IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Low Power Adaptive FIR Filter Based on Distributed ArithmeticIJERA Editor
This paper aims at implementation of a low power adaptive FIR filter based on distributed arithmetic (DA) with
low power, high throughput, and low area. Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm is used to update the weight
and decrease the mean square error between the current filter output and the desired response. The pipelined
Distributed Arithmetic table reduces switching activity and hence it reduces power. The power consumption is
reduced by keeping bit-clock used in carry-save accumulation much faster than clock of rest of the operations.
We have implemented it in Quartus II and found that there is a reduction in the total power and the core dynamic
power by 31.31% and 100.24% respectively when compared with the architecture without DA table
The document discusses greedy algorithms and their applications. It provides examples of problems that greedy algorithms can solve optimally, such as the change making problem and finding minimum spanning trees (MSTs). It also discusses problems where greedy algorithms provide approximations rather than optimal solutions, such as the traveling salesman problem. The document describes Prim's and Kruskal's algorithms for finding MSTs and Dijkstra's algorithm for solving single-source shortest path problems. It explains how these algorithms make locally optimal choices at each step in a greedy manner to build up global solutions.
The document discusses backtracking and branch and bound algorithms. Backtracking incrementally builds candidates and abandons them (backtracks) when they cannot lead to a valid solution. Branch and bound systematically enumerates solutions and discards branches that cannot produce a better solution than the best found so far based on upper bounds. Examples provided are the N-Queens problem solved with backtracking and the knapsack problem solved with branch and bound. Pseudocode is given for both algorithms.
Design and Implementation of Variable Radius Sphere Decoding Algorithmcsandit
Sphere Decoding (SD) algorithm is an implement deco
ding algorithm based on Zero Forcing
(ZF) algorithm in the real number field. The classi
cal SD algorithm is famous for its
outstanding Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and de
coding strategy. The algorithm gets its
maximum likelihood solution by recursive shrinking
the searching radius gradually. However, it
is too complicated to use the method of shrinking t
he searching radius in ground
communication system. This paper proposed a Variabl
e Radius Sphere Decoding (VR-SD)
algorithm based on ZF algorithm in order to simplif
y the complex searching steps. We prove the
advantages of VR-SD algorithm by analyzing from the
derivation of mathematical formulas and
the simulation of the BER performance between SD an
d VR-SD algorithm.
This document contains exercises, hints, and solutions for Chapter 1 of the book "Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms." It includes 11 exercises related to algorithms for computing greatest common divisors, square roots, binary representations, and other topics. The document also provides hints for each exercise to help students solve them and includes the solutions.
(Paper) Efficient Evaluation Methods of Elementary Functions Suitable for SIM...Naoki Shibata
Naoki Shibata : Efficient Evaluation Methods of Elementary Functions Suitable for SIMD Computation, Journal of Computer Science on Research and Development, Proceedings of the International Supercomputing Conference ISC10., Volume 25, Numbers 1-2, pp. 25-32, DOI:10.1007/s00450-010-0108-2 (May. 2010).
http://ito-lab.naist.jp/~n-sibata/pdfs/isc10simd.pdf
http://freecode.com/projects/sleef
Data-parallel architectures like SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) or SIMT (Single Instruction Multiple Thread) have been adopted in many recent CPU and GPU architectures. Although some SIMD and SIMT instruction sets include double-precision arithmetic and bitwise operations, there are no instructions dedicated to evaluating elementary functions like trigonometric functions in double precision. Thus, these functions have to be evaluated one by one using an FPU or using a software library. However, traditional algorithms for evaluating these elementary functions involve heavy use of conditional branches and/or table look-ups, which are not suitable for SIMD computation. In this paper, efficient methods are proposed for evaluating the sine, cosine, arc tangent, exponential and logarithmic functions in double precision without table look-ups, scattering from, or gathering into SIMD registers, or conditional branches. We implemented these methods using the Intel SSE2 instruction set to evaluate their accuracy and speed. The results showed that the average error was less than 0.67 ulp, and the maximum error was 6 ulps. The computation speed was faster than the FPUs on Intel Core 2 and Core i7 processors.
(Slides) Efficient Evaluation Methods of Elementary Functions Suitable for SI...Naoki Shibata
The document proposes efficient methods for evaluating elementary functions like sin, cos, tan, log, and exp using SIMD instructions. The methods are twice as fast as floating point unit evaluation and have a maximum error of 6 ulps. They avoid conditional branches, gathering/scattering operations, and table lookups. Trigonometric functions are evaluated in two steps - argument reduction followed by a series evaluation. Inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions are also efficiently evaluated in a similar manner suitable for SIMD computation. Evaluation accuracy and speed are evaluated against existing methods and the code size is kept small.
This document describes a novel design for a 32-bit unsigned multiplier using a modified carry select adder (MCSLA). It begins with background on adders and multipliers in VLSI design. It then describes the conventional carry select adder (CSLA) and proposes a modified CSLA (MCSLA) that uses common boolean logic to reduce area and power. The document presents the design and VHDL simulation results of a 32-bit unsigned multiplier using both CSLA and the proposed MCSLA. The results show the MCSLA based multiplier achieves a 45% reduction in power-area-delay product compared to the CSLA based multiplier.
Low Power Adaptive FIR Filter Based on Distributed ArithmeticIJERA Editor
This paper aims at implementation of a low power adaptive FIR filter based on distributed arithmetic (DA) with
low power, high throughput, and low area. Least Mean Square (LMS) Algorithm is used to update the weight
and decrease the mean square error between the current filter output and the desired response. The pipelined
Distributed Arithmetic table reduces switching activity and hence it reduces power. The power consumption is
reduced by keeping bit-clock used in carry-save accumulation much faster than clock of rest of the operations.
