This lecture was prepared while opening of 'Breast Clinic' in Department of surgery , Cumilla Medical college Hospital, Cumilla, Bangladesh. This was delivered by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, as a resource person in the seminar regarding opening of breast clinic.
Lecture class on pathology of breast for 3rd & 4th year MBBS students based on "Robbins & Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease'. Images are collected from internet.
Ca ovary staging(AJCC 8th Edition& FIGO 2014) and classificationDr.Bhavin Vadodariya
Pathological classification of ovary in details.
Principles of Staging in Ca Ovary.
Staging according to AJCC 8th edition & Figo 2014.
Summary of changes in 8th Edition AJCC
Lecture class on pathology of breast for 3rd & 4th year MBBS students based on "Robbins & Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease'. Images are collected from internet.
Ca ovary staging(AJCC 8th Edition& FIGO 2014) and classificationDr.Bhavin Vadodariya
Pathological classification of ovary in details.
Principles of Staging in Ca Ovary.
Staging according to AJCC 8th edition & Figo 2014.
Summary of changes in 8th Edition AJCC
This ppt is intended for teaching cervical pathology to medical graduates. It covers anatomy, basic inflammatory conditions, dysplasia and malignancy and its pathogenesis and diagnosis
Digiscan provides whole total solution from the preparation of virtual / digital slides / whole slide images to the application of technology in medical teaching and medical presentations. Digiscan uses highly user friendly software and gives full technical support to the users. Digiscan is also a leading company in tele-pathology / digital pathology consultation over the internet. At the core of this whole operation is a high precision virtual microscope which has the capacity to produce 150-200 high quality images in a day. Digiscan provides the services of scanning the slides and hosting the images on the server for Digital Pathology for many clients.
Breast Cancer Congress 2018 | New York | USA | 25-26 May | about Breast cance...Paul Hederson
I Thank you for the Opportunity to share my Knowledge on Breast cancer and Therapy here.
Click here to register for the conference : https://breastcancer.conferenceseries.com/america/registration.php
presentation which delivers the message to know various types of tumours of the breast cancer,which is the problem of one woman in every eight women now a days...
This ppt is intended for teaching cervical pathology to medical graduates. It covers anatomy, basic inflammatory conditions, dysplasia and malignancy and its pathogenesis and diagnosis
Digiscan provides whole total solution from the preparation of virtual / digital slides / whole slide images to the application of technology in medical teaching and medical presentations. Digiscan uses highly user friendly software and gives full technical support to the users. Digiscan is also a leading company in tele-pathology / digital pathology consultation over the internet. At the core of this whole operation is a high precision virtual microscope which has the capacity to produce 150-200 high quality images in a day. Digiscan provides the services of scanning the slides and hosting the images on the server for Digital Pathology for many clients.
Breast Cancer Congress 2018 | New York | USA | 25-26 May | about Breast cance...Paul Hederson
I Thank you for the Opportunity to share my Knowledge on Breast cancer and Therapy here.
Click here to register for the conference : https://breastcancer.conferenceseries.com/america/registration.php
presentation which delivers the message to know various types of tumours of the breast cancer,which is the problem of one woman in every eight women now a days...
Similar to Histopathological Interpretation of Breast Cancer.pptx (20)
this lecture is prepared by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Chandpur Medical College, Chandpur, Bangladesh. This is to be delivered to undergraduate MBBS pathology students. This lecture is based on the topic 'Tissue processing'.
This is a lecture prepared by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun on the topic 'pathology of GI lymphoma'. This was prepared for the postgraduate students of Dhaka Medical College while working as a lecturer of pathology in Dhaka Medical College.
this is a class lecture of Pathology for undergraduate students based on the topic 'Diseases of skin' following Robbibs Pathologic basis of disease. The lecture is prepared by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, Assistant Professor for the 4th year students of Chandpur Medical College, Chandpur, Bangladesh. This was previously delivered to 4th year students of Cumilla Medical College. It contains a short description of the common diseases of skin and their pathology. Hopefully this will be helpful for all undergraduate medical students.
lecture class for 4th year MBBS students. this lecture is based on the book 'Robbins' Pathologic basis of disease'. This is delivered by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, Assistant professor (pathology) to the 4th year MBBS students of Chandpur Meducal College, Bangladesh
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. • Female breast is composed of 15-
20 modified apocrine sweat
glands
• In resting adult breast, the
glandular portion is composed of
clusters of small secretory lobules
or acini ( lobular units)
• The lobules are connected by
small terminal ducts to the main
excretory or lactiferous ducts
opening into the nipple
• The surrounding stroma is of two
types : intralobular and
interlobular
• Each elements are the source of
both benign and malignant
lesions
3. Histology
• Two types of cells line the ducts and
lobules
Luminal cuboidal cells-
produce milk
Contractile
myoepithelial cells lie on
the basement membrane
assist in milk ejection
during lactation and
provide structural
support to the lobules
• The stroma is composed of loose
connective tissue and fat
• After menopause, the lactiferous
apparatus undergoes atrophy and
the stroma becomes more fibrous
4.
