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Distance education 1
- 1. Miss Misbah Yasmeen SomaZaineb Department of education PAF Chaklala, Rawalpindi
- 2. CONTENT •Introduction •Definition •History •Benefits •Advantages •Evaluation methods •Aspects andcriteria's •Distance education in Pakistan •Universities offering DE in Pakistan •Challenges of DE in Pakistan •Issues in DE in Pakistan •Disadvantages
- 3. Introduction • “The worldis a click away” is the phrase that aptly defines the concept of a globalised world, in which countries and people are interconnected by communication technologies. • The communication technologies — radio, television, print media, Internet, cellular phones — provide access to the flow of information around the world. • The world is rapidly changing, and to keep up with that it is important to remain updated, which can only be possible by educating oneself. • Education means to gain knowledge by enlightening oneself with surroundings as well as with the world.
- 4. Definition • A moderntechnique of learning and educating students who do not attend regular classes in traditional educational institutions. • They study at home utilizing different tools and methods of studies provided to them by their respective institute in the form of hard form notes, online platforms, CDs and other audio/video lectures
- 5. History •Pioneer of distance educationin the 1840s in England. •He taught a system of short hand by mailing texts transcribed into shorthand on postcards and receiving transcriptions from his students in return for correction •The element of student feedback was a crucial innovation of Pitman’s system Issac Pitman
- 6. University of London TheUniversity of London was first university to offer distance Learning degrees, establishing its External Programe in 1858.
- 7. ASPECTS AND CRITERIAS Thesecriteria are recommendations for concrete measures for dealing with the problems and issues identified at an evaluation of distance education level. 1. Material/content 2. Structure/virtual environment 3. Communication, cooperation and interactivity 4. Student assessment 5. Flexibility and adaptability 6. Support (student and staff) 7. Staff qualifications and experience 8. Vision and institutional leadership 9. Resource allocation 10. The holistic and process aspect
- 8. Major Benefits Major benefitsof use distance education provides major benefits to at least six main markets or categories such as : • Expanding access. • Flexibility for students • Cost reduction • Emerging market opportunities • New fund-raising opportunities • Adapting to new technology and environment
- 9. ADVANTAGES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION Theadvantages of studying by distance education allow you to: • change or enhance your career prospects wherever you are rural, metropolitan or overseas • fit study around work, social or family commitments. You can even study at home in your PJs! • vary your study load to suit your schedule • develop and demonstrate your autonomy through self-motivation and self- direction of your degree • be included in university life through contact with other students through online learning environment, residential schools and through direct contact with your lecturers via the forum, email or by phone • have time to review your study materials without having to rush off to the next class.
- 10. Contd… As a distanceeducation student, you: • can study wherever, whenever and whatever you want. Its your choice • dont have to worry about being at lectures and tutorials at times that may not fit in with your lifestyle • have the convenience of course materials being delivered to your home or office • usually study two subjects per session, with each subject needing around 8 - 10 hours of study per week • have both full-time and part-time study options often available so you can vary your study load to fit in with your schedule - from one subject per session to four or five.
- 11. EVALUATION METHODS One ofthe most important tasks that an instructor has is to develop evaluation methods to assess how well students comprehend the topics presented in class and in textbooks. There are several approaches for evaluating your students grasp of topics taught in your classroom. • Tests and Quizzes • Projects and Presentations • Essay • Learning Games
- 12. TEST AND QUIZES •Developing tests and quizzes is one of the most effective means to gauge how successful your students have been at learning the materials assigned inside and outside the classroom. • Create your own tests and quizzes or use standardized tests and quizzes provided by your department. • Although a multiple-choice or fill-in-the-blank answer can demonstrate a students ability to memorize information like names, dates and other facts, this may not be ideal when you want students to understand how historical events have far-reaching and complicated ripple effects in today world.
- 13. PROJECTS AND PRESENTATIONS Assignprojects or presentations on topics covered. Develop an assignment sheet with different topics from which students can choose. Students will appreciate being involved in the assignment selection process -- it could mean the difference between demonstrating how white carnations can change colors and creating a simple battery from a lemon, a penny and a dime. However, use this method only for lessons that dont require comprehensive knowledge. After all, while students can choose assignments that play to their strengths and interests, they can neglect unwanted projects and presentations that seem tedious. Still, the potential for learning exists because every student will see a demonstration on a different topic and each should absorb that presentations information.