We have implemented it in Quartus II and found that there is a reduction in the total power and the core dynamic
power by 31.31% and 100.24% respectively when compared with the architecture without DA table
The document discusses greedy algorithms and their applications. It provides examples of problems that greedy algorithms can solve optimally, such as the change making problem and finding minimum spanning trees (MSTs). It also discusses problems where greedy algorithms provide approximations rather than optimal solutions, such as the traveling salesman problem. The document describes Prim's and Kruskal's algorithms for finding MSTs and Dijkstra's algorithm for solving single-source shortest path problems. It explains how these algorithms make locally optimal choices at each step in a greedy manner to build up global solutions.
The document discusses backtracking and branch and bound algorithms. Backtracking incrementally builds candidates and abandons them (backtracks) when they cannot lead to a valid solution. Branch and bound systematically enumerates solutions and discards branches that cannot produce a better solution than the best found so far based on upper bounds. Examples provided are the N-Queens problem solved with backtracking and the knapsack problem solved with branch and bound. Pseudocode is given for both algorithms.
Design and Implementation of Variable Radius Sphere Decoding Algorithmcsandit
Sphere Decoding (SD) algorithm is an implement deco
ding algorithm based on Zero Forcing
(ZF) algorithm in the real number field. The classi
cal SD algorithm is famous for its
outstanding Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and de
coding strategy. The algorithm gets its
maximum likelihood solution by recursive shrinking
the searching radius gradually. However, it
is too complicated to use the method of shrinking t
he searching radius in ground
communication system. This paper proposed a Variabl
e Radius Sphere Decoding (VR-SD)
algorithm based on ZF algorithm in order to simplif
y the complex searching steps. We prove the
advantages of VR-SD algorithm by analyzing from the
derivation of mathematical formulas and
the simulation of the BER performance between SD an
d VR-SD algorithm.
This document contains exercises, hints, and solutions for Chapter 1 of the book "Introduction to the Design and Analysis of Algorithms." It includes 11 exercises related to algorithms for computing greatest common divisors, square roots, binary representations, and other topics. The document also provides hints for each exercise to help students solve them and includes the solutions.
(Paper) Efficient Evaluation Methods of Elementary Functions Suitable for SIM...Naoki Shibata
Naoki Shibata : Efficient Evaluation Methods of Elementary Functions Suitable for SIMD Computation, Journal of Computer Science on Research and Development, Proceedings of the International Supercomputing Conference ISC10., Volume 25, Numbers 1-2, pp. 25-32, DOI:10.1007/s00450-010-0108-2 (May. 2010).
http://ito-lab.naist.jp/~n-sibata/pdfs/isc10simd.pdf
http://freecode.com/projects/sleef
Data-parallel architectures like SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) or SIMT (Single Instruction Multiple Thread) have been adopted in many recent CPU and GPU architectures. Although some SIMD and SIMT instruction sets include double-precision arithmetic and bitwise operations, there are no instructions dedicated to evaluating elementary functions like trigonometric functions in double precision. Thus, these functions have to be evaluated one by one using an FPU or using a software library. However, traditional algorithms for evaluating these elementary functions involve heavy use of conditional branches and/or table look-ups, which are not suitable for SIMD computation. In this paper, efficient methods are proposed for evaluating the sine, cosine, arc tangent, exponential and logarithmic functions in double precision without table look-ups, scattering from, or gathering into SIMD registers, or conditional branches. We implemented these methods using the Intel SSE2 instruction set to evaluate their accuracy and speed. The results showed that the average error was less than 0.67 ulp, and the maximum error was 6 ulps. The computation speed was faster than the FPUs on Intel Core 2 and Core i7 processors.
(Slides) Efficient Evaluation Methods of Elementary Functions Suitable for SI...Naoki Shibata
The document proposes efficient methods for evaluating elementary functions like sin, cos, tan, log, and exp using SIMD instructions. The methods are twice as fast as floating point unit evaluation and have a maximum error of 6 ulps. They avoid conditional branches, gathering/scattering operations, and table lookups. Trigonometric functions are evaluated in two steps - argument reduction followed by a series evaluation. Inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions are also efficiently evaluated in a similar manner suitable for SIMD computation. Evaluation accuracy and speed are evaluated against existing methods and the code size is kept small.
This document describes a novel design for a 32-bit unsigned multiplier using a modified carry select adder (MCSLA). It begins with background on adders and multipliers in VLSI design. It then describes the conventional carry select adder (CSLA) and proposes a modified CSLA (MCSLA) that uses common boolean logic to reduce area and power. The document presents the design and VHDL simulation results of a 32-bit unsigned multiplier using both CSLA and the proposed MCSLA. The results show the MCSLA based multiplier achieves a 45% reduction in power-area-delay product compared to the CSLA based multiplier.
This is the second lecture in the CS 6212 class. Covers asymptotic notation and data structures. Also outlines the coming lectures wherein we will study the various algorithm design techniques.
A landing gear assembly consists of various components viz. Lower side stay, Upperside stay, Locking actuators, Extension actuators, Tyres, and Locking pins to name a few. Each unit having a specific operation to deal with, in this project the main unit being studied is the lower brace. The primary objective is to analyse stresses in the element of the lower brace unit using strength of materials or RDM method and Finite Element Method (FEM) and compare both. Using the obtained data a suitable material is proposed for the component. The approach used here is to study the overall behaviour of the element by taking up each aspect, finally summing up the total effect of all the aspects in the functioning of the element.
All Pair Shortest Path Algorithm – Parallel Implementation and AnalysisInderjeet Singh
This project report discusses the parallel implementation of the all pair shortest path algorithm using MPI and OpenMP. The algorithm was implemented by decomposing the adjacency matrix row-wise across processes. Results show that the parallel algorithm achieves speedup over the sequential version, especially for large graph sizes. The MPI implementation performed better than the OpenMP version. Graphs in the report compare execution time, speedup, and efficiency for different problem sizes and numbers of processes/threads.
Shor's discrete logarithm quantum algorithm for elliptic curvesXequeMateShannon
This document summarizes John Proos and Christof Zalka's research on implementing Shor's quantum algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem over elliptic curves. It shows that for elliptic curve cryptography, a quantum computer could solve problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers using fewer qubits than for integer factorization. Specifically, a 160-bit elliptic curve key could be broken using around 1000 qubits, compared to 2000 qubits needed to factor a 1024-bit RSA modulus. The main technical challenge is implementing the extended Euclidean algorithm to compute multiplicative inverses modulo a prime p.
