This document discusses diseases that threaten mushroom cultivation, including fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. It provides details on several major diseases: dry bubble caused by Verticillium fungicola, wet bubble caused by Mycogone perniciosa, and cobweb disease caused by Cladobotryum dendroides. These parasitic diseases can cause significant losses after artificial inoculation. It also discusses green mould (Trichoderma viride), false truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora), brown plaster mould (Populaspora byssina), and bacterial blotch (Pseudomonas talaasi). Management strategies include hygiene, fungicides, lowering humidity, and using
This document discusses diseases that threaten mushroom cultivation, including fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. It provides details on several major diseases: dry bubble caused by Verticillium fungicola, wet bubble caused by Mycogone perniciosa, and cobweb disease caused by Cladobotryum dendroides. These parasitic diseases can cause significant losses after artificial inoculation. The document also discusses non-parasitic fungal competitors in mushroom cultivation, like green mould, false truffle disease, and plaster moulds. It emphasizes the importance of hygiene, sterilization and prevention of introducing infectious materials to manage these diseases. The conclusion stresses adopting integrated disease management strategies like biofungicides and good
This document outlines the process for mass producing Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) of Spodoptera litura. It begins by describing key features of NPV, including that it occurs in polyhedral inclusion bodies and infects the cell nucleus. It then details the steps to culture S. litura on castor leaves and induce infection by feeding virus-coated leaves. The process involves collecting diseased larvae, extracting polyhedral occlusion bodies through centrifugation, and purifying through repeated centrifugation to produce a pure virus suspension quantified as larval equivalents.
This document discusses 5 diseases that affect sapota trees:
1. Leaf spot caused by Phaeopleospora indica, which causes circular brown spots on leaves. It is managed by spraying fungicides.
2. Pestalotiopsis leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis versicolor, which causes small reddish-brown spots on leaves that enlarge and develop gray centers.
3. Flat limb caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, which causes branches to become flat and twisted and leaves to become small and yellow, reducing fruit production.
4. Sooty mould caused by Capnodium versicolor, which grows on insect excretions and causes
Establishment of Oyster Mushroom Spawn Production Unit.pptxSrijan Samanta
This document is a project proposal for establishing an oyster mushroom spawn production unit. It provides details on the objectives, location, budget, economic analysis, and action plan for the unit. It estimates that the unit will cost Rs. 535,387 to establish, will produce 3,000 spawn packets per month, and will earn a net monthly income of approximately Rs. 21,000. It outlines the qualifications of the entrepreneurs, facilities and equipment required, and concludes that mushroom cultivation can provide additional income and employment opportunities in rural areas.
An entomopathogenic fungus can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them.Targets are distributed among 10 insect orders:
Hemiptera (59.6%), Coleoptera (40.9%), Lepidoptera (17.5%), Thysanoptera (14.6%), Orthoptera (9.4%), Diptera (7.0%), Hymenoptera (2.9%), Isoptera (2.3%), Siphonoptera (1.2%), and Blattodea(0.6%).
The document provides information on diseases that affect cotton plants (Gossypium spp.), including bacterial blight, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, and root rot. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, disease cycles, and favorable conditions for each disease. Management strategies are also outlined, such as using resistant varieties, seed treatment, crop rotation, removing debris, and adjusting sowing times. The overall objective is to familiarize the reader with common cotton diseases and their control.
This document identifies and describes several minor insect pests that damage paddy crops, including their life cycles and damage symptoms. It discusses paddy grasshoppers, paddy blue beetle, butterflies like paddy horned caterpillar and paddy skipper, paddy cut worms including paddy swarming caterpillar, climbing cut worm, yellow hairy caterpillar, and other minor pests like whorl maggot and mealybugs. For each pest, it provides details on identification, eggs, larvae, pupae, nature of damage caused, and factors that influence population buildup.
This document provides information on diseases that affect guava plants. It discusses the symptoms, characteristics, and management of major diseases like Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii. It also covers other diseases such as fruit canker caused by Pestalotiopsis psidii, stem canker from Physalospora psidii, anthracnose from Gloeosporium psidii, and red rust from Cephaleuros virescens. It details the identification and environmental conditions that promote each disease, as well as cultural, biological and chemical control methods.
This document discusses diseases that threaten mushroom cultivation, including fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. It provides details on several major diseases: dry bubble caused by Verticillium fungicola, wet bubble caused by Mycogone perniciosa, and cobweb disease caused by Cladobotryum dendroides. These parasitic diseases can cause significant losses after artificial inoculation. The document also discusses non-parasitic fungal competitors in mushroom cultivation, like green mould, false truffle disease, and plaster moulds. It emphasizes the importance of hygiene, sterilization and prevention of introducing infectious materials to manage these diseases. The conclusion stresses adopting integrated disease management strategies like biofungicides and good
This document outlines the process for mass producing Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) of Spodoptera litura. It begins by describing key features of NPV, including that it occurs in polyhedral inclusion bodies and infects the cell nucleus. It then details the steps to culture S. litura on castor leaves and induce infection by feeding virus-coated leaves. The process involves collecting diseased larvae, extracting polyhedral occlusion bodies through centrifugation, and purifying through repeated centrifugation to produce a pure virus suspension quantified as larval equivalents.
