disaster are the man made or natural activity which may cause considerable loss within a short period of time and require external agency to overcome effects

1. DISASTER AND DISASTER
MANAGEMNETDR RENU SHARMA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, CHEMISTRY

2. DISASTER AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
CONTENT:
Introduction
Terms
Definition
Types of Disasters: Natural and Man made
Major Disasters in India
Disaster Management

3. Introduction
• Environment: The aggregate of surrounding
things, conditions or influences
• Components of an environment: Biotic and
abiotic components
• Interaction between components:
• Between biotic-biotic components
• Between biotic-abiotic components
• Between abiotic-abiotic components

4. • Effects due to these interactions may be
constructive or destructive. The destructive
interactions can be resulted into disaster.

5. Introduction
• Disasters are as old as Mankind.
• The description of Disaster and its management
can be found in mythological stories “Noah” and
his ark, Gowardhan Parvat and Shri Krishna.

6. Disaster
Definitions of hazard, vulnerability, risk and disasters
Hazard potential threat to humans and their
welfare
+
vulnerability exposure and susceptibility to losses, An
adverse event will not rise to the level of a
disaster if it occurs in an area without
vulnerable population.
=
risk probability of hazard occurrence
disaster realization of a risk

7. DISASTER
• Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of
health and health services on a scale, sufficient
to warrant an extraordinary response from
outside the affected community or area.(WHO)
• A disaster can be defined as an occurrence
either nature or man made that causes human
suffering and creates human needs that victim
cannot alleviate without assistance.
(American Red Cross)

8. TYPES OF DISASTER
• Natural disaster: disaster due to natural act
examples include floods, volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunamis
• Man made disaster: Due to human act
Three Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986),
and Bhopal MIC Disaster (1984),

9. Flood, Flash Flood, Cloud Burst
• Flood
Flood caused when water overflows from a
water body or large amount of water is
accumulated on ground/residential area.
One of the biggest floods in the world is
probably the Yellow river in China 1887
which killed between around 900,000.

10. • About 30 million people are affected annually by flood.
Floods in the Indo–Gangetic–Brahmaputra plains are an
annual feature. Floods are a perennial phenomenon in at
least 5 states – Assam, Bihar,Orissa , Uttar Pradesh and
West Bengal.
40 million hectares, or 12% of Indian land, is
considered prone to floods.
• On account of climate change, floods have also occurred in
recent years in areas that are normal not flood prone. In
2006, drought prone (Kawas) parts of Rajasthan
experienced floods.

11. Criteria to determine severity of flood
• Depth of water
• Duration
• Velocity
• Rate of rise
• Frequency or occurrence
• Season

12. Effects on the Environment
• The soil becomes poor because the oxygen is
limited due to so much water.
• The pH in soil decreases, rate decomposition
of organic matter in flooded soil tends only to
be half than unflooded soil
• Floods could carry chemicals from agricultural
fields, sewage, etc. and can’t handle large
bodies of water.
• Loss of life and economy.

13. Flash Flood
Flash floods happen in a short time, they have a
great volume of water, and are local floods.
The runoff of intense rain results in high flood
waves.
Flash floods result in failure of dams and more.
It usually happens in mountain regions.
They are a threat in steep land, high runoff rates,
thunderstorms, and narrow streams.

14. Utrakhand flash flood

15. Cloud burst
• A cloudburst is an extreme amount of
precipitation in a short period of time, sometimes
accompanied by hail and thunder, that is capable
of creating flood conditions. A cloudburst can
suddenly dump large amounts of water e.g.
25 mm of precipitation.

16. • The term "cloudburst" arose from the notion
that clouds were akin to water balloons and
could burst, resulting in rapid precipitation.
Though this idea has since been disproven,
the term remains in use.

17. Cyclone
• A cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid
motion. It has low pressure on the inside and
high pressure on the outside.
• The centre of the storm is called the eye and
it has the calmest water and the lowest
pressure

18. Cyclone
• "Cyclone" is an intense whirl in the
atmosphere with very strong winds circulating
around it in anti-clockwise direction in the
Northern Hemisphere and in clockwise
direction in the Southern Hemisphere.
• The biggest cyclone recorded is the Bhola
cyclone. It hit the coast of today's Bangladesh
in 1970 with a death toll of around 500,000.