Iwsm2014 an analogy-based approach to estimation of software development ef...Nesma
The document discusses fuzzy analogy, a technique for software effort estimation that can handle categorical data. It introduces fuzzy analogy and fuzzy k-modes clustering. Fuzzy k-modes is used to cluster similar software projects from a repository based on categorical attributes into homogeneous groups. Fuzzy analogy then assesses the similarity between projects based on their membership to clusters and estimates the effort of a new project as a weighted average of similar past projects' efforts. The document evaluates fuzzy analogy on 194 projects from the ISBSG repository selected based on data quality and attributes criteria.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
This document discusses greedy algorithms and provides examples of their use. It begins by defining characteristics of greedy algorithms, such as making locally optimal choices that reduce a problem into smaller subproblems. The document then covers designing greedy algorithms, proving their optimality, and analyzing examples like the fractional knapsack problem and minimum spanning tree algorithms. Specific greedy algorithms covered in more depth include Kruskal's and Prim's minimum spanning tree algorithms and Huffman coding.
This document summarizes an academic paper presented at the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management in 2014. The paper proposes a design and implementation of an elliptic curve scalar multiplier on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) using the Karatsuba algorithm. It aims to reduce hardware complexity by using a polynomial basis representation of finite fields and projective coordinate representation of elliptic curves. Key mathematical concepts like finite fields, point addition, and point doubling that are important to elliptic curve cryptography are also discussed at a high level.
ALEXANDER FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL FILTERING OF WAVELET COEFFICIENTS FOR IMAGE DEN...sipij
The present paper, proposes an efficient denoising algorithm which works well for images corrupted with
Gaussian and speckle noise. The denoising algorithm utilizes the alexander fractional integral filter which
works by the construction of fractional masks window computed using alexander polynomial. Prior to the
application of the designed filter, the corrupted image is decomposed using symlet wavelet from which only
the horizontal, vertical and diagonal components are denoised using the alexander integral filter.
Significant increase in the reconstruction quality was noticed when the approach was applied on the
wavelet decomposed image rather than applying it directly on the noisy image. Quantitatively the results
are evaluated using the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) which was 30.8059 on an average for images
corrupted with Gaussian noise and 36.52 for images corrupted with speckle noise, which clearly
outperforms the existing methods.
Dynamic Programming design technique is one of the fundamental algorithm design techniques, and possibly one of the ones that are hardest to master for those who did not study it formally. In these slides (which are continuation of part 1 slides), we cover two problems: maximum value contiguous subarray, and maximum increasing subsequence.
The document discusses several algorithms for finding the shortest path in a graph: Dijkstra's algorithm, Floyd-Warshall algorithm, Bellman-Ford algorithm, and genetic algorithms. It provides details on how Dijkstra's and Floyd-Warshall algorithms work, including pseudocode. Examples are given for both algorithms. Applications of the different algorithms are also discussed.
1) The document describes the divide-and-conquer algorithm design paradigm. It splits problems into smaller subproblems, solves the subproblems recursively, and then combines the solutions to solve the original problem.
2) Binary search is provided as an example algorithm that uses divide-and-conquer. It divides the search space in half at each step to quickly determine if an element is present.
3) Finding the maximum and minimum elements in an array is another problem solved using divide-and-conquer. It recursively finds the max and min of halves of the array and combines the results.
This document surveys CORDIC algorithms for implementing trigonometric and other functions on FPGAs. It begins with an abstract describing the CORDIC algorithm and its use of shift-add operations to compute functions like trigonometric, hyperbolic, linear and logarithmic functions. It then provides more details on CORDIC theory and how it can be used for vector rotation, as well as discussing implementations for FPGAs. The goal is to survey commonly used CORDIC functions and how they can be implemented efficiently in reconfigurable logic.
This document compares different 16x16 and 4x4 multipliers based on the modified Booth algorithm. It discusses the general structure of multipliers including Booth encoding, partial product compression using adders like carry save adders and Kogge-Stone adders, and final addition. The document implements various multipliers in Verilog and compares their performance in terms of hardware resources and delay. It finds that radix-4 Booth encoding provides faster multipliers than radix-2 with similar power consumption and that Kogge-Stone adders provide faster addition than carry save adders.
QUESTION BANK FOR ANNA UNNIVERISTY SYLLABUSJAMBIKA
first of all i am very happy that the only university that keeps its blog updated. the habit of using algorithm analysis to justify design decisions when you write implement new algorithms and to compare the experimental performance .
HEATED WIND PARTICLE’S BEHAVIOURAL STUDY BY THE CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM ...cscpconf
Nowadays Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) as well as Fractal analysis is generally used for the Signal and Image processing application purpose. Our current work extends the field of application in case of CWT as well as Fractal analysis by applying it in case of the agitated wind particle’s behavioral study. In this current work in case of the agitated wind particle, we have mathematically showed that the wind particle’s movement exhibits the “Uncorrelated” characteristics during the convectional flow of it. It is also demonstrated here by the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) as well as the Fractal analysis with matlab 7.12 version
This document contains information about Kamalesh Karmakar, an assistant professor in the computer science department at Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology. It lists the algorithm topics he teaches, including algorithm analysis, design techniques, complexity theory, and more. It also provides references for algorithm textbooks and notes on time and space complexity analysis, asymptotic notation, and different algorithm design techniques like divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, backtracking, and greedy methods.