This document discusses 5 diseases that affect sapota trees:
1. Leaf spot caused by Phaeopleospora indica, which causes circular brown spots on leaves. It is managed by spraying fungicides.
2. Pestalotiopsis leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis versicolor, which causes small reddish-brown spots on leaves that enlarge and develop gray centers.
3. Flat limb caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae, which causes branches to become flat and twisted and leaves to become small and yellow, reducing fruit production.
4. Sooty mould caused by Capnodium versicolor, which grows on insect excretions and causes
Establishment of Oyster Mushroom Spawn Production Unit.pptxSrijan Samanta
This document is a project proposal for establishing an oyster mushroom spawn production unit. It provides details on the objectives, location, budget, economic analysis, and action plan for the unit. It estimates that the unit will cost Rs. 535,387 to establish, will produce 3,000 spawn packets per month, and will earn a net monthly income of approximately Rs. 21,000. It outlines the qualifications of the entrepreneurs, facilities and equipment required, and concludes that mushroom cultivation can provide additional income and employment opportunities in rural areas.
An entomopathogenic fungus can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them.Targets are distributed among 10 insect orders:
Hemiptera (59.6%), Coleoptera (40.9%), Lepidoptera (17.5%), Thysanoptera (14.6%), Orthoptera (9.4%), Diptera (7.0%), Hymenoptera (2.9%), Isoptera (2.3%), Siphonoptera (1.2%), and Blattodea(0.6%).
The document provides information on diseases that affect cotton plants (Gossypium spp.), including bacterial blight, fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt, and root rot. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, disease cycles, and favorable conditions for each disease. Management strategies are also outlined, such as using resistant varieties, seed treatment, crop rotation, removing debris, and adjusting sowing times. The overall objective is to familiarize the reader with common cotton diseases and their control.
This document identifies and describes several minor insect pests that damage paddy crops, including their life cycles and damage symptoms. It discusses paddy grasshoppers, paddy blue beetle, butterflies like paddy horned caterpillar and paddy skipper, paddy cut worms including paddy swarming caterpillar, climbing cut worm, yellow hairy caterpillar, and other minor pests like whorl maggot and mealybugs. For each pest, it provides details on identification, eggs, larvae, pupae, nature of damage caused, and factors that influence population buildup.
This document provides information on diseases that affect guava plants. It discusses the symptoms, characteristics, and management of major diseases like Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii. It also covers other diseases such as fruit canker caused by Pestalotiopsis psidii, stem canker from Physalospora psidii, anthracnose from Gloeosporium psidii, and red rust from Cephaleuros virescens. It details the identification and environmental conditions that promote each disease, as well as cultural, biological and chemical control methods.
- The document discusses major diseases that affect cultivated mushrooms, including bacterial and fungal diseases.
- Bacterial blotch, caused by Pseudomonas tolaassi, affects button mushrooms and causes brown sunken blotches on caps making mushrooms unmarketable. Control involves sterilizing casing soil, adequate ventilation, and preventive sprays.
- Yellow blotch, caused by Pseudomonas agarici, is a serious disease of oyster mushrooms appearing as yellow, brown or orange blotches. It thrives under warm, humid conditions. Control requires proper ventilation, temperature control and use of chlorinated water.
In this slide you will get all the important information of epidemiology.
For more information you can see my youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUsmJMc2xvL3O3UkDh8knrA
The document discusses three major insect pests of sesame:
1. The til leaf and pod caterpillar, which feeds on leaves and bores into shoots, flowers, buds, and pods, damaging young plants.
2. The til hawk-moth, whose large caterpillars voraciously feed on leaves and defoliate plants.
3. The sesame gall-fly, whose maggots cause buds to develop into galls that produce no fruits or seeds.
This document summarizes several fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that affect wheat. It describes 9 fungal diseases caused by various Puccinia, Ustilago, Tilletia, Erysiphe, and Pythium species. The diseases discussed are yellow/stripe rust, brown/leaf rust, stem/black rust, loose smut, common bunt, powdery mildew, flag smut, and foot rot. It provides details on symptoms, pathogens, life cycles, survival methods and spread, and favorable conditions for each disease. Management approaches are also mentioned. The document additionally briefly discusses 1 bacterial disease and 3 viral diseases that impact wheat.