5. Benign Epithelial Proliferations
Classified into three groups
- non-proliferative breast changes
- proliferative breast diseases without atypia
- proliferative breast diseases with atypia
6. Recent immunophenotypic and molecular studies indicated a
linear progression from normal epithelium through usual
hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma in situ to invasive
cancer
7. Non- proliferative breast changes
Non-proliferative breast changes (fibrocystic changes) include: cyst, fibrosis
and adenosis
May present with irregular lumpy area
Not associated with an increased risk for breast cancer
8. Adenosis is defined as an increased number
of acini per lobule
Preserved 2 cell layer (inner epithelial and
outer myoepithelial cells)
9. Prominent sclerosing adenosis, one of the features of fibrocystic changes, is
demonstrated here by the appearance of a proliferation of small ducts in a fibrous
stroma. Although it is benign, the gross and mammographic appearance may
mimic carcinoma.
11. Proliferative breast disease
without atypia
Lesions characterized by proliferation of epithelial cells without
atypia
Associated with a small increase (1.5 to 2 times) in the risk of
subsequent carcinoma
Commonly detected as mammographic densities, calcifications or
as incidental findings in biopsies performed for other reasons
Also called ‘usual ductal hyperplasia’, ‘epithelial hyperplasia’,
‘epitheliosis’ etc
12. Usual Ductal Hyperplasia
The lumens are filled with
heterogenous , mixed population of
luminal and myoepithelial cell types
Nuclei are oval, normochromatic
Presence of peripheral elongated
clefts
13. Usual Ductal Hyperplasia:
Streaming effect, induced
by the oval cells arranged in
parallel bundles
Irregularly shaped bridges
connecting opposite
portions of the wall. Cells in
this bridges have oval
nuclei arranged parallel to
the long axis of the bridge
14. Proliferative breast disease with
atypia
Associated (4 to 5 times) with moderately increased risk of
carcinoma
Includes two forms: atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular
hyperplasia
15. ADH can have all of the cytologic features seen in low-grade DCIS.
Architecturally, too, the lesions are similar, The differentiating
feature, however, is the extent of the process.
Differentiation from low grade DCIS : size ≤ 2 mm, involvement:
less than 2 separate ducts or only a portion of involved duct
17. In ALH, the lobules are normal sized and still contain
identifiable lumina. This image shows the spectrum of
findings from ALH to LCIS.
• ALH is found in fewer than 5% of biopsies
• Incidental finding , no radiologic correlates
• ALH consists of cells identical to those of LCIS but the cells do not fill or
distend more than 50% of the acini within a lobule
22. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Confined to the ductal-lobular system
No evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the
surrounding stroma Majority are non-palpable and detected
mammographically as microcalcifications (70 - 80%)
Less frequently presents as palpable mass, nipple discharge, Paget
disease of the nipple
8-10 times higher risk for subsequent development of invasive breast
carcinoma compared to general population
23. Many morphologic variants exist:
- comedocarcinoma (High grade) and
- solid, cribriform, micropapillary, clinging etc
Papillary carcinoma is a very distinct type, arise from large ducts
Others originate in terminal duct lobular unit
25. DCIS with Micropapillary Pattern:
Papillary fronds and tufts lacking fibrovascular cores
projecting into duct lumen
Tips of fronds may fuse, forming bridges and arcades
27. DCIS with solid pattern:
Lumen of ducts or lobules filled with sheets of cohesive cells
Cells are evenly spaced especially in low or intermediate grade DCIS
28. Flat or Clinging Pattern:
1 - 2 layers of generally high grade malignant cells lining a gland with a large
empty lumen
29. Comedo DCIS:
Central expansile necrosis containing cellular debris, generally associated with
high grade DCIS, frequently associated with coarse microcalcifications
30. Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS)
No specific clinical features
Most times incidental finding in biopsy for some other mass
producing lesion such as a fibroadonoma
No specific clinical features
31. Classify as LCIS if lobular proliferation involves, expands or
distorts at least 50%+ acini in lobule; otherwise call atypical
lobular hyperplasia
33. E-cadherin immunohistochemistry is used commonly in surgical pathology
practice to help distinguish lobular carcinoma in situ from ductal
carcinoma in situ and
invasive lobular carcinoma from invasive ductal carcinoma in histologically
problematic or indeterminate cases.
