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DNA replication Transcription Translation Purpose Where it occurs Molecules Template molecule New molecule made Phase of cell cycle when occurs Chromosome structure during the process Steps of the process DNA replication Transcription Translation Purpose Where it occurs Molecules Template molecule New molecule made Phase of cell cycle when occurs Chromosome structure during the process Steps of the process Solution DNA Replication Transcription Translation Purpose Creating copies of DNA for growth and repair. Creating an RNA template which codes for protein synthesis. To synthesize proteins for various cellular functions from the transcribed RNA. Where it occurs Nucleus Nucleus Cytoplasm Molecules DNA template, Nucleotides, Primase, RNA Primer, Helicase, Single Strand Binding Proteins, Topoisomerases, DNA Polymerase III, DNA Polymerase I, DNA Ligase RNA Polymerase, Transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF and TFIIH), RNA nucleotides, Activators, Repressors, Capping Enzyme mRNA, tRNA, Amino acids, Release factors Template Molecule Leading and laggng strands of DNA Double stranded DNA mRNA New Molecule Made DNA RNA Polypeptide chain Phase of cell cycle S phase G1 or G2 G1 and G2 Chromosome structure during the process Elongated Elongated Condensed.

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Gene expression Gene expression is the process by which the genetic code - the nucleotide sequence - of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis and produce the structures of the cell. Genes that code for amino acid sequences are known as \'structural genes\'. The process of gene expression involves two main stages: Transcription: the production of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase, and the processing of the resulting mRNA molecule. Translation: the use of mRNA to direct protein synthesis, and the subsequent post-translational processing of the protein molecule. Some genes are responsible for the production of other forms of RNA that play a role in translation, including transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). A structural gene involves a number of different components: · Exons. Exons code for amino acids and collectively determine the amino acid sequence of the protein product. It is these portions of the gene that are represented in final mature mRNA molecule. · Introns. Introns are portions of the gene that do not code for amino acids, and are removed (spliced) from the mRNA molecule before translation. Gene control regions · Start site. A start site for transcription. · A promoter. A region a few hundred nucleotides \'upstream\' of the gene (toward the 5\' end). It is not transcribed into mRNA, but plays a role in controlling the transcription of the gene. Transcription factors bind to specific nucleotide sequences in the promoter region and assist in the binding of RNA polymerases. · Enhancers. Some transcription factors (called activators) bind to regions called \'enhancers\' that increase the rate of transcription. These sites may be thousands of nucleotides from the coding sequences or within an intron. Some enhancers are conditional and only work in the presence of other factors as well as transcription factors. · Silencers. Some transcription factors (called repressors) bind to regions called \'silencers\' that depress the rate of transcription. Transcription Transcription involves four steps: Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis, controlled by the interaction of promoters and enhancers. Several different types of RNA are produced, including messenger RNA(mRNA), which specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein product, plus transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which play a role in the translation process. 1. Initiation. The DNA molecule unwinds and separates to form a small open complex. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter of the template strand. 2. Elongation. RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, synthesising an mRNA molecule. In prokaryotes RNA polymerase is a holoenzyme consisting of a number of subunits, including a sigma factor (transcription factor) that recognises the promoter. In eukaryotes there are three RNA polymerases: I, II and III. The process includes a proofreading mechanism. 3. Termination. In prokaryotes there are two ways in which transcription is ter.

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Brief Concepts and Questions EXAM 2 Chapter 8: DNA RNA Protein What is DNA? a phosphate Structure of DNA: Building blocks are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is composed of three br uithofenas bee. What makes DNA so special? Provide 4 reasons, below DNA DNA (Replication): Where does DNA replication take place? When does DNA replication take place? Explain steps involved in DNA replication: DNA RNA Protein (Gene Expression) Involves 2 processes: 1. Transcription 2. Translation Explain the Synthesis of Proteins (Gene Expression): o DNA RNA Protein What is RNA? What is \"codon What is \"anticodon\" What is a protein molecule? DNA mutation; Change in nucleotide bases of DNA Duplex Point mutation Frame shift mutation Solution Question Answer Where does DNA replication take place: It takes place in the nucleus in case of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in case of prokaryotic cells When does DNA replication take place: DNA replication occurs during the S-phase during cell cycle, so that cell can make an extra copy of genetic material. Explain steps involved in DNA replication: Initiation: During initiation, the proteins will bind to the origin of replication; helicase unwinds the DNA helix which results in the formation of two replication forks. Elongation: A RNA primer sequence will be added to this the DNA pol III will add the nucleotides in 5’ to 3’ direction and chain will elongate. Termination: In case of bacteria, termination of replication occurs whenever two replication forks meet each other from the opposite end of the parental chromosome. Transcription Gene expression first step is transcription, here a particular segment of DNA will be copied into RNA with the help of the enzyme RNA polymerase Translation Translation is the final step of the gene expression. Here mRNA will be used to synthesize the polypeptide chain. The information present in the mRNA in the form of codon will code for the amino acids needed for polypeptide chain synthesis. What is RNA? RNA is ribonucleic acid and is found in all living cells. It acts as the messenger carrying instructions from DNA for the synthesis of proteins. Few viruses will have RNA as their genetic material. What is codon? Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides and they together form a unit of genetic code in either DNA or RNA. What is anticodon? It is found on tRNA and it is a sequence of three nucleotides which forms a genetic code on tRNA, and these anticodon is complementary to the codons found on messenger RNA. What is a protein molecule? During translation, when amino acids are added in a sequential manner, the condensation of amino acids will form a peptide bond in between them and finally forms a polypeptide chain. It is the DNA through mRNA directs the protein synthesis. Point mutation In point mutation, only one or very few nucleotides will be affected or mutated in a gene sequence. Frame shift mutation Either insertions or deletion can result in frame shift mutation, due to th.

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