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
Mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota; Hyphomycetes)balram2424
Types of Entomopathogenic Fungi like
Verticillium lecanii
Beauveria bassiana
Nomuraea rileyi
Metarrhizium anisopliae(detailed procedure of mass production in bio control lab)
The document provides an overview of different types of entomopathogenic microbes (viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa) used for insect management. It discusses the history, mode of action, symptoms caused, and examples of specific microbes used to control various insect pests for different crops. These include Bacillus thuringiensis for lepidopteran larvae, Beauveria bassiana for sucking pests, Metarhizium anisopliae for beet armyworm and rhinoceros beetle, Steinernema carpocapsea for soil-dwelling insects, and Nosema locustae for grasshoppers. The advantages of using entomopathogenic
Fusarium wilt of banana is caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense. The fungus is believed to have originated in Southeast Asia and spread globally through infected planting material. Symptoms include wilting leaves and splitting of the pseudostem. Internally, vascular tissues turn reddish-brown. The fungus enters through roots and spreads through the vascular system. Management involves cultural practices like crop rotation and planting resistant varieties, as well as biological, chemical and mechanical controls like soil amendments with Trichoderma, carbendazim, and machinery sanitation.
This document summarizes two diseases that affect radishes: Alternaria leaf spot and downy mildew. Alternaria leaf spot causes yellow, raised leaf spots with concentric rings, and is caused by the fungus Alternaria raphani. Downy mildew causes purplish-brown spots on the underside of leaves and yellowing above, and is caused by the oomycete Peronospora parasitica. Both diseases are managed through sanitation like removing infected plant debris, crop rotation, and fungicide sprays.
This document summarizes information about red rot disease of sugarcane. It begins with an introduction about the importance of sugarcane as a source of sugar production. It then discusses the history of the disease, first reported in Java in 1893. The causal organism is Colletotrichum falcatum, which has both asexual and sexual reproduction stages. Symptoms appear after rains when plant growth stops and sugar formation begins, showing yellowing, shriveled canes with reddening pith. The disease cycle and management approaches are also summarized, including using disease-free setts, hot water treatment, removal of infected stools, crop rotation, and resistant varieties.
1) Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungus Phoma rabiei, is a major disease of chickpea that can cause 100% yield losses.
2) It has a worldwide distribution, affecting over 35 countries across six continents. India and Pakistan are among the regions most impacted by epidemics.
3) The disease affects all above-ground plant parts, appearing as pale lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. If left unchecked, it can destroy entire crops.
This document discusses several pathogens that infect chickpea crops worldwide. It describes Ascochyta blight, a major disease caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei. It spreads via seed and pycnidiospores and prefers cool, wet conditions. Symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. Management includes crop rotation, seed treatment, and fungicide application. It also briefly describes several other diseases such as Fusarium wilt, dry root rot, and Botrytis gray mold, discussing their causal organisms, symptoms, and management strategies.
An entomopathogenic fungus seminar was presented covering the role of these fungi in insect control. The key points are:
Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria, Metarhizium, Lecanicillium, and Nomurae act as parasites to insects, killing or disabling them. They are effective against many agricultural and forest pests like beetles, caterpillars, whiteflies, and grasshoppers. These fungi penetrate the insect cuticle, grow internally, and produce toxins that ultimately kill the host. They have potential for use in reducing chemical pesticide use in agriculture.
New generation fungicides with novel modes of action have been developed since 2001 that are more targeted and safer for non-target sites. These include fungicides that affect respiration, cell membranes, protein synthesis, signal transduction, and cell mitosis. Many important plant diseases that were previously not well-controlled can now be managed by these new systemic fungicides. The discovery process for fungicides has changed over time from broad-spectrum to more targeted site-specific and novel action chemistries. These new fungicides are more eco-friendly as they can be used at lower doses than earlier compounds.
The document discusses several diseases that affect coffee crops, including leaf rust, berry blotch, anthracnose, black rot, collar rot, and brown root rot. Leaf rust is the most destructive disease, caused by fungi that produce spores during wet weather. Symptoms include yellow spots and defoliation. Management strategies include cultural practices like pruning and balanced nutrition as well as fungicide applications. Berry blotch causes dark spots on coffee berries and is managed through shade and fungicides. Anthracnose produces leaf spots and die back and its fungus survives in plant debris.
1) Bacterial blight, anthracnose, wilt complex, leaf spots, and fruit rots are major diseases affecting pomegranate.
2) Bacterial blight causes irregular lesions and spots on leaves, fruits, and twigs leading to cracking and deformity. Management includes using disease-free materials and pruning disinfection.
3) Anthracnose causes sunken brown spots on leaves, flowers, and fruits eventually causing rotting. It is managed by removing plant debris and spraying fungicides.
4) Wilt complex is caused by multiple pathogens and is severe in black soils. It is managed by proper spacing, drainage, and use of healthy planting materials.
This document discusses biopesticides as an alternative to chemical pesticides in India. It begins with an introduction on how chemical pesticides and fertilizers have negatively impacted the environment. It then defines pesticides and biopesticides. The main types of biopesticides discussed are microbial (including bacteria like Bt and fungi), biochemical (such as neem extracts), and plant-incorporated protectants. Specific examples of microbial biopesticides targeting various pests are provided. The document emphasizes that biopesticides are less toxic and more targeted than chemical pesticides, reducing environmental impacts.
