Lecture class on pathology of breast for 3rd & 4th year MBBS students based on "Robbins & Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease'. Images are collected from internet.
Histopathological Interpretation of Breast Cancer.pptxMunmun Kulsum
This lecture was prepared while opening of 'Breast Clinic' in Department of surgery , Cumilla Medical college Hospital, Cumilla, Bangladesh. This was delivered by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, as a resource person in the seminar regarding opening of breast clinic.
Histopathological Interpretation of Breast Cancer.pptxMunmun Kulsum
This lecture was prepared while opening of 'Breast Clinic' in Department of surgery , Cumilla Medical college Hospital, Cumilla, Bangladesh. This was delivered by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, as a resource person in the seminar regarding opening of breast clinic.
Etiology of the most common breast masses, Triple assessment approach And management of the common causes of the breast masses. Brief intro on anatomy and physiology of the breast.
this lecture is prepared by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Chandpur Medical College, Chandpur, Bangladesh. This is to be delivered to undergraduate MBBS pathology students. This lecture is based on the topic 'Tissue processing'.
This is a lecture prepared by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun on the topic 'pathology of GI lymphoma'. This was prepared for the postgraduate students of Dhaka Medical College while working as a lecturer of pathology in Dhaka Medical College.
this is a class lecture of Pathology for undergraduate students based on the topic 'Diseases of skin' following Robbibs Pathologic basis of disease. The lecture is prepared by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, Assistant Professor for the 4th year students of Chandpur Medical College, Chandpur, Bangladesh. This was previously delivered to 4th year students of Cumilla Medical College. It contains a short description of the common diseases of skin and their pathology. Hopefully this will be helpful for all undergraduate medical students.
lecture class for 4th year MBBS students. this lecture is based on the book 'Robbins' Pathologic basis of disease'. This is delivered by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, Assistant professor (pathology) to the 4th year MBBS students of Chandpur Meducal College, Bangladesh
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Diseases of Breast.pptx
1. Diseases of Breast
Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun
MD (Pathology)
Assistant Professor
Department of Pathology
Chandpur Medical College
2. • Female breast is composed of 15-
20 modified apocrine sweat
glands
• In resting adult breast, the
glandular portion is composed of
clusters of small secretory lobules
or acini ( lobular units)
• The lobules are connected by
small terminal ducts to the main
excretory or lactiferous ducts
opening into the nipple
3. The surrounding stroma is of two types : intralobular and
interlobular
Each elements are the source of both benign and malignant
lesions
before puberty – breasts in both sexes – ducts
after menopause – gradual and progressive involution
(lobular atrophy, increased fat, cystic dilatation of ducts)
4. Histology
• Two types of cells line the ducts and
lobules
Luminal cuboidal cells-
produce milk
Contractile
myoepithelial cells lie on
the basement membrane
assist in milk ejection
during lactation and
provide structural
support to the lobules
• The stroma is composed of loose
connective tissue and fat
• After menopause, the lactiferous
apparatus undergoes atrophy and
the stroma becomes more fibrous
5.
6. Clinical Presentations of Breast
Disease
The most common symptoms of disorders of breast are –
- pain
- palpable mass
- lumpiness (without a discrete mass)
- nipple discharge
7. Pain (Mastalgia or mastodynia)
May be cyclic with menses or non-cyclic
Diffuse cyclic pain may be due to premenstrual edema
Non-cyclic pain – localized to one area, caused by
ruptured cysts, physical injury and infections
Almost all painful masses are benign
10% of breast cancers present with pain
8. Palpable mass
Must be distinguished from the normal nodularity of
breast
The most common palpable lesions are cysts,
fibroadenomas and invasive carcinomas
Benign palpable masses are most common in
premenopausal women
Likelihood of a malignancy increases with age
9. Nipple Discharge
Less common
Suggests carcinoma when it is spontaneous and unilateral
Milky discharges associated with elevated prolactin levels
(pituitary adenoma, hypothyroidism or endocrine
anovulatory syndrome)
Occurs in patients taking OCP, TCA, methyldopa or
phenothiazines
Bloody or serous discharges are most commonly due to
large duct papillomas and cysts
10. Role of Mammography
Detects small, non-palpable asymptomatic breast carcinomas
Sensitivity and specificity of mammography increase with age as a
result of replacement of fibrous, radio-dense tissue of youth with the
fatty, radiolucent tissue of older women.
The principal mammographic signs of breast carcinoma are densities
and calcifications
Screening has increased the diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ
11.