High Speed Memory Efficient Multiplier-less 1-D 9/7 Wavelet Filters Based NED...IJERA Editor
This document proposes a new efficient distributed arithmetic (NEDA) technique for implementing high-speed memory-efficient 1-D 9/7 wavelet filters. NEDA is an area-efficient architecture that does not require ROM, multiplication, or subtraction. It can expose redundancy in adder arrays consisting of entries of 0 and 1. The document describes how NEDA can be used to compute the high pass filter output of a 1-D discrete wavelet transform using 9/7 filters through an example. It also shows the proposed NEDA architecture and processing steps to obtain the low pass and high pass filter outputs with just additions and shifts.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document presents the Maximum Power Adaptation Algorithm (MAPAA) for wireless image transmission. MAPAA optimizes error by updating the power transmitted for each bit according to its importance in image quality. The algorithm aims to minimize the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) subject to constant bit power and a Peak-to-Average Power Ratio limit. Simulation results show MAPAA achieves better performance than conventional power adaptation in terms of lower RMSE, higher PSNR, and lower BER for the same signal to noise ratio. Tables and plots in the document compare the image quality and transmission accuracy obtained with MAPAA versus the conventional approach.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This is the second lecture in the CS 6212 class. Covers asymptotic notation and data structures. Also outlines the coming lectures wherein we will study the various algorithm design techniques.
A landing gear assembly consists of various components viz. Lower side stay, Upperside stay, Locking actuators, Extension actuators, Tyres, and Locking pins to name a few. Each unit having a specific operation to deal with, in this project the main unit being studied is the lower brace. The primary objective is to analyse stresses in the element of the lower brace unit using strength of materials or RDM method and Finite Element Method (FEM) and compare both. Using the obtained data a suitable material is proposed for the component. The approach used here is to study the overall behaviour of the element by taking up each aspect, finally summing up the total effect of all the aspects in the functioning of the element.
All Pair Shortest Path Algorithm – Parallel Implementation and AnalysisInderjeet Singh
This project report discusses the parallel implementation of the all pair shortest path algorithm using MPI and OpenMP. The algorithm was implemented by decomposing the adjacency matrix row-wise across processes. Results show that the parallel algorithm achieves speedup over the sequential version, especially for large graph sizes. The MPI implementation performed better than the OpenMP version. Graphs in the report compare execution time, speedup, and efficiency for different problem sizes and numbers of processes/threads.
Shor's discrete logarithm quantum algorithm for elliptic curvesXequeMateShannon
This document summarizes John Proos and Christof Zalka's research on implementing Shor's quantum algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem over elliptic curves. It shows that for elliptic curve cryptography, a quantum computer could solve problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers using fewer qubits than for integer factorization. Specifically, a 160-bit elliptic curve key could be broken using around 1000 qubits, compared to 2000 qubits needed to factor a 1024-bit RSA modulus. The main technical challenge is implementing the extended Euclidean algorithm to compute multiplicative inverses modulo a prime p.
Iwsm2014 an analogy-based approach to estimation of software development ef...Nesma
The document discusses fuzzy analogy, a technique for software effort estimation that can handle categorical data. It introduces fuzzy analogy and fuzzy k-modes clustering. Fuzzy k-modes is used to cluster similar software projects from a repository based on categorical attributes into homogeneous groups. Fuzzy analogy then assesses the similarity between projects based on their membership to clusters and estimates the effort of a new project as a weighted average of similar past projects' efforts. The document evaluates fuzzy analogy on 194 projects from the ISBSG repository selected based on data quality and attributes criteria.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
This document discusses greedy algorithms and provides examples of their use. It begins by defining characteristics of greedy algorithms, such as making locally optimal choices that reduce a problem into smaller subproblems. The document then covers designing greedy algorithms, proving their optimality, and analyzing examples like the fractional knapsack problem and minimum spanning tree algorithms. Specific greedy algorithms covered in more depth include Kruskal's and Prim's minimum spanning tree algorithms and Huffman coding.
This document summarizes an academic paper presented at the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management in 2014. The paper proposes a design and implementation of an elliptic curve scalar multiplier on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) using the Karatsuba algorithm. It aims to reduce hardware complexity by using a polynomial basis representation of finite fields and projective coordinate representation of elliptic curves. Key mathematical concepts like finite fields, point addition, and point doubling that are important to elliptic curve cryptography are also discussed at a high level.
ALEXANDER FRACTIONAL INTEGRAL FILTERING OF WAVELET COEFFICIENTS FOR IMAGE DEN...sipij
The present paper, proposes an efficient denoising algorithm which works well for images corrupted with
Gaussian and speckle noise. The denoising algorithm utilizes the alexander fractional integral filter which
works by the construction of fractional masks window computed using alexander polynomial. Prior to the
application of the designed filter, the corrupted image is decomposed using symlet wavelet from which only
the horizontal, vertical and diagonal components are denoised using the alexander integral filter.
Significant increase in the reconstruction quality was noticed when the approach was applied on the
wavelet decomposed image rather than applying it directly on the noisy image. Quantitatively the results
are evaluated using the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) which was 30.8059 on an average for images
corrupted with Gaussian noise and 36.52 for images corrupted with speckle noise, which clearly
outperforms the existing methods.
Dynamic Programming design technique is one of the fundamental algorithm design techniques, and possibly one of the ones that are hardest to master for those who did not study it formally. In these slides (which are continuation of part 1 slides), we cover two problems: maximum value contiguous subarray, and maximum increasing subsequence.
The document discusses several algorithms for finding the shortest path in a graph: Dijkstra's algorithm, Floyd-Warshall algorithm, Bellman-Ford algorithm, and genetic algorithms. It provides details on how Dijkstra's and Floyd-Warshall algorithms work, including pseudocode. Examples are given for both algorithms. Applications of the different algorithms are also discussed.
1) The document describes the divide-and-conquer algorithm design paradigm. It splits problems into smaller subproblems, solves the subproblems recursively, and then combines the solutions to solve the original problem.
2) Binary search is provided as an example algorithm that uses divide-and-conquer. It divides the search space in half at each step to quickly determine if an element is present.
3) Finding the maximum and minimum elements in an array is another problem solved using divide-and-conquer. It recursively finds the max and min of halves of the array and combines the results.