This document provides information on major diseases that affect chili peppers, including damping off caused by Pythium spp., anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici, and bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria. It discusses symptoms, causal organisms, and disease cycles. It recommends an integrated pest management approach including crop rotation, certified seed, soil solarization, and fungicide or hot water seed treatment to manage diseases.
This document discusses diseases that affect the cultivation of button mushrooms. It begins by outlining the importance of mushrooms and the main species cultivated commercially in India. The main diseases are then described, including fungal diseases like dry bubble, wet bubble and cobweb disease, as well as bacterial and viral diseases. Symptoms, causes and management strategies are provided for each disease. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the threats posed by diseases to mushroom cultivation and highlights the need for strict hygiene and preventative practices to control disease outbreaks.
This document discusses disease and pest management in mushroom production. It outlines several common fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that affect mushrooms such as soft mildew, dry bubble disease, wet bubble disease, inky cap, and bacterial blotch. It also discusses common insect pests like sciarid flies, phorid flies, springtails, and mites. It provides details on the symptoms and management of many of these diseases and pests, emphasizing sanitation, proper pasteurization, and use of chemical treatments when needed. Plant-derived products from neem trees may also help control some pests and diseases. Strict hygiene is important to prevent introduction and spread of issues in mushroom farms.
- The document discusses major diseases that affect cultivated mushrooms, including bacterial and fungal diseases.
- Bacterial blotch, caused by Pseudomonas tolaassi, affects button mushrooms and causes brown sunken blotches on caps making mushrooms unmarketable. Control involves sterilizing casing soil, adequate ventilation, and preventive sprays.
- Yellow blotch, caused by Pseudomonas agarici, is a serious disease of oyster mushrooms appearing as yellow, brown or orange blotches. It thrives under warm, humid conditions. Control requires proper ventilation, temperature control and use of chlorinated water.
In this slide you will get all the important information of epidemiology.
For more information you can see my youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUsmJMc2xvL3O3UkDh8knrA
The document discusses three major insect pests of sesame:
1. The til leaf and pod caterpillar, which feeds on leaves and bores into shoots, flowers, buds, and pods, damaging young plants.
2. The til hawk-moth, whose large caterpillars voraciously feed on leaves and defoliate plants.
3. The sesame gall-fly, whose maggots cause buds to develop into galls that produce no fruits or seeds.
This document summarizes several fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that affect wheat. It describes 9 fungal diseases caused by various Puccinia, Ustilago, Tilletia, Erysiphe, and Pythium species. The diseases discussed are yellow/stripe rust, brown/leaf rust, stem/black rust, loose smut, common bunt, powdery mildew, flag smut, and foot rot. It provides details on symptoms, pathogens, life cycles, survival methods and spread, and favorable conditions for each disease. Management approaches are also mentioned. The document additionally briefly discusses 1 bacterial disease and 3 viral diseases that impact wheat.
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
Mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycota; Hyphomycetes)balram2424
Types of Entomopathogenic Fungi like
Verticillium lecanii
Beauveria bassiana
Nomuraea rileyi
Metarrhizium anisopliae(detailed procedure of mass production in bio control lab)
The document provides an overview of different types of entomopathogenic microbes (viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa) used for insect management. It discusses the history, mode of action, symptoms caused, and examples of specific microbes used to control various insect pests for different crops. These include Bacillus thuringiensis for lepidopteran larvae, Beauveria bassiana for sucking pests, Metarhizium anisopliae for beet armyworm and rhinoceros beetle, Steinernema carpocapsea for soil-dwelling insects, and Nosema locustae for grasshoppers. The advantages of using entomopathogenic
Fusarium wilt of banana is caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense. The fungus is believed to have originated in Southeast Asia and spread globally through infected planting material. Symptoms include wilting leaves and splitting of the pseudostem. Internally, vascular tissues turn reddish-brown. The fungus enters through roots and spreads through the vascular system. Management involves cultural practices like crop rotation and planting resistant varieties, as well as biological, chemical and mechanical controls like soil amendments with Trichoderma, carbendazim, and machinery sanitation.
This document summarizes two diseases that affect radishes: Alternaria leaf spot and downy mildew. Alternaria leaf spot causes yellow, raised leaf spots with concentric rings, and is caused by the fungus Alternaria raphani. Downy mildew causes purplish-brown spots on the underside of leaves and yellowing above, and is caused by the oomycete Peronospora parasitica. Both diseases are managed through sanitation like removing infected plant debris, crop rotation, and fungicide sprays.
This document summarizes information about red rot disease of sugarcane. It begins with an introduction about the importance of sugarcane as a source of sugar production. It then discusses the history of the disease, first reported in Java in 1893. The causal organism is Colletotrichum falcatum, which has both asexual and sexual reproduction stages. Symptoms appear after rains when plant growth stops and sugar formation begins, showing yellowing, shriveled canes with reddening pith. The disease cycle and management approaches are also summarized, including using disease-free setts, hot water treatment, removal of infected stools, crop rotation, and resistant varieties.
1) Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungus Phoma rabiei, is a major disease of chickpea that can cause 100% yield losses.
