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Stress is a state of mental or physical tension caused by factors that disrupt equilibrium. It has been linked to various health problems. Life changes, both major and minor, can be stressful. Holmes and Rahe developed a scale to measure the impact of life changes, finding that even small changes can have significant effects. Characteristics of stressors like significance, duration, cumulative effect, and approaching deadlines impact how stressful a person perceives a situation to be. Their perception is also influenced by their self-concept and emotional needs.
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- 2. Stress is astate of bodily or mental tension resulting from factors that tend to alter an existent equilibrium. Stress is an unavoidable effect of living and is an especially complex phenomenon in modern technological society. It has been linked to coronary heart disease, psychosomatic disorders, and various other mental and physical problems.
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- 4. life changes arenoticeable alterations in one's living circumstances that require adjustment. Holmes & Rahe (1967) - developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life changes. They found that, after interviewing thousands of people, while BIG changes like death of a loved one are very stressful, small life changes have tremendous effects.
- 5. EVENT SCALE OF IMPACT Death of Spouse 100 Divorce 73 Marital Separation 65 Jail Term 63 Death of Close Family 63 Member Personal Injury/ Illness 53 Marriage 50 Fired at Work 47 Retirement 45 Change in Health of Family 44 Member Pregnancy 40 Sex Difficulties 39
- 6. EVENT SCALE OF IMPACT Gain of New Family 39 Member Change in Financial State 38 Death of Close Friend 37 Change to different line of 36 Work Large Mortgage 31 Change in responsibilities 29 at work Son/ Daughter leaving 29 home Trouble with in-laws 29 Outstanding Personal 28 Achievement Begin or End School 26
- 7. EVENT SCALE OF IMPACT Change in living condition 25 Revision of Personal 24 Habits Trouble with Boss 23 Change in Residence 20 Change in Sleeping Habits 16 Vacation 13 Minor Violations of the 11 Law
- 9. Anxiety Depression Panic Attacks Feeling ofGuilt Angry Outburst Increased Cynicism Isolation/ Few Close Friends Feeling Overwhelmed
- 10. Unable to feelHappy Feeling of Hopelessness Mood Swings Irritability Resentment Feeling of Powerlessness Low Self-Esteem Low Self- Worth
- 11. Lack of Interestin Activities Cognitive Effect of Stress Effects of Stress in memory
- 12. It is nowknown that bottled up emotions can lead to bodily symptoms or bodily and mental symptoms that arise from mental conflict or inner stress. Emotions such as anger, rage, grief, anxiety from unfulfilled deadlines, or fear of failure can manifest themselves in the form of a psychosomatic illness. For example, suppression of anger has been linked to breast cancer.
- 13. That is themind/body involvement. Our minds influence our bodies and our bodies influence our minds. It gets even more complex, because many psychological effects of stress became conditioned, deeply ingrained in our nervous systems.
- 14. Characteristics of the Stressor Person’sPerception of the Stressor
- 15. Each event orsituation has certain characteristics that determine the severity that the stressor may or may not have on us. Severity was based on Holmes- Rahe Scale.
- 16. Significance How critical and important the event is to the individual (deaths, failing an exam, break-up with boy/girlfriend), and how much change will have to be dealt with. The greater the significance and change, the higher the impact of the stressor.
- 17. Time length If a stressor is continued over a long period of time, it will result in higher stress levels. For example, tiredness: insufficient sleep over an extended period of time will result in higher stress than that caused by just one night of bad sleep.
- 18. Cumulative Effect This is when stressors are built up over a period of time without appropriate mechanisms to reduce or release the build-up. For example, a long series of little irritations and annoyances could result in a massive blowout between two people.
- 19. Multiplicity A number of stressors at one time will result in higher stress levels. For example, a fight with one’s parents, final exams around the corner and loss of a loved one will be experienced as much more stressful than if each of these events happened separately.
- 20. Approaching deadline If a demand has been made a few weeks or months in advance of the deadline, the degree of stress will increase as the due date approaches.
- 21. Self-concept This is based on various theories of personality. One is called the Theory of Interpersonal Needs. It states that each person has the following emotional needs:
- 22. The need todiscover our unique identity as well as to be included because of this unique identity. The need to have the power to control or influence what we do and what happens to us.