This document surveys CORDIC algorithms for implementing trigonometric and other functions on FPGAs. It begins with an abstract describing the CORDIC algorithm and its use of shift-add operations to compute functions like trigonometric, hyperbolic, linear and logarithmic functions. It then provides more details on CORDIC theory and how it can be used for vector rotation, as well as discussing implementations for FPGAs. The goal is to survey commonly used CORDIC functions and how they can be implemented efficiently in reconfigurable logic.
This document compares different 16x16 and 4x4 multipliers based on the modified Booth algorithm. It discusses the general structure of multipliers including Booth encoding, partial product compression using adders like carry save adders and Kogge-Stone adders, and final addition. The document implements various multipliers in Verilog and compares their performance in terms of hardware resources and delay. It finds that radix-4 Booth encoding provides faster multipliers than radix-2 with similar power consumption and that Kogge-Stone adders provide faster addition than carry save adders.
QUESTION BANK FOR ANNA UNNIVERISTY SYLLABUSJAMBIKA
first of all i am very happy that the only university that keeps its blog updated. the habit of using algorithm analysis to justify design decisions when you write implement new algorithms and to compare the experimental performance .
HEATED WIND PARTICLE’S BEHAVIOURAL STUDY BY THE CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM ...cscpconf
Nowadays Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) as well as Fractal analysis is generally used for the Signal and Image processing application purpose. Our current work extends the field of application in case of CWT as well as Fractal analysis by applying it in case of the agitated wind particle’s behavioral study. In this current work in case of the agitated wind particle, we have mathematically showed that the wind particle’s movement exhibits the “Uncorrelated” characteristics during the convectional flow of it. It is also demonstrated here by the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) as well as the Fractal analysis with matlab 7.12 version
This document contains information about Kamalesh Karmakar, an assistant professor in the computer science department at Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology. It lists the algorithm topics he teaches, including algorithm analysis, design techniques, complexity theory, and more. It also provides references for algorithm textbooks and notes on time and space complexity analysis, asymptotic notation, and different algorithm design techniques like divide-and-conquer, dynamic programming, backtracking, and greedy methods.
High Speed Memory Efficient Multiplier-less 1-D 9/7 Wavelet Filters Based NED...IJERA Editor
This document proposes a new efficient distributed arithmetic (NEDA) technique for implementing high-speed memory-efficient 1-D 9/7 wavelet filters. NEDA is an area-efficient architecture that does not require ROM, multiplication, or subtraction. It can expose redundancy in adder arrays consisting of entries of 0 and 1. The document describes how NEDA can be used to compute the high pass filter output of a 1-D discrete wavelet transform using 9/7 filters through an example. It also shows the proposed NEDA architecture and processing steps to obtain the low pass and high pass filter outputs with just additions and shifts.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document presents the Maximum Power Adaptation Algorithm (MAPAA) for wireless image transmission. MAPAA optimizes error by updating the power transmitted for each bit according to its importance in image quality. The algorithm aims to minimize the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) subject to constant bit power and a Peak-to-Average Power Ratio limit. Simulation results show MAPAA achieves better performance than conventional power adaptation in terms of lower RMSE, higher PSNR, and lower BER for the same signal to noise ratio. Tables and plots in the document compare the image quality and transmission accuracy obtained with MAPAA versus the conventional approach.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes an iris recognition system that uses phase-based matching. The system first acquires iris images, then performs preprocessing including localization of the iris and pupil boundaries and normalization. It then performs phase-based image matching using techniques like phase-only correlation to calculate a matching score and determine if two iris images match. The system is evaluated using a database of iris images, demonstrating efficient matching performance of the proposed algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a paper that designed and implemented fuzzy logic controllers for DC motor speed control using MATLAB-GUI. The authors developed hardware to interface a DC motor with a computer. They designed fuzzy logic controllers and integrated fuzzy logic controllers in MATLAB to control the motor speed. The MATLAB GUI allows tuning controller parameters in real-time and observing the motor performance. Experimental results showed the integrated fuzzy logic controller provided better performance than the fuzzy logic controller in terms of rise time, settling time, overshoot and undershoot for speed control applications.
O documento apresenta três exemplos de home offices integrados à decoração de apartamentos de forma elegante e funcional. Em cada caso, os escritórios foram projetados pelas arquitetas para atender às necessidades e estilo dos moradores.
O documento descreve dois projetos de decoração de apartamentos para pessoas que moram sozinhas. O primeiro projeto é de um apartamento de 370m2 em São Paulo decorado pelo arquiteto Toninho Noronha para um empresário solteiro em estilo singular com muita cor e classe. O segundo projeto não é detalhado. Ambos os projetos refletem o estilo pessoal e a independência de quem optou por morar sozinho.
Escuela normal superior del distrito de barranquilla video #5maziell
El documento presenta información sobre la sociedad del conocimiento en 6 oraciones. Explica que la sociedad del conocimiento se basa en el uso de la información para resolver problemas, depende de las tecnologías de la información como Internet, y surge de la implementación de las TIC. Además, señala que la sociedad del conocimiento se refiere al tipo de sociedad necesaria para competir en el mundo moderno basándose en el conocimiento y la innovación impulsados por ciudadanos educados.
O Palácio Nacional da Pena está localizado a 500 metros de altitude da pacata vila de Sintra, a cerca de 30 quilômetros de Lisboa, e é uma das Sete Maravilhas de Portugal. Construído no século 19 sobre as ruínas do Mosteiro de Jerónimo, o conjunto abrigou várias gerações da família real portuguesa.
Este documento lista 3 albergues de peregrinos en la Montaña Central de Asturias, incluyendo sus nombres, ubicaciones y números de contacto. Proporciona detalles básicos sobre el Albergue de Peregrinos de La Pola, el Albergue de Peregrinos de Payares, y el Albergue de Peregrinos de La Peña Mieres.
Este documento fornece diretrizes sobre a aplicação do método de fluxo de caixa descontado para avaliação de negócios. Ele define termos-chave, descreve a metodologia geral do DCF, incluindo como projetar fluxos de caixa futuros e calcular o valor terminal, além de discutir o uso de taxas de desconto apropriadas. O documento também aborda como o método DCF pode ser usado para estimar valor de mercado ou valor de investimento de um negócio.