12.
13. Disorders of Development
Milk Line remnants- supernumerary nipples or breast may
form
Accessory axillary breast tissue
Congenital nipple inversion
14. Inflammatory Disorders
Less than 1% of breast symptoms
Include-
i - Acute mastitis : during the first month of breastfeeding due to
cracks or fissures in the nipples, the breast is erythematous, painful and
fever is often present. Initially one duct system is involved, may spread to the
entire breast if untreated
ii – Squamous metaplasia of lactiferous ducts: subareolar abscess/
periductal mastitis/ Zuska disease. Presents with painful erythematous,
subareolar mass. Associated with vitamin A difficiency, smoking/toxic
substances
15. iii. Duct ectasia: fifth or sixth decades of life – palpable periareolar
mass often associated with thick, white nipple secretions and
occasionally with skin retraction.
iv. Fat necrosis: presentation closely mimics cancer, painless palpable
mass, skin thickening or retraction, mammographic densities or
calcifications
v. Lymphocytic mastopathy
vi. Granulomatous mastitis: only occurs in parous women, may be
caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to antigens expressed during
lactation.
16. Benign Epithelial Proliferations
Pathologic spectrum of seemingly related clinically benignbreast
abnormalitiy, palpably irregular and painful breasts
Classified into three groups
- non-proliferative breast changes
- proliferative breast diseases without atypia
- proliferative breast diseases with atypia
17. Non- proliferative breast changes
Non-proliferative breast changes (fibrocystic changes) include: cyst, fibrosis
and adenosis
May present with irregular lumpy area
Not associated with an increased risk for breast cancer
18. Adenosis is defined as an increased number
of acini per lobule
Preserved 2 cell layer (inner epithelial and
outer myoepithelial cells)
19. Proliferative breast disease
without atypia
Lesions characterized by proliferation of epithelial cells without
atypia
Associated with a small increase (1.5 to 2 times) in the risk of
subsequent carcinoma
Commonly detected as mammographic densities, calcifications or
as incidental findings in biopsies performed for other reasons
Also called ‘usual ductal hyperplasia’, ‘epithelial hyperplasia’,
‘epitheliosis’ etc
20. Usual Ductal Hyperplasia
The lumens are filled
with heterogenous ,
mixed population of
luminal and
myoepithelial cell types
21. Proliferative breast disease with
atypia
Associated (4 to 5 times) with moderately increased risk of
carcinoma
Includes two forms: atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular
hyperplasia
ADH is present in 5% to 17% biopsy specimens from calcifications
23. In ALH, the lobules are normal sized and still contain
identifiable lumina. This image shows the spectrum of
findings from ALH to LCIS.
• ALH is found in fewer than 5% of biopsies
• Incidental finding , no radiologic correlates
• ALH consists of cells identical to those of LCIS but the cells do not fill or
distend more than 50% of the acini within a lobule
24. Recent immunophenotypic and molecular studies indicated a
linear progression from normal epithelium through usual
hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ to invasive
cancer
25. Benign tumours of breast
Fibroadenoma
Tubular
adenoma
Lactating
Adenoma
Intraductal
papilloma
26. Benign tumours of breast
Fibroadenoma (stromal)
• proliferation of epithelial and stromal elements
• most common breast tumor in adolescent and young adult
women (peak age = third decade)
• well-circumscribed, freely movable, nonpainful mass
• regress with age if left untreated
• ducts distorted elongated slit-like structures
27. Tubular adenoma
• far less common than fibroadenomas
• young women, discrete, freely movable masses
• uniform sized ducts
Lactating Adenoma
• enlarging masses during lactation or pregnancy
• prominent secretory change
Intraductal papilloma
• in the mammary ducts, subareolar lactiferous ducts
• periductal inflammation, duct sclerosis
• serous or bloody nipple discharge
• fibrosis, infarction, squamous metaplasia
28. Phyllodes tumor (stromal)
• fleshy tumor, leaf-like pattern and cysts on cut
surface
• circumscribed, connective tissue and epithelial
elements (greater connective tissue cellularity
compared to fibroadenomas), 1-15 cm
• less than 1 % of breast tumors
• benign, borderline, malignant
• metastases are hematogenous
32. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Confined to the ductal-lobular system
No evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the
surrounding stroma Majority are non-palpable and detected
mammographically as microcalcifications (70 - 80%)