- 14. ESSAY • Teachers wantstudents to have a comprehensive understanding of many lessons, such as American history. (For instance, the student should know when a battle occurred, what started it, who fought whom, and the impact of the skirmish, such as effects still seen today.) An essay question will allow a student to use his analytical abilities to give a long-form answer in his own words, demonstrating that he can summarize the topic well. Essay answers ensure teachers know how well students understand the material.
- 15. LEARNING GAMES • Useengaging learning games to assess younger students information retention. For example, for a second-grade classroom in which you have been covering the three branches of the United States government, create a felt-covered chart that depicts a tree with three branches on it. Find news images from the Internet that fit with each branch. Print them out and affix Velcro on the back of each image so that it will stick to your chart. Ask students to help you decide on which branch each image should go. Images should include a judge, U.S. presidents and Congress members. For elementary-school children, attire alone -- such as a judges robe -- should signal hints.
- 16. Distance education inPakistan • One of the biggest issue in education is that there is low rate of participation of Pakistani adults in tertiary education than the other countries. The obvious reasons are: – Financial Constraints – Insufficient number of academic institutions – Inadequate institutes for employees – Differences between personal schedule and education
- 17. Contd… • The university’sdistance education program offers following merits: – Reaches wider student community. – Provides opportunity for obtaining higher education at cost affordable by common man. – Enables student to earn while they learn. – Provides opportunity for obtaining higher education at cost affordable by common man
- 18. Universities offering distance educationin Pakistan • Pakistan is a country which is considered to be forerunners in introducing distant learning programs. • Following three universities have laid foundation in introducing distant learning programs in innumerable disciplines in our country
- 19. Allama Iqbal OpenUniversity (AIOU) • Allama Iqbal Open University, founded in 1974, offers an online degree at cheap rates to students. It was the first institution in Pakistan to offer the online degree. The university offers online courses in all subjects including science, literature, arts, and politics. • The main campus of AIOU is in Islamabad while other smaller campuses are located all over Pakistan. • Website: www.aiou.edu.pk
- 20. Virtual University • VirtualUniversity is another leading university in Pakistan that offers online courses. It was founded in 2002. The main campus of the university is in Lahore and there are other campuses all over Pakistan. For the first time, the Virtual University introduced online computer technology courses. Other than this courses in fields of business and management are offered. • Website: www.vu.edu.pk
- 21. UET • UET isoffering long distance learning degrees in M.Sc. Applied Chemistry, M.Sc. Applied Physics and M.Sc. Applied Mathematics. The university’s aim is to provide education in remote areas, provide an opportunity for skillful students all around the nation, and to facilitate job employers in gaining higher educational qualifications thus to increase the literacy rate of Pakistan. • Website: www.uet.edu.pk
- 22. University of Peshawar •One of the oldest and largest university in Pakistan is University of Peshawar. The university offers long-distance education opportunities to students in Pakistan. The programs offered by the University of Peshawar are BS programs in computer sciences, Postgraduate programs, and Business administration. • Website: http://www.uop.edu.pk/
- 23. CASE – Centerfor Advanced Studies in Engineering This educational institute is considered to be the first institute to provide technical education program degree online in order to facilitate working engineers in order to pursue their higher studies alongside their full time jobs. They offer Master degree in five different disciplines including masters in: • Engineering • Biomedical Engineering • Mechanical Engineering • Civil Engineering • Systems and Control Engineering
- 24. Other universities In additionto above three universities, following universities are offering distant learning programs in Pakistan: • Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan - https://lms.ddebzu.edu.pk/ • Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan - https://www.degu.edu.pk/ • Government College University Faisalabad - https://gcuf.edu.pk/directorates/distance-learning/ • Islamia University Bahawalpur - https://www.iub.edu.pk/distance_29_9_11.php
- 25. Challenges of distanceeducation in Pakistan • Need for support staff for training and technical assistance • Adequate assessment of distance education classes • Adequate student services for DE students • Operating and equipment budgets • Faculty acceptance • Organizational acceptance
- 26. Challenges Pakistan, being athird world country faces additional challenges for matching Distance Education standards with the traditional universities. these challenges can be categorized as: 1. Administrative related challenges 2. Faculty related challenges 3. Student related challenges
- 27. ADMINISTRATIVE RELATED CHALLENGES • Highquality course content • Availability of technology • Delivering quality with most difficult classes • Online admission and examination system • Specification of educational objective • Suitable fee • Online class and course registration • Online library and text book sales • Adequate assessment of distance education classes