2) It has a worldwide distribution, affecting over 35 countries across six continents. India and Pakistan are among the regions most impacted by epidemics.
3) The disease affects all above-ground plant parts, appearing as pale lesions on leaves, stems, and pods. If left unchecked, it can destroy entire crops.
This document discusses several pathogens that infect chickpea crops worldwide. It describes Ascochyta blight, a major disease caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei. It spreads via seed and pycnidiospores and prefers cool, wet conditions. Symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. Management includes crop rotation, seed treatment, and fungicide application. It also briefly describes several other diseases such as Fusarium wilt, dry root rot, and Botrytis gray mold, discussing their causal organisms, symptoms, and management strategies.
An entomopathogenic fungus seminar was presented covering the role of these fungi in insect control. The key points are:
Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria, Metarhizium, Lecanicillium, and Nomurae act as parasites to insects, killing or disabling them. They are effective against many agricultural and forest pests like beetles, caterpillars, whiteflies, and grasshoppers. These fungi penetrate the insect cuticle, grow internally, and produce toxins that ultimately kill the host. They have potential for use in reducing chemical pesticide use in agriculture.
New generation fungicides with novel modes of action have been developed since 2001 that are more targeted and safer for non-target sites. These include fungicides that affect respiration, cell membranes, protein synthesis, signal transduction, and cell mitosis. Many important plant diseases that were previously not well-controlled can now be managed by these new systemic fungicides. The discovery process for fungicides has changed over time from broad-spectrum to more targeted site-specific and novel action chemistries. These new fungicides are more eco-friendly as they can be used at lower doses than earlier compounds.
The document discusses several diseases that affect coffee crops, including leaf rust, berry blotch, anthracnose, black rot, collar rot, and brown root rot. Leaf rust is the most destructive disease, caused by fungi that produce spores during wet weather. Symptoms include yellow spots and defoliation. Management strategies include cultural practices like pruning and balanced nutrition as well as fungicide applications. Berry blotch causes dark spots on coffee berries and is managed through shade and fungicides. Anthracnose produces leaf spots and die back and its fungus survives in plant debris.
1) Bacterial blight, anthracnose, wilt complex, leaf spots, and fruit rots are major diseases affecting pomegranate.
2) Bacterial blight causes irregular lesions and spots on leaves, fruits, and twigs leading to cracking and deformity. Management includes using disease-free materials and pruning disinfection.
3) Anthracnose causes sunken brown spots on leaves, flowers, and fruits eventually causing rotting. It is managed by removing plant debris and spraying fungicides.
4) Wilt complex is caused by multiple pathogens and is severe in black soils. It is managed by proper spacing, drainage, and use of healthy planting materials.
This document discusses biopesticides as an alternative to chemical pesticides in India. It begins with an introduction on how chemical pesticides and fertilizers have negatively impacted the environment. It then defines pesticides and biopesticides. The main types of biopesticides discussed are microbial (including bacteria like Bt and fungi), biochemical (such as neem extracts), and plant-incorporated protectants. Specific examples of microbial biopesticides targeting various pests are provided. The document emphasizes that biopesticides are less toxic and more targeted than chemical pesticides, reducing environmental impacts.
This document provides information on major diseases that affect chili peppers, including damping off caused by Pythium spp., anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum capsici, and bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria. It discusses symptoms, causal organisms, and disease cycles. It recommends an integrated pest management approach including crop rotation, certified seed, soil solarization, and fungicide or hot water seed treatment to manage diseases.
This document discusses diseases that affect the cultivation of button mushrooms. It begins by outlining the importance of mushrooms and the main species cultivated commercially in India. The main diseases are then described, including fungal diseases like dry bubble, wet bubble and cobweb disease, as well as bacterial and viral diseases. Symptoms, causes and management strategies are provided for each disease. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the threats posed by diseases to mushroom cultivation and highlights the need for strict hygiene and preventative practices to control disease outbreaks.
This document discusses disease and pest management in mushroom production. It outlines several common fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that affect mushrooms such as soft mildew, dry bubble disease, wet bubble disease, inky cap, and bacterial blotch. It also discusses common insect pests like sciarid flies, phorid flies, springtails, and mites. It provides details on the symptoms and management of many of these diseases and pests, emphasizing sanitation, proper pasteurization, and use of chemical treatments when needed. Plant-derived products from neem trees may also help control some pests and diseases. Strict hygiene is important to prevent introduction and spread of issues in mushroom farms.
This document summarizes the common pests and diseases that affect mushrooms. It describes several fungal diseases like soft mildew, brown plaster mould, olive green mould, and inky cap. It also discusses bacterial diseases like bacterial blotch and wet spot. Viral diseases mentioned include La France, brown disease, and watery stripe. Common insect pests include sciarids, springtails, phorids, and mites. Nematodes that can infect mushrooms include myceliophagous and saprophagous nematodes. Control methods provided for each pest or disease include maintaining proper temperature, humidity, sanitation, and use of chemical treatments.
