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Distance education:
Distance educationonthe otherhandis lessaphilosophyandmore amethodof education.Students
can studyin theirowntime,atthe place of theirchoice (home,workorlearningcentre),andwithout
face-to-face contactwithateacher.Technologyisacritical elementof distance education.
However,distance educationprogramsmaynotbe open.That iscertainlythe case at the University
of BritishColumbia(UBC).Studentswhowishtotake distance coursesandreceive aUBCdegree
mustmeetUBC’s admissionrequirements(whichare setveryhigh),andtake the necessarycourse
pre-requisites.Forundergraduateeducation,atleasthalf the programmustbe done ‘inresidence’,
that is,by takingface-to-face classesoncampus.Thusinpractice studentswholive outof province
or in foreigncountriescannotobtainaUBC undergraduate degreewhollyata distance.
If an institutionisdeliberatelyselective initsstudents,ithasmore flexibilitywithregardtochoice of
technologyfordistance education.Itcanfor instance require all studentswhowishtotake a distance
educationprogramto have theirowncomputer.Itcannot dothat if its mandate isto be opento all
students.
Distance ismore likelytobe psychological orsocial,ratherthangeographical,inmostcases.For
instance,the vastmajorityof UBC undergraduate distance educationstudentsare nottrulydistant.
The majority(83 per cent) livesinthe GreaterVancouverRegion,andalmosthalf withinthe Cityof
Vancouver. Onlysix percentof the undergraduate enrolmentsin1999/2000 were fromoutside the
province (because of the residential requirement).Onthe otherhand,twothirdsof UBC’s distance
students(67 percent) were working.The mainreasonformostUBC studentstakingdistance courses
isthe flexibilitytheyprovide,giventhe workandfamilycommitmentsof studentsandthe difficulty
causedby timetable conflictsforface-to-face classes.Only17per centgave reasonsto do with
distance ortravel (UBC Distance EducationandTechnology,2001).
Advantagesof distance learningmethod:
1. Freedom&adaptability:Withdistance learningcourses,studentscancomplete theircourse
workfrom justaboutanywhere,providedthere’sacomputerandinternetconnection.This
allowsstudentstoworkwhenandwhere itismore convenientforthemwithouthavingto
squeeze inscheduledclassestoanalreadybusylife.
2. Self-motivation:Due tothe imposingabsence of atraditional teacher,asa studentyoulearn
to motivate yourself,whenthe learningenvironmentcomesunderyourcontrol.The
developmentof the streakof self motivationisalsoanimportantaspectof yourgrowth.The
self directedaspectof distance learningmethodinturnhelpscultivatethisstreak
3. Flexibilityof choice:Itgivesyouagreaterflexibilitytooptfora course of studyevenafter
longspellsof separation.
4. Betteraccessibility:Incase,youare separatedfrommainstreameducationbecause of
distance,time andotherrelevantreasons.Youcan fall back upondistance educationon
meritof its accessibility
5. Savestime & Money:You neednottravel acrossto a new regionorcountryfor availingof
the benefitsof acourse.You can have it accessedbymeansof online methodof distance
learning.Thisnotonlysavestime butalsocutsdownon financial expense.Moreover,most
coursesofferedaspartof distance learningmethodare cheaperthantheirregular
counterpart.
Disadvantagesof distance learningmethod:
1. Lack of social interaction:If the classroomenvironmentiswhatyoulove mostaboutlearning
youmay want to take a stepback and reconsiderdistance learning.You’ll likelygetsome
interactiononchat rooms,discussionboardsandthroughemail,butthe experience will be
quite differentthantraditionalcourses.
2. Absence of a properlearningenvironment:Ambience orfeel of the campushelpsimprove
learningstandard.Italsohas a role or two to playinrespectof addingto the learner's
strength.Inthisregard,it isworth mentioningthe distinctive drawbackof distance learning
methodbecause neithercanitgenerate the campusspiritnorcan itcultivate aproperclass
room situation
3. Lack of motivation:If youare one of those needingconstantcheerandjeer,itisbetternotto
opt fordistance educationbecause youwillawfullymissthe source providingthe same.
