hispanic 11.3%; Asian or Pacific Islander 10.2%; American Indian 13.1% (CDC, 2015)
Jain, L. (2008). School Outcome in Late Preterm Infants: A Cause for Concern. Journal of Pediatrics, 153, 5-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.03.001
Jain L. Morbidity and mortality in late-preterm infants: more than just transient tachypnea! J Pediatr 2007;151:445-6.
Late preterm infants (LPI) have been defined as infants born at 34 0/7 through 36 6/7 weeks of gestation (Engle, 2006) and
Late preterm infants (LPI) comprise around 74% of all preterm infants (Davidoff et al., 2006).
Abstract
Bhutta, A. T., Cleves, M. A., Casey, P. H., Cradock, M. M., & Anand, K. J. (2002). Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes of School-Aged Children Who Were Born Preterm. JAMA. 2002;288(6):728-737. doi:10.1001/jama.288.6.728.
ABSTRACT
Context The cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm have been reported extensively. Many of these studies have methodological flaws that preclude an accurate estimate of the long-term outcomes of prematurity.
Objective To estimate the effect of preterm birth on cognition and behavior in school-aged children.
Data Sources MEDLINE search (1980 to November 2001) for English-language articles, supplemented by a manual search of personal files maintained by 2 of the authors.
Study Selection We included case-control studies reporting cognitive and/or behavioral data of children who were born preterm and who were evaluated after their fifth birthday if the attrition rate was less than 30%. From the 227 reviewed studies, cognitive data from 15 studies and behavioral data from 16 studies were selected.
Data Extraction Data on population demographics, study characteristics, and cognitive and behavioral outcomes were extracted from each study, entered in a customized database, and reviewed twice to minimize error. Differences between the mean cognitive scores of cases and controls were pooled. Homogeneity across studies was formally tested using a general variance-based method and graphically using Galbraith plots. Linear meta-analysis regression models were fitted to explore the impact of birth weight and gestational age on cognitive outcomes. Study-specific relative risks (RRs) were calculated for the incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and pooled. Quality assessment of the studies was performed based on a 10-point scale. Publication bias was examined using Begg modified funnel plots and formally tested using the Egger weighted-linear regression method.
Data Synthesis Among 1556 cases and 1720 controls, controls had significantly higher cognitive scores compared with children who were born preterm (weighted mean difference, 10.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2-12.5). The mean cognitive scores of preterm-born cases and term-born controls were directly proportional to their birth weight (R2 = 0.51; P<.001) and gestational age (R2 = 0.49; P<.001). Age at evaluation had no significant correlation with mean difference in cognitive scores (R2 = 0.12; P = .20). Preterm-born children showed increases in externalizing and internalizing behaviors in 81% of studies and had more than twice the RR for developing ADHD (pooled RR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.85-3.78). No differences were noted in cognition and behaviors based on the quality of the study.
Conclusions Children who were born preterm are at risk for reduced cognitive test scores and their immaturity at birth is directly proportional to the mean cognitive scores at school age. Preterm-born children also show an increased incidence of ADHD and other behaviors.
Agarwal, J. & Jain, S. (Oct 19, 2013). Role of progesterone in Pregnancy. Health & Medicine.
https://www.slideshare.net/LifecareCentre/role-of-progesterone-in-pregnancy-27354617
Thegirlwiththeblog 2013 March 1210 Things I Hate Today (Because I Have Nothing Better to Write about While I Wait For My Film to Develop). https://thegirlwiththeblog.wordpress.com/2012/03/