Mushrooms are susceptible to a variety of fungal, bacterial, mite, nematode and viral diseases. Improper pasteurization of compost and casing materials can introduce infection. Once a disease is introduced, flies are attracted to spread it further. Major fungal diseases include dry bubble caused by Verticilium fungicola, soft mildew caused by Dactylium dendroides, and green mould caused by Trichoderma viridae. Bacterial pit or brown blotch caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii is a key bacterial disease. While no viral diseases have been reported in India, they have been observed in other countries. Proper sanitation, pest control, and chemical treatments
1. The causal organism of coconut bud rot is Phytophthora palmivora, an oomycete fungus. (2) Coconut bud rot was first reported in 1834 in the West Indies and has since been reported worldwide in coconut growing regions. (3) In India, coconut bud rot is widely prevalent along the east and west coasts, affecting states like Tamil Nadu.
This document summarizes various fungal diseases that affect humans and animals. It describes five main groups of fungal diseases: superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, subcutaneous mycoses, systemic mycoses, and opportunistic mycoses. For each group, it provides examples of pathogenic fungi, the locations they infect, and the resulting diseases. It also discusses the transmission routes and typical symptoms for some of the major fungal diseases like blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, and histoplasmosis.
Verticillium wilt of cotton is a fungal disease caused by the pathogen Verticillium dahliae. It primarily affects cotton plants, causing wilting, yellowing, and premature defoliation. The fungus invades the vascular system, restricting water flow and nutrient uptake. This leads to stunted growth and reduced yield. Management strategies include crop rotation, resistant varieties, and soil fumigation. Understanding the symptoms and implementing preventive measures are crucial for mitigating the impact of Verticillium wilt on cotton crops.
The document provides information on medical mycology and characteristics of fungi. It discusses that fungi are studied in mycology and have characteristics such as hyphae, yeasts, dimorphism, and spores. It then summarizes several medically important fungi that can cause diseases, including dermatophytes that cause cutaneous mycoses, dimorphic fungi that cause systemic mycoses, and opportunistic fungi like Candida and Aspergillus. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding fungi and the diseases they can cause in humans.
Direct Action Against The Pathogen
Genetic Modification Of The Host To Resist
Modification Of The Environment To Make It Unfavorable For Diseases Development.
Fungal infections can be caused by yeasts, molds, or dimorphic fungi. Superficial fungal infections include dermatophytosis (ringworm) and pityriasis versicolor. Subcutaneous fungal infections like sporotrichosis present as nodules that can drain or spread. Systemic fungal infections are caused by true pathogens that infect healthy hosts or opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised individuals. Common opportunistic fungal infections are caused by Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Mucor molds. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, or antigen detection of fungi in clinical samples from infected sites.
White fly control in fruit crops under protected STRUCTUREiari
White flies are a major pest in greenhouse fruit crops. The warm, humid conditions in greenhouses allow whitefly populations to grow rapidly. Several whitefly species can infest fruit crops, with the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) being most common. Integrated pest management for whiteflies in greenhouses includes prevention through exclusion barriers and sanitation, monitoring with yellow sticky cards, and control using biological controls like parasitoids and predators, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes, and selective use of biopesticides or chemical pesticides.
This document provides an overview of mycology, which is the study of fungi. It discusses the classification, morphology, and types of fungal infections that affect the skin, nails, hair (dermatophytes), subcutaneous tissues, and internal organs/systems (systemic and opportunistic fungi). Common fungal infections discussed include dermatophytosis, tinea versicolor, tinea nigra, sporotrichosis, chromomycosis, mycetoma, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and coccidioidomycosis. The document also covers the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of various mycoses. The lecture objectives are to describe the classification of fungal infections,
This document discusses common diseases that affect mushrooms. It describes 4 bacterial diseases - bacterial blotch caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens, bacterial rot caused by Pseudomonas alcaligens, brown spot caused by Pseudomonas stutzeri, and yellow blotch caused by Pseudomonas agarici. It also discusses viral diseases in general and 4 main fungal diseases - wet bubble caused by Mycogone pernicious, dry bubble caused by Verticillium fungi, green moulds caused by Trichoderma species, and cobweb disease caused by Clabotryum dendroides. Finally, it lists some common abiotic disorders that affect mushrooms.
Economic importance and mass production of paecilomycesMilindLimbachiya
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1. Diseases of Button Mushroom:
A Potential Threat to Mushroom Cultivation
Presented by:
ZAKIR AMIN
2. Importance of Mushrooms
• Mushrooms are high protein low fat fungi of great
economic value.
• Supplement diets which lack proteins “Vegetable
Meat”
• Possess low carbohydrate and fat content.
• Act as low-caloric diet recommended to heart
patients.
• Ideal food for diabetic patients owing to its low starch
content.
• Polysaccharides in mushrooms have anti-tumour and
immunological properties.