Havingembarkedupona distance learningcourse,there will be none tocoax andcajole you
intorealizingyourtarget.Youwill have tomotivate yourself.
4. Requiresadaptabilitytonew Technologies:If you’veneverbeenone tolove workingwith
technologyyouwill probablygetalotlessoutof an online course thanyourmore tech-savvy
counterparts.Make sure you feel comfortable workingwithcomputersandwithonline
programsbefore yousignup fora class.
5. Some employersdon’tacceptonline degrees:While amajorityof employerswill,there are
some whostill see astigmaattachedto distance learning.Realize thatyouronlinedegree
may notbe the ideal tool forsome jobfieldsorforfuture learning.
evaluationof studentinDistance Education:
1. Practical Matters:
1. Has the institutionofferingthe programearnedaccreditationfromanaccrediting
bodyrecognizedbythe Council onHigherEducationAccreditation(CHEA)and/orthe
U.S. Departmentof Education? Ingeneral,studentswithdegreesfrominstitutions
not accreditedbya recognizedaccreditorthathasmetU.S. Departmentof Education
or CHEA standardswill finditdifficult,if notimpossible,tohave theirdegrees
recognizedbyanyU.S. or foreigngovernmentagency,university,orthe majorityof
private employers.See the article onthissite,“QuickandEasyDegree?”forwarning
signs
2.Will the degree be recognizedbythe governmentinyourcountry? Byprofessional
licensure bodies?Bypotential employers? Despite the huge numbersof accredited
distance programsandresearchthat has beendone showingthattheyare often
equal or superiorinqualitytocampus-basedprograms,ministriesandotherentities
insome countriesstill donotrecognize evenaccrediteddegreesearnedthrough
distance methods.
3.What technologiesare usedtodeliverthe program? Doyou have the needed
Internetspeedandequipmenttomake the particularprogramwork foryou?
Individual programscanprovide theirspecifications,whichdifferfromprogramto
program.
4.Doesthe programhave a component“live”studentparticipationinonline
activities?If so,whenare suchactivitiesscheduled?While suchopportunitiescan
add muchto the learningexperience,theymayprove difficultforsomeone livingina
farawaytime zone.
5.Doesthe institutionrequire attendanceatanyspecificlocationandforhow long?
Many “distance”programsdo include oncampus“residency”periods,whichare
oftenrequired.Again these canbe valuable butyouneedtoconsiderwhetherthe
amountof travel requiredisrealisticforyou.
More on QualityandFit:
 What is the retention rate (percentage of students who startthe program that also complete it) of the
program in which you are considering enrolling? Distance programs typicallyhave a higher drop-outrate
because they typically serve older students with busylives and because they require considerable self-
discipline—butan extreme difference may indicate a problem.
 How does the variety of courses offered by this program compare with thatoffered in similar programs at
other institutions?
 Where can I find evaluations ofthis program?
 Where have graduates ofthis program gone and whathave they done in terms of transfer or employment?
 How well does the program focus match mycareer goals? Did any previous students have similar goals?
 How can I contact some ofthese graduates and their employers to talk about their experience with the
program?
 What are the qualifications and currentactivities of the faculty (and where can such information be found in
writing)?
 What are the arrangements for interaction between students and faculty, including the timelyresolution of
questions related to specific class topics and feedback on examinations?
 Are any arrangements made for students to interact with one another and,if so,what are they?
 What access will I have to current information resources and how will continuing currencybe assured?
Admissionsand StudentServices:
 Studentsshouldbe sure toinquire aboutthe following:
 What academic,Englishlanguage level,equipment,andskillsexpectationsdoesthe
institutionhave forstudentsenrollinginthisprogram?