El documento habla sobre la inteligencia emocional y sus componentes. Explica que la inteligencia emocional incluye la autoconciencia, el control emocional, la motivación propia y de los demás, la empatía y las habilidades sociales. Además, propone varios temas de crecimiento personal como inteligencia emocional, autoestima, control mental y pensamiento positivo para una exposición clínica en un hospital.
Implementation performance analysis of cordiciaemedu
This document discusses the implementation of a CORDIC (COordinate Rotation Digital Computer) algorithm in an OFDM-based wireless local area network receiver. It first provides background on the CORDIC algorithm and its basic principles. It then describes the design of an OFDM-based WLAN transmitter in MATLAB that provides phase angle values to a CORDIC module. This CORDIC module is implemented using VHDL and analyzes the phase angles to compute sine and cosine functions. Simulation results show that the VHDL-implemented CORDIC produces the same output waveforms as MATLAB, validating the accuracy of the hardware implementation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This document compares different multipliers based on the modified Booth algorithm. It first provides background on the general structure of multipliers, including Booth encoding to generate partial products, compression of partial products using adder arrays, and final addition. It then describes radix-2, radix-4, and radix-8 Booth encoding algorithms. Finally, it discusses using carry save adders and Kogge-Stone adders for efficiently compressing the partial products in parallel multipliers.
This research aims to implement CORDIC Algorithm for WLAN. The design is coded using VHDL language and for the hardware implementation XILINX Spartan-3FPGA is used. VHDL implementation is based on results obtained from Xilinx ISE simulation.
This document summarizes a research paper that implemented a pipelined CORDIC architecture in Simulink to generate sine and cosine values. The CORDIC algorithm uses only shift and add operations to perform trigonometric and other elementary functions. It was applied here in rotation mode to simultaneously compute sine and cosine of an input angle. A 12-stage pipelined CORDIC architecture was modeled in Simulink. The shifts and constants were hardwired to reduce resources and latency. Testing with an input of 0.6 radians showed accurate outputs for sine and cosine. The implementation demonstrated the utility of Simulink for modeling hardware systems and algorithms like CORDIC.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Reconfigurable Design of Rectangular to Polar Converter using Linear ConvergenceAnuragVijayAgrawal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a design for a rectangular to polar converter using a linear convergence algorithm called CORDIC. It discusses how CORDIC iteratively rotates vectors to extract phase and magnitude information in a way that is efficient for FPGAs. The proposed design implements CORDIC in fully parallel form to maximize throughput. It was synthesized and tested on an FPGA, with results showing it can operate at 177.62 MHz with relatively low hardware requirements. Behavioral simulations verified the design matches the expected output.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Some Engg. Applications of Matrices and Partial DerivativesSanjaySingh011996
This document contains a submission by three students to Dr. Sona Raj Mam regarding partial differentiation, matrices and determinants, and eigenvectors and eigenvalues. It provides examples of how these mathematical concepts are applied in fields like engineering. Partial differentiation is used in economics to analyze demand and in image processing for edge detection. Matrices and determinants allow representing linear transformations in graphics software. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors have applications in areas like computer science, smartphone apps, and modeling structures in civil engineering. The document also provides real-world examples and references textbooks and websites for further information.
This document summarizes a group project on impedance matching and tuning. It discusses using transformers on transmission lines to match the signal impedance to the load impedance. It describes several methods for impedance matching - using a quarter wave transformer, L-network matching, discrete elements, single stub tuning, and double stub tuning. It provides examples of applying these different matching techniques and shows the resulting simulation plots and solutions. It also discusses the group's process for completing the project, including researching the techniques, developing the MATLAB code, and testing the results.
HARDWARE EFFICIENT SCALING FREE VECTORING AND ROTATIONAL CORDIC FOR DSP APPLI...VLSICS Design
1) The document presents a new scaling free CORDIC algorithm for vectoring and rotational modes that requires no pre or post processing. It uses a third order Taylor approximation of sine and cosine functions.
2) The algorithm was implemented on a FPGA using Verilog. Results showed it was fully scaling free, with low power consumption of 0.06mW and delays of 4.123ns and 9.925ns for rotational and vectoring modes respectively.
3) Mathematical verification confirmed the accuracy of 12-16 bits, within expected error bounds for a 16-bit implementation. The proposed algorithm offers improved efficiency over conventional CORDIC.
FPGA implementation of universal modulator using CORDIC algorithm for commun...IJMER
This document describes an FPGA implementation of a universal modulator using a CORDIC algorithm for communication applications. It includes a block diagram and description of the key components of the CORDIC-based universal modulator, including a frequency register, phase accumulator, phase-to-amplitude converter, and modulation controllers for amplitude, frequency, and phase modulation. Simulation results from the ChipScope Pro analyzer are presented to verify the modulation effects from the controllers.
This document introduces a generalized method for constructing sub-quadratic complexity multipliers for finite fields of characteristic 2. It begins by reintroducing the Winograd short convolution algorithm in the context of polynomial multiplication. It then presents a recursive construction technique that extends any d-point multiplier into an n=dk-point multiplier with sub-quadratic area and logarithmic delay complexity. Several new constructions are obtained using this technique, one of which is identical to the Karatsuba multiplier. The techniques aim to develop bit-parallel multipliers with better time and/or space complexity than the traditional quadratic complexity approaches.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents a VHDL implementation of a complex number multiplier using the ancient Vedic mathematics technique known as Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra. The implementation is tested on a Spartan 3 FPGA kit. Simulation results show the resource utilization and delay for 4-bit, 8-bit, and 16-bit complex multipliers designed using this Vedic multiplication method. The results indicate that the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam sutra can efficiently implement complex number multiplication with relatively low resource usage and delay, making it suitable for digital signal processing applications requiring extensive complex number operations.
