The document discusses welding distortion, which is an undesirable change in the original shape of materials due to heat input and mechanical forces. It outlines various experiments and principles demonstrating how factors like heating/cooling conditions, clamping, and joint design can lead to distortion, with specific calculations for longitudinal and transverse shrinkage in different types of welds. Strategies to prevent distortion include optimizing weld design, controlling heat input, and balancing shrinkage forces during the welding process.

1. Welding
Distortion
Control
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2. What is distortion ?
Undesirable change in
Undesirable change in
original shape is called
original shape is called
DISTORTION
DISTORTION
Before distortion
After distortion
 Distortion occurs due to heat input
and mechanical forces.
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3. • Uniform heating of a steel bar through out of its entire volume -
considerable expansion take place in all direction.
• Now, if cooling of the bar is allowed evenly - retain its original
shape and size without distortion.
DURING HEATED CONDITION
X
X + 9X
BEFORE HEATING AND AFTER COOLING
Experiment No 1:
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4. So, we can say that,
“ Uniform heating and cooling of
a component that can expand
and contract does not cause
any appreciable distortion ”
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5. • Repeat experiment no:1 but heat the steel bar in
clamp condition and see the changes in shape and size
after cooling.
STEEL BAR AFTER
HEATING & COOLING DOWN
STEEL BAR BEFORE
HEATING
CLAMPING
JAWS
CLAMPING
JAWS
Experiment No 2 :
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6. So, we can conclude that,
• Restraint hinders free expansion and
contraction and causes material to
deform resulting in
Distortion
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7. Gas cutting/heating welding
Heat input
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8. HEATING
 Heated area expands
 Expansion restrained by surrounding solid area
 Compressive stresses are developed
 Further compressive stress leads to plastic deformation
 Material bulges at the spot towards heat source side
HEAT SOURCE
Distortion in case of spot heating?
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9. COOLING
 Spot area tends to contract.
 Contraction restrained by surrounding hot area.
 Material goes back to original position with plastic
deformation.
 Resulting distortion
Distortion in case of spot heating?
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10. WELD
BEAD
ORIGINAL POSITION
AFTER WELDING
Longitudinal distortion
WELD BEAD
LONGITUDINAL
DISTORTION
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11.  It is contraction along the length of weld bead
 It is maximum along weld bead and decreases at
points away from the bead.
 In C/S of shell it lead to reduction in diameter at
the
weld
Distortion in Butt welds
Longitudinal Distortion
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12. LONGITUDINAL SHRINKAGE
• (A) BUTT WELDS IN CS/LAS
LS = 3. I .L / 100,000 t
LS = longitudinal shrinkage (mm)
I = welding current(amp)
L = length of weld (mm)
t = plate thickness (mm)
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13. EXAMPLE (LS IN BUTT WELDS)
• Calculate LS for 6mm thick CS plate
welded by SMAW using 200 A current.
• Solution : LS = 3. 200. L / 100,000 x 6
= L/1000 mm
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14. LONGITUDINAL SHRINKAGE
LS = 25 Aw/ Ap
Aw = Weld X-sectional area
Ap = Resisting X-sectional area
Ap
Aw
• (B) FILLET WELD
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15. EXAMPLE OF LS IN FILLET
WELD
100
75
6
6
8x8
All dimensions in mm
LS = 1.52 mm
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16.  It is the shrinkage perpendicular to the weld.
 It leads to the development of high residual stress and
also cracking in case of highly restrained joint.
 It is not uniform along the length of the plate
 It is lesser at that end of plate where bead is started.
Distortion in Butt welds
Transverse Distortion
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17. ORIGINAL POSITION
AFTER WELDING
Transverse distortion
WELD BEAD
WELD BEAD
TRANSVERSE
DISTORTION
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18. TRANSVERSE SHRINKAGE IN
SINGLE PASS BUTT JOINTS
S = 0.2 Aw / t + 0.05 d
Where
S = Transverse Shrinkage (mm)
Aw = Cross sectional Area of Weld (mm2
)
t = Thickness of Plates (mm)
d = Root Opening (mm)
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19. TRANSVERSE SHRINKAGE
DURING MULTIPASS WELDING
TS = TS0 + b (log w - log w0)
Where
TS = Total Transverse Shrinkage
TS0 = Transverse Shrinkage after first pass
w = Total weight of weld metal
w0 = weight of first pass weld metal
b = a coefficient
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20. Effect of Various Procedures on
Transverse Shrinkage of Butt Welds
Procedures
Root Gap
Joint design
Electrode dia.
Degree of constraint
Peening
Gouging & repairs
Effect on TS
TS increases with increase in RG
Single Vee produces more TS than
double V
TS decreases with increase in electrode
dia.
TS decreases with Degree of constraint
TS decreases by peening
TS increases by these operations.