3. Commercial Mushroom Species Cultivated in India
• White button mushroom (Agaricus
bisporus),
• Oyster (Pleurotus spp.),
• Paddy straw (Volvariella volvacea),
• Milky (Calocybe indica) and
• Shiitake (Lentinula edodes)
Sharma et al., 2017
6. Diseases of Mushroom
Fungal Diseases Bacterial Diseases Viral Diseases
Soft Mildew / Cobweb Bacterial Blotch La France
Brown Plaster Mould Brown Disease and
Watery Stripe
White plaster mould X Disease
Olive green mould Dieback Disease
Inky Cap
Green Mould
Truffle Disease
Bubble Disease
Dry Bubble disease
7. Losses due to Diseases after
Artificial Inoculation
Disease % loss after Artificial
Inoculation
Reported by
Dry Bubble 2.26-47.2% Sharma and Vijay, 1993
Wet Bubble Upto 100% Bhatt and Singh (2000)
Cob Web 66.6% Sharma and Vijay, 1996
Green Mould 8-26% Grogan et al., 2000
False Truffle 58-80% Sharma and Jandaik (1996)
Brown Plaster
Mould
3.0-50.7% Sharma and Vijay, 1993
Ink Caps 20.14-94.4% Sharma, 1992
13. 1. DRY BUBBLE
• Pathogen : Verticillium fungicola, V. malthousei or
V. psialliste
• Common Name : Verticillium disease, brown spot,
fungus spot, dry bubble, La mole.
• First reported by Malthouse in 1901.
Symptoms:
• Causes brown spot on cap resulting in irregular
patches
• In severe infection mushrooms become
distorted
• Affected mushrooms become leathery
16. Transmitted by :
Contaminated compost, casing soil. (Kumar et al., 2014)
Human beings and splashes of water (Cross and Jacobs., 1969)
Primary introduction may also be through air borne spores as well
as by the spores carried by flies, mites or pickers.
(Munshi et al., 2010)
Management:
1. Relies mainly on hygiene and prevention of introducing
inoculum on mushroom farms
(Berendsen et al., 2010)
2. Dichlorvas @ 30 ml/ 100 lit. water/ 100 m3 area to check
mites and flies.
(Tsarev, 2014)
1. Carbendazim gives highest percentage growth inhibition
against pathogen followed by Thiophanate methyl, Dithane
Z-78 and Dithane M-45.
(Kumar et al., 2014)
17. Wet bubble
(Mycogone perniciosa)
• Characterized by the development of white
mycelial growth on fruiting bodies of button
mushroom.
• It spreads and covers the entire cap.
• Development of distorted masses of
mushroom tissues, called as ‘Sclerodamoid
mass’ which initially are white and fluffy but
become brown with age and then decay.
(Munshi et al., 2010)
• Presence of amber liquid droplets on the
surface of distorted mushrooms.
(Sharma and Kumar., 2005)
18.
19. Management
• Strict hygienic conditions and sterilized
casing soil.
• Spray of Benomyl @ 0.1 % immediately
after casing has been found most
effective.
• Application of carbendazim,
chlorothalonil, prochloraz manganese
complex (Sportak 50 WP) @ 0.1 % into
casing material.
• A spray of 0.8 % Formalin on to casing
surface, immediately after its
application on the beds is also effective.
(Gupta et al., 2018)
20. Cobweb disease
[Cladobotryum dendroides (syn. Dactylium dendroides)]
• First reported in India at Chail and Shimla
in Himachal Pradesh (Seth, 1977).
• Exhibits characteristic coarse mycelial
growth over the affected mushroom.
• High relative humidity and temperature
favours the disease.
• Normally introduced by contaminated
casing soil or spores through air.
• Secondary spread by air movement,
pickers, water splashes.
(Gupta et al., 2018)
21.
22. Management
• Disinfection of casing soil with live steam at 50 0C
for 4 hours.
• Bavistin + Thiram at 0.9 and 0.6 gm-2 followed by
Thiobendazole and Benlate (0.9 gm-2).
(Seth and Dar., 1989)
• 0.05 % Carbendazim at spawning followed by
0.25% mancozeb at casing and Carbendazim again
15 days later.
(Sharma et al., 1992)
24. Green mould
(Trichoderma viride)
• Appears as thick cushioned white patch with greenish
fungal growth on spawned and cased bags which
gradually change to bluish green in colour.
• Characterized by large areas of dense sporulation on
the compost and casing surface
(Anderson et al., 2000)
• Generally appear in compost rich in carbohydrates
and deficient in nitrogen.
• High pH of casing promotes its development.
(Gupta et al., 2018)
• Vigorous colonizer of organic material and dead
mushroom tissue. (Munshi et al., 2010)
26. Management
• Fungicides
–Prochloraz + carbendazim (Abosriwil and Clancy,
2003)
–Thiobendazole (Rinker and Alm, 2008)
–Imazalil sulfate against benzimidazole resistant
strains (Romaine et al., 2008).
Bacteria including Bacillus species have been
found to be efficient antagonists of aggressive
Trichoderma strains.
(Gupta et al., 2018)
27. False truffle disease
(Pseudobalsamia microspora or Diehliomyces microspora)
• More prevalent in summer
• The mushrooms in bed and top of casing soil are
characteristically small (resembling fused pinheads).