High Speed Signed multiplier for Digital Signal Processing ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This document discusses high speed multiplier architectures for digital signal processing applications. It begins by introducing the importance of fast multiplication in DSP algorithms. It then describes the Vedic multiplication algorithm and how it can be implemented for 4-bit and 8-bit numbers using the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam technique. Next, it introduces the Booth encoding technique for radix-8 multiplication and discusses how it reduces the number of partial products. Simulation results are shown comparing the Vedic and radix-8 multiplier architectures. The radix-8 multiplier is concluded to have better performance in terms of power, delay, and power-delay product, making it well-suited for DSP applications.
The document is a laboratory manual for the course "Computer Graphics & Multimedia" that includes experiments on various computer graphics and multimedia topics. It contains an introduction, list of experiments, and details of the experiments. Some key experiments include implementing algorithms for line drawing, circle drawing, and applying transformations like translation, scaling and rotation. The objectives are to introduce basic computer graphics concepts and algorithms, and expose students to 2D and 3D graphics as well as multimedia formats and applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new efficient design for binary number squaring using Dwandwa Yoga logic from Vedic mathematics. The design reduces carry propagation delay compared to other multiplication algorithms. It works by calculating the square based on the "duplex" property of Dwandwa Yoga, where the square is the sum of outer pair products and inner elements squared. For a 4-bit number, it computes the square in 7 parallel steps. Simulation results show the design requires fewer logic gates and less delay compared to array and Booth multipliers. The proposed algorithm improves efficiency for applications requiring low power and area.
This document provides a survey of single scalar point multiplication algorithms for elliptic curves over prime fields. It discusses the background of elliptic curve cryptography and point multiplication. Point multiplication is the dominant operation in ECC and can be computed using on-the-fly techniques or precomputation if the point is fixed. The efficiency of point multiplication depends on the recoding method used to represent the scalar and the composite elliptic curve operations employed. Various recoding methods and point multiplication algorithms are analyzed, including binary, signed binary using NAF representation, and window methods.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
1. ShrugalVarde, Dr. NishaSarwade, RichaUpadhyay/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.696-699
Hardware Implementation Of Hyperbolic Tan Using Cordic On
FPGA
ShrugalVarde, Dr. NishaSarwade, RichaUpadhyay
Electrical Engineering department,VJTI,Mumbai,India
ABSTRACT
There are many hardware efficient This paper aims to implement hyperbolic tan on Field
algorithms for digital signal processing. Among programmable gate array(FPGA).In the first part a
these algorithms there is a shift and add algorithm brief description of the theory behind the algorithm is
known as CORDIC algorithm used for presented. Then the extended theory called unified
implementing various functions including CORDIC algorithms is explained. In the second part
trigonometric,hyperbolic, logarithmic. Hyperbolic implementation of algorithm on FPGA is shown. The
tan is a function used in many decoding algorithms last part of the paper deals with the experimental
like LDPC (low density parity check) codes. In this results and future work.
paper we have implemented hyperbolic tan
function using CORDIC rotation method 2. CORDIC ALGORITHM
algorithm on FPGA .Coding of the algorithm is CORDIC is a special purpose digital
done in vhdl. computer for real time computations. This algorithm
Keywords–CORDIC, FPGA, hyperbolic tan, was specially developed for real time digital
LDPC. computers where the majority of computations
involved trigonometric relationships. It contains
1. INTRODUCTION special arithmetic unit consisting of shift
Many digital signal processing algorithms registers,adder–subtractors and special interconnects.
are implemented on microprocessors and CORDIC algorithm was first proposed by Jack
microcontrollers. Though these processors are low Volder in 1959[1],[3]. This algorithm is derived from
cost and provide extreme flexibility ,they are not fast general rotation transform
enough for truly demanding Digital signal processing 𝑥 ′ = 𝑥 ∗ cos ∅ − 𝑦 ∗ sin ∅ 1
tasks. With the advent of reconfigurable devices like 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 ∗ cos ∅ + 𝑥 ∗ sin ∅ 2
CPLDs and FPGAs which work at higher speed , which rotates a vector in Cartesian form. The above
DSP algorithms could be easily implemented .There two equations can be modified as
are many DSP algorithms out of which there is one 𝑥 ′ = cos ∅ 𝑥 − 𝑦 ∗ tan ∅ 3
hardware efficient algorithm based on iterative 𝑦 ′ = cos ∅ 𝑦 + 𝑥 ∗ tan ∅ 4
solution to calculate trigonometric and If the rotation is restricted to tan(φ) = +/- 2(-i) ,the
transcendental functions. This iterative algorithm multiplication in the above equation will be replaced
uses only shift and add operation to calculate the by simple shift operation. The rotation can now be
values of the function. This algorithm is called expressed as
CORDIC algorithm.
𝑋 𝑖+1 = 𝐾𝑖 𝑋 𝑖 − 𝑌𝑖 ∗ 𝑑 𝑖 ∗ 2 −𝑖 5
CORDIC stands for COordianteRotation Digital
Computer . This algorithm was first proposed by Jack 𝑌𝑖+1 = 𝐾𝑖 𝑌𝑖 + 𝑋 𝑖 ∗ 𝑑 𝑖 ∗ 2 −𝑖 6
Volder in the year 1959 [1].In his thesis he proposed Where i is the iteration count and
a method to calculate trigonometric values. 𝐾𝑖 = cos tan−1 2−𝑖 7
Extensions to the CORDIC theory based on work by and di = +/- 1.
John Walther[2] and others provide solutions to a Removing the scaling factor the iteration equation is
broader class of functions. simple shift and add equation. The value of K
Hyperbolic functions are analogous to trigonometric approaches to 0.607 as the iteration count approaches
circular functions.The basic hyperbolic functions are infinity. The direction in which the vector should be
sinh cosh and tanh rotated is given by the equation
𝑍 𝑖+1 = 𝑍 𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖 ∗ tan−1 2−𝑖 8
Tanh function is defined as
sinh
(𝑥)
where
tanh =
(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑖 = −1 𝑖𝑓 𝑍 𝑖 < 0, +1 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒.
cosh(𝑥) The limitation of the equations proposed by Volder
Tanh is function widely used in many applications
was only sin,cos and tan function values could be
like digital neural network, image processing, filters,
calculated .Volder did not propose method to
decoding algorithms etc.