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21. TRANSVERSE SHRINKAGE
IN FILLET JOINTS
1. For T joints with two continuous fillets.
TS = Leg of fillet Weld (l) x 1.02
Bottom Plate thickness (tb)
All dimensions in mm.
tb
l x l
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22. 2. For intermittent fillet welds , a correcting
factor of proportional length of fillet weld to
total length of joint should be used.
TRANSVERSE SHRINKAGE
IN FILLET JOINTS
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23. (3) For fillet welds in a lap joints between
plates of equal thickness (two welds)
TS = Leg of fillet Weld (l) x 1.52
Plate thickness (t)
All dimensions in mm.
TRANSVERSE SHRINKAGE
IN FILLET JOINTS
l
l
t
t
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24. ORIGINAL POSITION
AFTER WELDING
Angular distortion
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25.  It is the bending transverse to the weld.
Due to non-uniform heating and cooling along
the thickness of plate.
 This is the main source of mismatch and
dimensional inaccuracy in large welded
structures
Distortion in Butt welds
Angular Distortion
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26. Angular Distortion in Butt Joints
t1
t2
t3
g
g = 3 mm
t3 = 2 mm
t
t1 + 1/2 t3
t
= 0.6
1. Use Both Side Welding Technique in place of Single Side Welding
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27. AD = 0.0076 . W . l1.3
t2
Where
AD= Angular Distortion, mm
W=flange width, mm
l = weld leg length, mm
t = flange thickness, mm
Angular Distortion in Fillet Welds
W W
AD
AD
t
l
t
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28. Example of Angular Distortion
in Fillet Welds
Find the angular distortion in a double fillet
weld of a T-joint between a flange 1000 mm
wide and a vertical member when the thickness
of both the members is 6 mm and the weld leg
length = 8 mm
Solution.
AD = =
0.0076 x 1000 x (8)1.3
(6)2
3.15 mm.
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29. Multiple Restrained Fillet Welds
AD
Ø
L
AD
L
1
4
= Ø
x
L
1
2
2
Ø
AD = Angular distortion, mm.
L = span length, mm.
Ø = angular change, radians
x = distance from weld to the
point where distortion is to be
determined, mm.
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30. Example of AD in Multiple
Restrained Fillet Welds
In multiple restrained fillet welds the span
length is 1 m and the angular change is 90
at
a distance of 400 mm from the span end,
find the distortion.
Solution.
By putting L = 1000 mm, Ø = 90
= 0.1571 rad.
x = L/2 - 400 = 100 mm in the Formula,
AD = 14.164 mm.
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31. Distortion in ‘T’-joints
Angular distortion
Before welding After welding
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32. Distortion in ‘T’-joints
Longitudinal distortion
(a) pulling effect towards neutral axis
A
A
Section A - A
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33. Distortion in ‘T’-Stiffener
Longitudinal distortion
(b) pulling effect of welds above neutral axis.
Section A - A A
A
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34. To prevent distortion :-
(A)
Reduce the effective
shrinkage force.
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35. Reduce effective shrinkage force
(A-1) Keep the angle of weld joint to the
barest minimum.
keep the angle of weld joint 45 deg.
 MINIMUM ANGLE, LESS WELDING , LESS HEAT INPUT
Hence less distortion
50 deg. +/- 5 deg.
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36. Reduce effective shrinkage force
(A-2) Do not keep root gap more than required
(A-3) Do not do over- welding.
REINFORCEMENT REQUIRE MENT
20 MM (+5/-1)
KEEP REINFORCEMENT UP TO 19 MM
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37. 50 deg. +/- 5 deg.
keep the angle of weld joint 45 deg.
keep fillet size 18 mm/6 mm
19 mm +3/-1
7 mm +3/-1
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38. (A-4) Minimize no of passes larger size of
electrodes
Reduce effective shrinkage force
MORE NO OF PASSES LESS NO OF PASSES
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39. (A-5) Place welds near the neutral axis
N. A.
Reduce effective shrinkage force
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40. To prevent distortion :-
(B)
Make shrinkage work
for us
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41. WEDGE
CLAMPS ALONG EDGE
Make shrinkage work for us
(B.1) Pre cambering OR Pre bending in plate
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42. Make shrinkage work for us
(B-2) Keep over dimensions OR over
bend before welding
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43. To prevent distortion :-
(C)
Balance shrinkage force
with other forces
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44. 4
3
1
2
1
3
5
2
4
6 1
3
5
6
4
2
(C-1)
Do Sequence welding
Balance shrinkage forces
with other forces.