• Initially white fluffy mycelium which later turns creamy yellow,
prominent between compost and casing layers.
• The mycelium becomes thicker, solid, wrinkled mass resembling
peeled walnut or brain like structure.
• Lack of ventilation and high humidity.
Management
• The only control measures are to minimize temperature fluctuations
and provide adequate ventilation.
• The spawn run temperature and cropping bed temperature should
not exceed 22°C.
• High humidity in mushroom houses should be avoided.
28.
29. Plaster Moulds
• Brown Plaster Moulds
(Populaspora byssina)
• White Plaster Moulds
(Scopulariopsis fumicola)
30. Brown plaster mould
(Populaspora byssina)
• Appears as large roughly circular patches of white mould on
the surface of casing material.
• These patches later on turn brown and form powdery
granules
• The fungus also colonizes compost.
(Fletcher et al., 1989)
• The presence of fungus has been associated with wet
compost.
• This disease is commonly found in mushroom farms of the
valley and if uncontrolled it cause drastic reduction in
mushroom production.
(Munshi et al., 2010)
• Initially silver grey but as spore mature the colour changes to
a dark tan or light brown.
(Howard et al., 1994)
31.
32. White Plaster Mould
(Scopulariopsis fumicola)
• Produces dense white patches of mycelium and
spores on the casing surface and in the compost.
• The mycelium remains white (Fletcher et al., 1989)
• If the compost retains smell of ammonia and has
pH more than 8.0, these become common.
• Both plaster moulds grow well in compost with pH
more or equal to 8.0.
(Fletcher et al., 1989; Howard et al., 1994)
Modification of composting practices to improve
compost quality reduces the occurrence of plaster
moulds.
33. Bacterial Blotch
(Pseudomonas talaasi)
• Circular yellowish spots develop on the cap or near
the margin and coalesce to form chocolate brown
spot which penetrate the fleshy tissues.
• Characterized by brown, irregular, sunken lesions on
the pileus and/ or stipe.
• Disease spreads by splashing water drops from
infected to healthy sporophores, pickers
implements, flies and mites. This may also occur
after harvest.
(Wells, 1996)
34.
35. Management
• Lowering of humidity to 80%
• Running fans immediately after
watering to dry the caps prevents
spread of bacteria to growing
sporophores.
• Spray the beds with 100 ppm bleaching
powder.
36. Viral Diseases
Number of Viruses which cause disease commonly known as:
La France
Watery stripe
Die back
X-disease or
Brown disease
On the basis of shape and size of the particles five different viruses have been
reported to attack mushrooms and are known as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Recently reported from Bangalore.
Most common symptoms are:
Elongation of the stalk with a small, tilted cap (drumstick)
Deterioration of the mycelium (Die-back) resulting in bare patched in the
crop.
Small brown mushrooms develop which often open prematurely
Obligate parasites
Transmitted through Mushroom spores.
(Gupta et al., 2018)
37. Management
• Strict hygiene inside the farm should be maintained
• Filtered air should be used inside the peak heating,
spawn running and cropping rooms.
• Mushrooms should be picked before they open.
• All wooden parts of growing units should be
thorough sterilized and cleaned to kill any
mushroom mycelium from the earlier crop.
• Tolerant or resistant strains should be used.
(Gupta et al., 2018)
39. Effect of two aerated compost teas (ACT)made from two different
spent mushroom substrates, MS (mineral soil) and TPT (peat), on yield
(healthy and diseased mushrooms), biological
efficiency (BE) and earliness in two Agaricus bisporus crops artificially
infected with Lecanicillium fungicola
40. Effectiveness (% control) of different spent mushroom
substrate tea treatments in reducing dry bubble disease caused
by L. fungicola in artificially infected A. bisporus crops
42. In vitro evaluation of various systemic
fungitoxicants against Trichoderma
harzianum
43.
44.
45. Methods, antimicrobial concentration ranges, MICs, MBCs
and sensitivity of the P. tolaasii NS3B6 to agents with
antimicrobial activity.
Todorović et al., 2012
46.
47. Effect of the volatile phase of essential oils on growth of
Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola in vitro after four-day exposure
Tanović et al., 2009
48. Toxicity of essential oils to Verticillium fungicola var.
fungicola, Mycogone perniciosa, and Cladobotryum spp.
49.
50. In vitro sensitivity of Veriticillium fungicola
var. fungicola isolates to selected fungicides.
51. Conclusion
• Diseases in mushrooms possess a great
threat to mushroom industry so their
management becomes important.
• Thrust on proper management of these
diseases is very important rather there is a
need of hour before these diseases can
become serious epidemic and can wipe
off mushroom industry worth millions.
• Introduction of bio fungicides to create
new possibilities for protection with
reduced application of chemicals.
• Considering the development of
resistance and harmful impact to the
environment and human health, special
attention should be focussed on bio
fungicides, both microbiological products
based on Bacillus species and various
natural substances of biological origin,
together with good programs of hygiene.