Less frequently presents as palpable mass, nipple discharge, Paget
disease of the nipple
8-10 times higher risk for subsequent development of invasive breast
carcinoma compared to general population
33. Many morphologic variants exist:
- comedocarcinoma (High grade) and
- solid, cribriform, micropapillary, clinging etc
Papillary carcinoma is a very distinct type, arise from large ducts
Others originate in terminal duct lobular unit
34. Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS)
No specific clinical features
Most times incidental finding in biopsy for some other mass
producing lesion such as a fibroadonoma
No specific clinical features
35. Invasive ductal carcinoma (NOS)
Most common type of invasive breast carcinoma (75 - 80%)
Lacks features of any other subtypes (i.e. is a diagnosis of exclusion)
36. Microscopic (histologic) description
Sheets, nests, cords or individual cells
Tubule formations are prominent in well differentiated tumors but absent
in poorly differentiated tumors
Tumor cells are more pleomorphic than lobular carcinoma
Calcification in 60% of cases, variable necrosis
Often DCIS (up to 80%), perineural invasion (28%)
Mitotic figures are often prominent
No myoepithelial cell lining (as seen in DCIS or benign lesions)
Angiolymphatic invasion: In 35%
38. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
Special subtype of invasive breast carcinoma characterized by
discohesive tumor cells arranged in single files or as individual
single cells (loss of E-cadherin)
39. Mucinous Carcinoma
Rare tumor occurring in older women
Also called-
Colloid carcinoma
Mucinoid carcinoma
Gelatinous carcinoma
Mucoid carcinoma
Mucinous adenocarcinoma
Gross description
Well circumscribed mass of variable size (from < 1 cm to > 20 cm) with
gelatinous cut surface
42. Metaplastic Carcinoma
Heterogeneous group of invasive breast carcinomas characterized
by differentiation of the neoplastic epithelium towards squamous
cells or mesenchymal looking elements, including spindle,
chondroid and osseous cells
44. Molecular Classification
The diverse histologic appearances of breast carcinomas and
putative precursor lesions are the outward manifestations of the
complex genetic and epigenetic changes that drive
carcinogenesis.
For prognostic and therapeutic purposes, the molecular
classification of breast cancer is more pronounced now-a-days
There appear to be three major genetic pathways of
carcinogenesis
45.
46. Diagnostic Approaches of CA Breast
Approaches for diagnosis of CA breast
• Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)
• Core needle biopsy
• Lumpectomy
• Mastectomy
47. ER, PR , Her2 immunohistochemistry can be performed on CNB sample if
representative tissue is provided
49. Risk factors of breast carcinoma
Germline mutations
1st degree relatives with
breast cancer
Race/ethnicity
Age
Age at menarche
Age at 1st live birth
Benign breast disease
Estrogen exposure
Breast density
Radiation exposure
Carcinoma of the
contralateral breast or
endometrium
Diet
Obesity
Exercise
Breastfeeding
Environmental toxins
50. Prognostic and predictive factors
Factors related to extent of
carcinoma:
- Invasive vs in situ
- Distant metastases
- Lymph node metastases
- Tunour size
- Locally advanced disease
- Inflammatory carcinoma
- Lymphovascular invasion
Factors related to tumour
biology:
- Molecular subtype
- Special histologic
subtypes
- Histologic grade
- Proliferative rate
- Estrogen and
progesterone receptors
- HER 2
51. Familial breast cancer
Approximately 12% of breast cancers
Inheritance of gene mutations associated with breast cancer
( BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, CHEK2)
Multiple affected first degree relatives
Early onset cancers
Multiple cancers
Family members with other specific cancers
52. Paget‘s disease of the nipple
• Result of intraepithelial spread of intraductal
carcinoma
• Large pale-staining cells within the epidermis
of the nipple
• Limited to the nipple or extend to the areola
• Pain or itching, scaling and redness, mistaken
for eczema
• Ulceration, crusting, and serous or bloody
discharge
53. Pathology of the male breast
Gynecomastia
• most common clinical and pathologic abnormality of the
male breast
• increase in subareolar tissue
• in 30 to 40 percent of adult males, both breasts are
affected in many cases
54. • associated with hyperthyroidism, cirrhosis of the liver,
chronic renal failure, chronic pulmonary disease, and
hypogonadism, use of hormones - estrogens, androgens, and
other drugs (digitalis, cimetidine, spironolactone, marihuana, and
tricyclic antidepressants)
Carcinoma of the male breast
• uncommon < 1 % of all breast cancers