19. • A storm is generally referred to as a
Cyclone, Hurricane or Typhoon based on
where the storm takes place.
• Cyclones take place over the Indian Ocean
• Hurricanes take place over the North
Atlantic Ocean
• Typhoons take place over the Pacific
Ocean

20. • There are four main scales, or sizes of systems,
dealt with in meteorology:
• The macroscale: deals with systems with global
size. Synoptic scale: systems cover a portion of a
continent, such as extratropical cyclones, with
dimensions of 1,000-2,500 km.
• The mesoscale: is the next smaller scale, and often
is divided into two ranges: meso-alpha phenomena
range from 200-2,000 km across, while meso-beta
phenomena range from 20–200 km across.
• The microscale: is the smallest of the
meteorological scales, with a size under two
kilometers.

21. What are Earthquakes?
• The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden
release of energy usually associated with faulting
or breaking of rocks.

22. What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?
• Explains how energy is
stored in rocks
– Rocks bend until the
strength of the rock
is exceeded
– Rupture occurs and
the rocks quickly
rebound to an
undeformed shape
– Energy is released
in waves that radiate
outward from the
fault

23. The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake
• The point within
Earth where faulting
begins is the focus,
or hypocenter
• The point directly
above the focus on
the surface is the
epicenter

24. Where Do Earthquakes Occur?
~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt most of these result
from convergent margin activity
– ~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt
– remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates.

25. What are Seismic Waves?
• Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the
sudden breaking of rock within the earth i.e
earthquake or an explosion. Two types:
– Body waves
• P and S
– Surface waves
• R and L

26. Body Waves: P and S waves
• Body waves
– P or primary waves
• fastest waves
• travel through solids,
liquids, or gases
• compressional wave,
material movement is
in the same direction
as wave movement
– S or secondary waves
• slower than P waves
• travel through solids
only
• shear waves -
material move
perpendicular to
wave movement

27. Surface Waves: R and L waves
• Surface Waves
– Travel just below or along the ground’s surface
– Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side
movement
– Especially damaging to buildings

28. slides
Land

29. • Landslide refers to the slow or fast
downward sliding of huge land mass which
occurs along steeper region of mountain or
hill.

30. SOIL CREEP
• Creep is extremely slow
downward movement of dry
surfacial matter.
• Movement of the soil occurs
in regions which are
subjected to freeze-thaw
conditions. The freeze lifts
the particles of soil and rocks
and when there is a thaw,
the particles are set back
down, but not in the same
place as before.

31. Landslide
• Large block known as a slump block
moves during the landslide.
• The scar above a landslide is easily
visible.
• They can occur along a slope where the
internal resistance of the rocks are
reduced or they loose their holding
capacity.
• Common after earthquakes or after
removal of part of the slope due to
construction, particularly for construction
of roads.

32. CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
• LANDSLIDES OCCUR DUE OF VARIOUS REASONS
• Internal Causes:
• Influence of slope
• Ground water or associated water
• Rain water percolation through some fractures or joints
• Lithology
• Geological structures
• Human Influence

33. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• The main factors which contribute to landslides are Slope,
water content, geological structure, unconsolidated or
loose sediments, lithology and human interference.
• Slope: Retaining wall may be constructed against the
slopes, which can prevents rolling down of material.
Terracing of the slope is an effective measure.
• Effect of water: Make proper drainage network for quick
removal of percolating moisture or rain water by
constructing ditches and water ways along the slope
• Geological structures: Weak planes or zones may covered
or grouted to prevent percolation of water, this increases
the compaction of loose material.

34. Volcanic Eruptions

35. What is a volcano?
• A volcano is a vent or
'chimney' that
connects molten rock
(magma) from within
the Earth’s crust to
the Earth's surface.
• The volcano includes
the surrounding cone
of erupted material.
vent
cone
magma
chamber
conduit

36. How and why do volcanoes erupt?
• Hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower
density than the surrounding rocks) and will rise up
through the crust to erupt on the surface.
• when magma reaches the surface it depends on how
easily it flows (viscosity) and the amount of gas
(H2O, CO2, S) it has in it.
• Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky)
magma will form an explosive eruption!
• Small amounts of gas and (or) low viscosity (runny)
magma will form an effusive eruption

37. Types of volcano:
Composite volcano: gentle to moderate slope, consist
of layers of solid lava flows mixed with layers of
sand- or gravel.
Cinder cone: steep sided,these volcanoes consist
almost entirely of loose, grainy cinders and almost
no lava.
Shield volcano: Shield, with its broad, gently sloping
form, made of fluid lavas.

38. Nuclear Accidents

50. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• The body of policy and administrative
decisions and operational activities that
pertain to various stages of a disaster at all
levels.

51. AIM:
• A continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing,
coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or
expedient for-
● Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.
● Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or
Consequences
● Preparedness to deal with any disaster.
● Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation
or disaster.
● Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any
disaster.
● Evacuation, rescue and relief.
● Rehabilitation and reconstruction.