- 28. FACULTY RELATED CHALLENGES •Training on subject and technologies • Workload problems • Compensation issues • Help desk and technical support for faculty • synchronous and asynchronous learning
- 29. STUDENTS RELATED CHALLENGES •Online counselling and advising services • Campus testing centre for students • Assessment of student learning and performance • Orientation and preparation • Online application system • Online tutoring services • Student completion rate • Reducing cheating/ unfair means
- 30. Issues in DistanceEducation: • Sufficient resources and infrastructure • Sufficient infrastructures like physical and digital library • Competent and experienced senior faculty • Particular system of quality assurance • Complete detail about all programs • Students’ Financial Support • The assessment strategies and validity • Provide self study material • Motivate the learners • Improve the interaction HEC provided a thematic guideline to the directors of distance education, like
- 31. Contd…. While the advancecountries are tackling issues we are in Pakistan still face some issues to implement the provided lines in Distance Education system. Such as • Lack of technology adoption • Societal recognition • Funding • Quality assurance of academic programs • Management issues • Instructional delivery method • Relevance of education
- 32. Lack of technologyadoption • Cheap computer facilities and network infrastructures must be integrated with appropriate software systems in Pakistan. • An advanced methodology is needed to help the instructors or administers to minimize hesitation to adopt technology during distance education. • In our country adaptation of advancement technology is very costly for common man.
- 33. 2. Societal recognition •It must be realized that Distance education is an innovation that is going to be accepted with caution by a society • Fear that mechanization of education could bring down the standard
- 34. 3. Funding inDistance Education • The issue of funding continues to dominate discussions on challenges facing in Pakistan. • Sufficient fund must be provided by the institution running the program to make it result oriented. • Distance education institutions can be categorized under specialized institutions that are given special attention in view of their capital intensive nature
- 35. 4. Quality assuranceof academic programs • The propensity of the distance education system to malpractices in homework assignments, tests and examinations. • There should not be any room for complacency as the level of examination malpractice involving staff and students was still intolerably high
- 36. 5. Management issues •It becomes imperative for the management of distance education institutions in PAKISTAN to adopt management strategies that will ensure sustainable development of distance education. • Most of pioneer staff of distance education institutions in Pakistan are drawn from the formal system of education.
- 37. 6. Instructional deliverymethod • There is a great difference between distance learning and traditional type in which students listen to lecturers, read their textbooks and are busy with memorizing and recalling selected topics. • Distance learning, since students do not have unlimited access to lecturers as in formal tertiary institutions, instructional materials must be packaged to facilitate self-study and easy comprehension by the learners without much assistance from their facilitators.
- 38. 7. Relevance ofeducation • The content of education more meaningful and the methods of delivery more cost-effective within the context of nation building and economic development. • The lack of social demand for education is related to the fact that families and communities do not value or are ambivalent about formal education. It is pointed to the Parental disillusionment with the present education systems and expressed support for More relevant curricula
- 39. DISADVANTAGES • Lack ofsocial interaction. If the classroom environment is what you love most about learning you may want to take a step back and reconsider distance learning. You’ll likely get some interaction on chat rooms, discussion boards and through email, but the experience will be quite different than traditional courses. • Format isn’t ideal for all learners. Not everyone is an ideal candidate for online learning. If you know you have problems with motivation, procrastination and needs lots of individual attention from an instructor you may want to think long and hard before enrolling in an online learning program. • Some employers don’t accept online degrees. While a majority of employers will, there are some who still see a stigma attached to distance learning. Realize that your online degree may not be the ideal tool for some job fields or for future learning.
- 40. Contd… • Requires adaptabilityto new technologies. If you’ve never been one to love working with technology you will probably get a lot less out of an online course than your more tech-savvy counterparts. Make sure you feel comfortable working with computers and with online programs before you sign up for a class. • Not all courses required to complete the degree may be offered online. It makes sense that more practical majors like nursing aren’t offered entirely online, after all, part of the degree is learning to work directly with patients. Find out all the requirements of your degree to see what may need to be completed offline.