36. Invasive ductal carcinoma (NOS)
Most common type of invasive breast carcinoma (75 - 80%)
Lacks features of any other subtypes (i.e. is a diagnosis of exclusion)
37. Microscopic (histologic) description
Sheets, nests, cords or individual cells
Tubule formations are prominent in well differentiated tumors
but absent in poorly differentiated tumors
Tumor cells are more pleomorphic than lobular carcinoma
Calcification in 60% of cases, variable necrosis
Often DCIS (up to 80%), perineural invasion (28%)
Mitotic figures are often prominent
No myoepithelial cell lining (as seen in DCIS or benign lesions)
Angiolymphatic invasion: In 35%
40. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
Special subtype of invasive breast carcinoma characterized by
discohesive tumor cells arranged in single files or as individual
single cells
42. Medullary Carcinoma
Younger age
less than 5% of all invasive breast cancers
Well circumscribed, 2 - 3 cm in size, soft and fleshy (may
resemble fibroadenoma
45. Tubular Carcinoma
A well differentiated variant with very favorable prognosis
2 - 6% of all malignant breast tumors
46. Mucinous Carcinoma
Rare tumor occurring in older women
Also called-
Colloid carcinoma
Mucinoid carcinoma
Gelatinous carcinoma
Mucoid carcinoma
Mucinous adenocarcinoma
Gross description
Well circumscribed mass of variable size (from < 1 cm to > 20 cm) with
gelatinous cut surface
49. Metaplastic Carcinoma
Heterogeneous group of invasive breast carcinomas characterized
by differentiation of the neoplastic epithelium towards squamous
cells or mesenchymal looking elements, including spindle,
chondroid and osseous cells
51. Molecular Classification
The diverse histologic appearances of breast carcinomas and
putative precursor lesions are the outward manifestations of the
complex genetic and epigenetic changes that drive
carcinogenesis.
For prognostic and therapeutic purposes, the molecular
classification of breast cancer is more pronounced now-a-days
There appear to be three major genetic pathways of
carcinogenesis
52. ER-positive, HER2-negative cancers arise via the dominant
pathway of breast cancer development, constituting 50% to 65%
of cases.
HER2-positive cancers arise through a pathway that is strongly
associated with amplifications of the HER2 gene on
chromosome 17q
They constitute approximately 20% of all breast cancers and may
be either ER-positive or ER-negative
53. ER-negative, HER2-negative cancers comprise about 15% of breast cancers
overall, but are the most common tumor type observed in patients with
germline BRCA1 mutations
54. Diagnostic Approaches of CA Breast
There are several competing approaches to breast biopsy:
• Biopsy by aspiration or fine-needle aspiration (FNA)
• Core needle biopsy
• Surgical excision biopsy or lumpectomy
55. Excisional biopsy is the most traumatic and expensive, but offers the best
diagnostic material
Some studies show that Core Needle Biopsy to be more accurate than
FNA in the diagnosis of non-palpable breast lesions and in the diagnosis
of LCIS and infiltrating lobular carcinoma
Core biopsy is also favored in lesions that appear fibrotic or collagenous
ER, PR , Her2 immunohistochemistry can be performed on CNB sample if
representative tissue is provided
56. FNA is the least expensive, most rapid and the most versatile of the three
approaches
FNAC usually distinguishes accurately non-neoplastic and benign breast
diseases from malignant diseases
Approximately 98% of palpable masses with unequivocally malignant
cytology yield invasive carcinoma at excision, the remaining few are high
grade DCIS
57. High grade DCIS is easily recognized as malignant in smears
Smears from low-grade DCIS are usually reported as ‘atypical’ or ‘suspicious’
with a recommendation for Core Needle Biopsy or Open Biopsy
Moreover, cytological examination on its own cannot definitely diagnose
invasion
It must also be recognized that a CNB diagnosis of DCIS will be upgraded to a
diagnosis of invasive carcinoma at surgical excision in approximately 20% of
cases
58. However, focal invasion in predominantly in situ carcinoma can only be
assessed by histological examination of the excised lesions
If present, a second stage extended surgery usually follows
Intraoperative frozen section may also be helpful to decide definitive surgical
management
59. The Triple Test
In case of classification of breast masses as benign or malignant, physical
examination is about 70% to 90% accurate
Mammography alone is 85% to 90% accurate
FNA biopsy alone is 90% to 99% accurate
No single test allows detection of all breast cancers
Consequently, an important clinical approach to the diagnosis and
management of patients with breast abnormalities is the combination of all
three tests
This diagnostic triad is known as the triple test
60. All three parameters of the triad (clinical evaluation, mammography, FNAC)
are definitively malignant (MMM) 1% chance of error Definitive therapy
including mastectomy can be considered
All three are unequivocally benign (BBB) 98% chance is that the lesion is
indeed benign patient can be safely followed up
Any other, lesser combination must be carefully evaluated in clinical context
and histologically examined
61. Some benign breast lesions mimic malignancy clinically or radiologically
which can be diagnosed easily on FNAC
These include traumatic fat necrosis, granulomatous mastitis, duct ectasia,
subareolar abscess, intraductal papilloma etc
FNAC save anxiety, trauma, time and money at a time