 What are tuitioncosts,andwhatotherexpensescanIexpecttoincur? (Financial aid
israrelyavailable evenforU.S.citizenspursuingdistance educationbutitcan'thurt
to ask aboutthispossibilityaswell.)
 Doesthe institutionplantoupgrade orchange its hardware or software inthe near
future?If so,what arrangementswill be made sothatstudentswill be able to
complete theirprogramusingequipmentthatwasadequate atmatriculationbut
may notbe withthe newsystems?
 Is there a studenthandbookthatisapplicable todistance educationstudents?
 What counseling,career,financialaid,andothernon-classroomservicesare
available forstudentsof the on-line program
More QuestionstoAsk:
 Who deliversanddesignsthe program?
 How longhas the institutionyoubeenenrollingstudents inthisprogram?
 How doesthe programdifferfromthose offeredon-siteatthe institution(check
such aspectsas time tocompletion,admissionrequirements,informationresources)
and why?
 How islearningof studentsinthisprogramassessedanddocumented?
 . What chargesare involvedinobtainingaccesstoinformationresources?
criteriato evaluate inDistance Education:
AssessmentVersusEvaluation: “The term‘assessment’isoftenusedsynonymouslywith
‘evaluation’,althoughthere areimportantdifferences.Assessmentrefersspecificallytothe
measurementof…learninggains,whereasevaluationimpliesajudgmentthatmaybe made
basedon assessmentinformation.Datafromassessmentsare notconsideredgood,bad,or
uglybut are evidence tosupportanevaluative statementof significance orquality.”(Zvacek,
1999, p.39). “The pointof assessmentisnottogatherdata and returnresults,itisa process
that starts withthe questionsof decision-makers,thatinvolvestheminthe gatheringand
interpretingof data,andthat informsandhelpsguide improvement”.(Knight,2002, p. 15).
CriteriaforAssessmentPrograms:
 Who deliversanddesignsthe program?
 How longhas the institutionyoubeenenrollingstudentsinthisprogram?
 How doesthe programdiffer fromthose offeredon-siteatthe institution(checksuch
aspectsas time to completion,admissionrequirements,informationresources) and
why?
 How islearningof studentsinthisprogramassessedanddocumented?
 What chargesare involvedinobtainingaccesstoinformationresources?
Typesof Assessments:
Problem-BasedLearning:Studentsare presentedwithsituationsandproblemsinwhichtheymust
determine howtorespond.Examplesinclude:
online exercises(usuallymultiplechoice)
A commonformof standardizedassessment.Veryeffectiveforassessing
large groups.
- selectedresponse/checklists
Usedto record opinions,attitudes,processes,andunderstandingof content
and progress.Thistype can measure knowledgeandreasoningskills
(Williams,2000).
- selectedresponse/rankorder:Usedtoassessstudents’abilitytoorganize processorcontentin
some natural or preordainedorder.Thistype alsomeasuresknowledgeand reasoningskills
(Williams,2000).
- Selectedresponse/simple match:Thismethod involvestwoormore listsof choicestoa problem.
Thistype measuresknowledge of specificfactsandthe abilitytodistinguishbetween them(Williams,
2000).
- essay/self reflection:Thisformrequiresthe use of memory,recall,andcomprehension.The
studentcan constructsearch strategiesanddemonstrateshigher-level learningoutcomes(Williams,
2000).
- complex assignments: Basedona situationthe studentdeterminesthe nature andextentof
informationneeded.Thisassessmentmethodencouragesstudentstoinvestigate methodsorvarious
informationretrieval systems(Williams, 2000).