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45.  Balance shrinkage forces
with other forces
(C-2) Back step welding
1 2 3 4
Welding progresion
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46. Two identical parts should be tacked back to back
together before welding as shown
PART -II
PART -I
END PLATES
TACKED
(C-3) Back to back clamping for welding
 Balance shrinkage forces
with other forces
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47. SADDLE-
I
SADDLE-II
WELDING TACKS
Back to back welding of saddles
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48. Good working
methods for
welding distortion
in our routine work
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49. Bulging of tube sheet of heat
exchanger
TUBE SHEET BULGES DURING SHELL
TO TUBE SHEET WELDING
• Welding of shell to tube sheet
LEADS TO
• Improper seating of gasket and
leakage
• Non uniform projection of tube
ends from tube sheet face
CONTROLLED BY
• Back to back
• Weld optimum fillet size
TUBE SHEET
SHELL
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50. Distortion of shell long seams
Typical weld sequence and distortion observed
1184
mm
DIA
58T MIN LAS.
3200
D/4
D
INSIDE
OUTSIDE
600
2
/3T
1
/3T
T
600
0.2mm GAP
3
JOINT DETAIL WELD SEQUENCE
1
2
3
SMAW
SAW
SAW
BACK
GOUGING
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51. Distortion of shell long seams
1 2 3
1 SET-UP STAGE 4 + 2 + 2 +
2 AFTER SEAL RUN 6 + 4 + 5 +
3 AFTE R O/S WELDING 8 + 6 + 8 +
4 AFTER BACK GOUGING 6 + 5 + 5 +
5 AFTER I/S WELDING 4 + 2.5 + 4 +
LOCATION
STAGE
( D/4 TEMPLATE READING
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52. • Caused by longitudinal shrinkage
of weld
• Reduction in diameter around
circumferential seam
• Reduction in shell length
Controlled by
• Provide compression spiders on
both sides of C/S
• Design weld joint to have minimum
weld metal deposit
• Use restricted heat input
( minimum no. of passes )
CIRCSEAM
JIINT
SHELL
SUGARCANE
EFFECT
Distortion of circumferential seams in shell
C/S
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53. Gauge for checking long seam
distortion in plate stage welding
PICK IN OR PICK OUT = A-B OR C-D
(MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE TO BE CONSIDERED)
GAUGE
FOR CHECKING
A
B
C
D
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54. Gauge for checking distortion of
‘T’- joint welding
PRE-TILT OF T-STIFFENER = A - C
SAGGING OF T-STIFFENER = A - B
GAUGE FOR CHECKING
A
B
C
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55. Distortion in flange to pipe welding
FLANGE
BEFORE
WELDING
AFTER
WELDING
PIPE
FLANGE WARPS
FLANGE FLANGE
PIPE PIPE
TEMP. SUPPORTS
• Heavy fillet weld on flange to pipe joint leads to warping
of flange
• Causing no machining allowance on flange face thickness
CONTROL : back to back welding
• Temporary set up two flanges back to back as shown
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56. Sinking in of nozzle on shell
Controlling sinking
• Provide rigid internal jacks
/supports with moon plates
/compression spider
• Maintain optimum weld
preparation and fit up to avoid
extra weld deposit
• Keep excess nozzle projection
at set up stage to compensate
for sinking
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57. STRIP CUTTING FROM PLATE
 The strip tends to bow outwards as shown
 Distortion ( bow ) results due to unequal heating of
the metal
 During cutting when hot, the bow is more on cooling
& the bow diminishes slightly
 Finally the strip never returns to it’s intended shape
PLATE
STRIP
Distortion During Oxy-acetylene
Cutting
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58. Controlling distortion during oxy-
acetylene cutting
METHOD I
Two Torches Technique
• Mark strip of required width leaving 10 mm distance
• Move two torches simultaneously carrying out cutting operation
SCRAP 10 mm
TORCH I
TORCH II
STRIP
PLATE
DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT
FOR TORCHES
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59. Controlling distortion during
oxy - acetylene cutting
Method II
• Mark the strips with kerf allowance on the plate
• Drill small hole in kerf allowance at distance 20 mm away from
the edge
• Start cut from drilled hole in kerf to the end such that the strip
is attached to main plate
• Cut the balance strip attached to the plate
HOLE
PLATE
STRIPS
KERF
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60. Controlling distortion during
oxy - acetylene cutting
Aim : To get undistorted segment from the plate of size as
shown
Specific Steps
• Mark leaving 30mm Dist. from edge
• Start with pierce cut as shown instead of starting from the
edge
• Follow the path as shown
30 mm
30 mm
12 mm THK
PLATE
50 mm
PIERCE
START
R250 mm
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61. Reduction in distortion
• Less weld edge preparation.
• Less welding current as per WPS.
• Higher base metal thickness.
• Lesser welding passes
• Do not over weld
• More distortion in stainless steel then carbon
steel.
• Less offset-Lesser welding-Lower distortion
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62. • Provide intermittent welding
• Place weld near the neutral axis
• Balancing weld around neutral axis
• Back-step welding
• Sequence welding
• Pre bending OR Pre cambering
• Back to back clamping
• Double operator welding technique
Reduction in distortion
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