696 | P a g e
2. ShrugalVarde, Dr. NishaSarwade, RichaUpadhyay/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.696-699
calculate hyperbolic and linear functions like division B
A
multiplication logarithmic values, sinh cosh tanh etc.
J.S.Walther [2] modified the equation given by
Volder. His modification to the original CORDIC
equations helped calculating hyperbolic and linear
functions. He proposed generalized equation which
can be used to calculate functions belonging to all
three coordinate systems. He considered coordinate
system parameterized by „m‟. The modified
equations are as given
𝑋 𝑖+1 = 𝑋 𝑖 − 𝑚 ∗ 𝑌𝑖 ∗ 𝑑 𝑖 ∗ 2 −𝑖 9
𝑌𝑖+1 = 𝑌𝑖 + 𝑋 𝑖 ∗ 𝑑 𝑖 ∗ 2 −𝑖 10
𝑍 𝑖+1 = 𝑍 𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖 ∗ 𝐸𝑖 (11)
Where
𝑑 𝑖 = −1 𝑖𝑓 𝑍 𝑖 < 0, +1 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Coordinate Value of m Value of Ei
system
Circular 1 tan−1 2−𝑖
Hyperbolic -1 tanh−1 2−𝑖
Linear 0 2−𝑖
3. FLOW CHART
Graph 2
4.DESIGN
Hyperbolic tan graph was simulated using
MATLAB.[6] The graph is as shown
A B Figure 1
From the graph it is clear that value of hyperbolic tan
remain constant (= 1) when the angle crosses the
value approximately equal to 3.
From the graph it is also clear that
697 | P a g e
3. ShrugalVarde, Dr. NishaSarwade, RichaUpadhyay/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.696-699
tanh −∅ = − tanh ∅
Hence the vhdl code first calculates the hyperbolic
tan of the absolute value of the input angle. At the
end of the code the sign of the entered angle is taken
into consideration. Before calculating the tanh value
of the entered angle system checks whether the
entered angle isgreater than 3.5. If it is, then directly
the output is generated (+/- 1 depending upon the
sign of the entered angle).
As the CORDIC algorithm is an iterative shift and
add algorithm to calculate the value of the function,
iteration count plays an important role is the
accuracy of the calculated value . [4] Hyperbolic
functions do not converge with the sequence of
angles tanh-1(2-i) since
∞
tanh−1 2−𝑗 < tanh−1 2−𝑖 12
𝑗 =𝑖+1
Values of iteration count which leads to convergence
of hyperbolic functions are 4,13,40,….k,(3k+1).
MATLAB code of CORDIC algorithm was executed Figure 3
for different values of iterations and the graph of The absolute block separates the sign and the
error between calculated and observed value vs magnitude part of the angle entered. The magnitude
number of iterations was plotted .The graph is as part of the values is given to the decision block.
below The decision block checks the range of the angle . If
the value is out of range(greater than 3.5) then
decision block generates a done_all control signal. If
not then decision block initializes the valuesof X, Y
and Z and generates a control signal done. These
values are given to the computation block.
The computation block implements the hyperbolic
CORDIC equation given in equation(9),(10) and
(11).this block at the end of 13 iterations generates
the values of hyperbolic sin and hyperbolic
cos.These values are given to division block.To
increase the speed barrel shifters are used.[5]
The division process used in this code is also
implemented using CORDIC algorithm. It computes
the value of tanh (tanh = sinh/cosh).After
calculating the value of hyperbolic tan sign value is
taken into consideration and final result is generated.
5. RESULTS
Figure 2 MATLAB code for hyperbolic tan function
was written and was executed for various values of
From the graph it is clear that when the iteration angle and was compared with the standard value. The
value crosses a count of 10 error is almost zero. graph for the same was plotted
Hence in the vhdl code iteration count is taken as 13
The data is represented by 16 bit fixed point data From the graph it is clear that error percentage for
format.The format is as shown angles less than 0.1 is approximately is 4.5% and for
angles greater than 0.1 error is approximately 0.
SIGN INTEGER(5) FRACTION(10)
Sign bit is MSB . It indicates whether data is positive
or negative(0 means positive and 1 means negative).
10 bit precision is used.This increases the accuracy of
the system.
The block diagram of the circuit is as show.
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4. ShrugalVarde, Dr. NishaSarwade, RichaUpadhyay/ International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.696-699
REFERENCES
[1] Volder .J., “The CORDIC trigonometric
computing technique,”IRE Trans. Electronic
Computing, Vol ED-8,pp330-334 Sept 1959.
[2] Walther J.S. , “Aunified algorithm for
elementary functions,” Spring Joint Computer
Conf,1971 proc pp379-385.
[3] Volder J. ,”Binary computation algorithm for
coordinate rotation and function
generator.”,Convair Report IAR-1 148
Aeroelectrics group June1956.
[4] Hsiao S.F.,” The CORDIC householder
algorithm”, Proceedings of 10th symposium on
computer arithmetic pp256-263, 1991.
[5] Cheng M., Feng W.S. , “Multilevel barrel
shifter for CORDIC design”, Electronic letters
Figure 4 vol 32 no 13,June 1996.
[6] MATLAB reference manual,2012.
Xilinx ISE design suite 13.2 software was used to
www.mathworks.com.
synthesize the VHDL code. The board selected was
Virtex5 FPGA board[7]. The target device is [7] ML505/506/507 evaluation guide, June2007.
xc5vlx110t-1ff1136. The synthesis report is as www.xilinx.com
shown.
Figure 5
The maximum clock frequency at which the system
can work is 130MHz.Total power consumption of the
system is 1.04watts.
6. CONCLUSION
The advantage of the design proposed in this
paper is that no DSP or multiplication blocks are
used. As 10 bit precision is used, the accuracy of the
design is high. The only disadvantage is that
thenumber of iterations required are slightly
more.This block can be used in few decoding
algorithms in communication systems. The design
will be used in LDPC decoder sum product
algorithm.
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