General WebsitesonAssessment:
The ERIC Clearinghouse onAssessmentandEvaluation
http://ericae.net/
InformationLiteracy BestPractices –DiscussionForum
http://www.earlham.edu/discus/
Distance EducationandAssessment:
Interactive VideoTechnology:A Tool forTeachingandLearninginDistance Education
By Cheryl McCarthy
http://home.earthlink.net/~esmejake/asld015.htm
Skill SurveyforNewStudents:
By SusanFoster-Harper.Developedforuse atUniversityof Charleston,WestVirginia.
http://www.uchaswv.edu/library/instruct/skill.html

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Distance education

  • 1. Distance education: Distance educationonthe otherhandis lessaphilosophyandmore amethodof education.Students can studyin theirowntime,atthe place of theirchoice (home,workorlearningcentre),andwithout face-to-face contactwithateacher.Technologyisacritical elementof distance education. However,distance educationprogramsmaynotbe open.That iscertainlythe case at the University of BritishColumbia(UBC).Studentswhowishtotake distance coursesandreceive aUBCdegree mustmeetUBC’s admissionrequirements(whichare setveryhigh),andtake the necessarycourse pre-requisites.Forundergraduateeducation,atleasthalf the programmustbe done ‘inresidence’, that is,by takingface-to-face classesoncampus.Thusinpractice studentswholive outof province or in foreigncountriescannotobtainaUBC undergraduate degreewhollyata distance. If an institutionisdeliberatelyselective initsstudents,ithasmore flexibilitywithregardtochoice of technologyfordistance education.Itcanfor instance require all studentswhowishtotake a distance educationprogramto have theirowncomputer.Itcannot dothat if its mandate isto be opento all students. Distance ismore likelytobe psychological orsocial,ratherthangeographical,inmostcases.For instance,the vastmajorityof UBC undergraduate distance educationstudentsare nottrulydistant. The majority(83 per cent) livesinthe GreaterVancouverRegion,andalmosthalf withinthe Cityof Vancouver. Onlysix percentof the undergraduate enrolmentsin1999/2000 were fromoutside the province (because of the residential requirement).Onthe otherhand,twothirdsof UBC’s distance students(67 percent) were working.The mainreasonformostUBC studentstakingdistance courses isthe flexibilitytheyprovide,giventhe workandfamilycommitmentsof studentsandthe difficulty causedby timetable conflictsforface-to-face classes.Only17per centgave reasonsto do with distance ortravel (UBC Distance EducationandTechnology,2001). Advantagesof distance learningmethod: 1. Freedom&adaptability:Withdistance learningcourses,studentscancomplete theircourse workfrom justaboutanywhere,providedthere’sacomputerandinternetconnection.This allowsstudentstoworkwhenandwhere itismore convenientforthemwithouthavingto squeeze inscheduledclassestoanalreadybusylife. 2. Self-motivation:Due tothe imposingabsence of atraditional teacher,asa studentyoulearn to motivate yourself,whenthe learningenvironmentcomesunderyourcontrol.The developmentof the streakof self motivationisalsoanimportantaspectof yourgrowth.The self directedaspectof distance learningmethodinturnhelpscultivatethisstreak 3. Flexibilityof choice:Itgivesyouagreaterflexibilitytooptfora course of studyevenafter longspellsof separation. 4. Betteraccessibility:Incase,youare separatedfrommainstreameducationbecause of distance,time andotherrelevantreasons.Youcan fall back upondistance educationon meritof its accessibility 5. Savestime & Money:You neednottravel acrossto a new regionorcountryfor availingof the benefitsof acourse.You can have it accessedbymeansof online methodof distance learning.Thisnotonlysavestime butalsocutsdownon financial expense.Moreover,most coursesofferedaspartof distance learningmethodare cheaperthantheirregular counterpart.
  • 2. Disadvantagesof distance learningmethod: 1. Lack of social interaction:If the classroomenvironmentiswhatyoulove mostaboutlearning youmay want to take a stepback and reconsiderdistance learning.You’ll likelygetsome interactiononchat rooms,discussionboardsandthroughemail,butthe experience will be quite differentthantraditionalcourses. 2. Absence of a properlearningenvironment:Ambience orfeel of the campushelpsimprove learningstandard.Italsohas a role or two to playinrespectof addingto the learner's strength.Inthisregard,it isworth mentioningthe distinctive drawbackof distance learning methodbecause neithercanitgenerate the campusspiritnorcan itcultivate aproperclass room situation 3. Lack of motivation:If youare one of those needingconstantcheerandjeer,itisbetternotto opt fordistance educationbecause youwillawfullymissthe source providingthe same. Havingembarkedupona distance learningcourse,there will be none tocoax andcajole you intorealizingyourtarget.Youwill have tomotivate yourself. 4. Requiresadaptabilitytonew Technologies:If you’veneverbeenone tolove workingwith technologyyouwill probablygetalotlessoutof an online course thanyourmore tech-savvy counterparts.Make sure you feel comfortable workingwithcomputersandwithonline programsbefore yousignup fora class. 5. Some employersdon’tacceptonline degrees:While amajorityof employerswill,there are some whostill see astigmaattachedto distance learning.Realize thatyouronlinedegree may notbe the ideal tool forsome jobfieldsorforfuture learning. evaluationof studentinDistance Education: 1. Practical Matters: 1. Has the institutionofferingthe programearnedaccreditationfromanaccrediting bodyrecognizedbythe Council onHigherEducationAccreditation(CHEA)and/orthe U.S. Departmentof Education? Ingeneral,studentswithdegreesfrominstitutions not accreditedbya recognizedaccreditorthathasmetU.S. Departmentof Education or CHEA standardswill finditdifficult,if notimpossible,tohave theirdegrees recognizedbyanyU.S. or foreigngovernmentagency,university,orthe majorityof private employers.See the article onthissite,“QuickandEasyDegree?”forwarning signs 2.Will the degree be recognizedbythe governmentinyourcountry? Byprofessional licensure bodies?Bypotential employers? Despite the huge numbersof accredited distance programsandresearchthat has beendone showingthattheyare often equal or superiorinqualitytocampus-basedprograms,ministriesandotherentities insome countriesstill donotrecognize evenaccrediteddegreesearnedthrough distance methods. 3.What technologiesare usedtodeliverthe program? Doyou have the needed Internetspeedandequipmenttomake the particularprogramwork foryou? Individual programscanprovide theirspecifications,whichdifferfromprogramto program. 4.Doesthe programhave a component“live”studentparticipationinonline activities?If so,whenare suchactivitiesscheduled?While suchopportunitiescan add muchto the learningexperience,theymayprove difficultforsomeone livingina farawaytime zone.
  • 3. 5.Doesthe institutionrequire attendanceatanyspecificlocationandforhow long? Many “distance”programsdo include oncampus“residency”periods,whichare oftenrequired.Again these canbe valuable butyouneedtoconsiderwhetherthe amountof travel requiredisrealisticforyou. More on QualityandFit:  What is the retention rate (percentage of students who startthe program that also complete it) of the program in which you are considering enrolling? Distance programs typicallyhave a higher drop-outrate because they typically serve older students with busylives and because they require considerable self- discipline—butan extreme difference may indicate a problem.  How does the variety of courses offered by this program compare with thatoffered in similar programs at other institutions?  Where can I find evaluations ofthis program?  Where have graduates ofthis program gone and whathave they done in terms of transfer or employment?  How well does the program focus match mycareer goals? Did any previous students have similar goals?  How can I contact some ofthese graduates and their employers to talk about their experience with the program?  What are the qualifications and currentactivities of the faculty (and where can such information be found in writing)?  What are the arrangements for interaction between students and faculty, including the timelyresolution of questions related to specific class topics and feedback on examinations?  Are any arrangements made for students to interact with one another and,if so,what are they?  What access will I have to current information resources and how will continuing currencybe assured? Admissionsand StudentServices:  Studentsshouldbe sure toinquire aboutthe following:  What academic,Englishlanguage level,equipment,andskillsexpectationsdoesthe institutionhave forstudentsenrollinginthisprogram?  What are tuitioncosts,andwhatotherexpensescanIexpecttoincur? (Financial aid israrelyavailable evenforU.S.citizenspursuingdistance educationbutitcan'thurt to ask aboutthispossibilityaswell.)  Doesthe institutionplantoupgrade orchange its hardware or software inthe near future?If so,what arrangementswill be made sothatstudentswill be able to complete theirprogramusingequipmentthatwasadequate atmatriculationbut may notbe withthe newsystems?  Is there a studenthandbookthatisapplicable todistance educationstudents?  What counseling,career,financialaid,andothernon-classroomservicesare available forstudentsof the on-line program More QuestionstoAsk:  Who deliversanddesignsthe program?  How longhas the institutionyoubeenenrollingstudents inthisprogram?
  • 4.  How doesthe programdifferfromthose offeredon-siteatthe institution(check such aspectsas time tocompletion,admissionrequirements,informationresources) and why?  How islearningof studentsinthisprogramassessedanddocumented?  . What chargesare involvedinobtainingaccesstoinformationresources? criteriato evaluate inDistance Education: AssessmentVersusEvaluation: “The term‘assessment’isoftenusedsynonymouslywith ‘evaluation’,althoughthere areimportantdifferences.Assessmentrefersspecificallytothe measurementof…learninggains,whereasevaluationimpliesajudgmentthatmaybe made basedon assessmentinformation.Datafromassessmentsare notconsideredgood,bad,or uglybut are evidence tosupportanevaluative statementof significance orquality.”(Zvacek, 1999, p.39). “The pointof assessmentisnottogatherdata and returnresults,itisa process that starts withthe questionsof decision-makers,thatinvolvestheminthe gatheringand interpretingof data,andthat informsandhelpsguide improvement”.(Knight,2002, p. 15). CriteriaforAssessmentPrograms:  Who deliversanddesignsthe program?  How longhas the institutionyoubeenenrollingstudentsinthisprogram?  How doesthe programdiffer fromthose offeredon-siteatthe institution(checksuch aspectsas time to completion,admissionrequirements,informationresources) and why?  How islearningof studentsinthisprogramassessedanddocumented?  What chargesare involvedinobtainingaccesstoinformationresources? Typesof Assessments: Problem-BasedLearning:Studentsare presentedwithsituationsandproblemsinwhichtheymust determine howtorespond.Examplesinclude: online exercises(usuallymultiplechoice) A commonformof standardizedassessment.Veryeffectiveforassessing large groups. - selectedresponse/checklists Usedto record opinions,attitudes,processes,andunderstandingof content and progress.Thistype can measure knowledgeandreasoningskills (Williams,2000). - selectedresponse/rankorder:Usedtoassessstudents’abilitytoorganize processorcontentin some natural or preordainedorder.Thistype alsomeasuresknowledgeand reasoningskills (Williams,2000). - Selectedresponse/simple match:Thismethod involvestwoormore listsof choicestoa problem. Thistype measuresknowledge of specificfactsandthe abilitytodistinguishbetween them(Williams, 2000).
  • 5. - essay/self reflection:Thisformrequiresthe use of memory,recall,andcomprehension.The studentcan constructsearch strategiesanddemonstrateshigher-level learningoutcomes(Williams, 2000). - complex assignments: Basedona situationthe studentdeterminesthe nature andextentof informationneeded.Thisassessmentmethodencouragesstudentstoinvestigate methodsorvarious informationretrieval systems(Williams, 2000). General WebsitesonAssessment: The ERIC Clearinghouse onAssessmentandEvaluation http://ericae.net/ InformationLiteracy BestPractices –DiscussionForum http://www.earlham.edu/discus/ Distance EducationandAssessment: Interactive VideoTechnology:A Tool forTeachingandLearninginDistance Education By Cheryl McCarthy http://home.earthlink.net/~esmejake/asld015.htm Skill SurveyforNewStudents: By SusanFoster-Harper.Developedforuse atUniversityof Charleston,WestVirginia. http://www.uchaswv.edu/library/instruct/skill.html