1. This circuit is designed to detect unauthorized mobile phone use by sensing radio frequency (RF) radiation from phones.
2. It uses a 0.22 uF capacitor that stores energy from the RF waves and discharges current into the inputs of an operational amplifier (IC1), causing its output to switch and trigger an LED and buzzer.
3. The capacitor acts like an antenna to pick up the RF signals. When a mobile phone transmits nearby, its high frequency pulsations disturb the electric field around the capacitor, causing it to release energy and activate the alarm.
This document provides information on various electronic components including resistors, capacitors, inductors, connectors, LEDs, IR modules, op-amps, and motor driver ICs. Resistors oppose current flow and have a potential drop. Capacitors store charge and are used for coupling, decoupling, and smoothing circuits. Inductors store energy in magnetic fields. The LM358 op-amp can be used as a comparator to convert analog sensor signals to digital outputs. The H-bridge and L293D motor driver ICs enable controlling motor direction and speed. An IR sensor module uses an IR LED transmitter and photodiode receiver with the LM358 to detect objects based on reflected infrared light.
The document provides an overview of basic electronic components and logic gates used in robotics. It defines common electronic components like resistors, capacitors, LEDs, diodes, transformers, and ICs. It then explains the truth tables and functions of basic logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND, NOR, and XNOR gates.
This circuit diagram shows an automatic LED emergency light that uses a white LED to provide bright light when main power fails. A battery is charged by an automatic charger circuit that stops when the battery is fully charged. An LM317 IC regulates 7V to charge the battery. A BD140 transistor drives the output while a BC548 transistor and zener diode control battery charging. It is recommended to connect a heat sink to the BD140 transistor and adjust the LM317 potentiometer to set the output to 7V before use.
This automatic emergency light uses white LEDs that are bright. It turns on when main power fails and off when power resumes. It has its own battery charger that stops charging automatically once the battery is fully charged. The circuit has two sections - a charger power supply using an LM317 regulator and a LED driver using a BD140 transistor. It uses a transformer, rectifier, and filter capacitor to charge the battery from main power and power the LEDs from the battery during outages.
Automatic emergency lights are battery-powered lights that turn on automatically when the main power fails. They are commonly installed in buildings near stairs and areas with level changes to provide lighting during blackouts. They work using a light sensor called a light dependent resistor (LDR) that detects decreases in light intensity and completes a circuit to turn on an installed bulb. When light levels are sufficient again, the LDR increases resistance and turns the bulb off. These lights provide safety in power outage situations at low cost and without pollution.
Automatic emergency light using led pptRitik Joshi
its a power point presentation on automatic emergency light using led with complete details of the circuit & the components used to make it along with the advantages, disadvantages & future scope. The slides also contains pcb layout of the circuit.
This document is an integrated project report submitted by four students for their Mini Emergency Light project supervised by an assistant professor. It provides details of the project including an introduction to emergency lighting, the circuit design of the mini emergency light, component descriptions, and summaries of light emitting diodes and how ballast resistors are used with LEDs. The circuit uses an LDR, transistors, a white LED, and batteries to provide light in the event of a power outage.
1. This circuit is designed to detect unauthorized mobile phone use by sensing radio frequency (RF) radiation from phones.
2. It uses a 0.22 uF capacitor that stores energy from the RF waves and discharges current into the inputs of an operational amplifier (IC1), causing its output to switch and trigger an LED and buzzer.
3. The capacitor acts like an antenna to pick up the RF signals. When a mobile phone transmits nearby, its high frequency pulsations disturb the electric field around the capacitor, causing it to release energy and activate the alarm.
This document provides information on various electronic components including resistors, capacitors, inductors, connectors, LEDs, IR modules, op-amps, and motor driver ICs. Resistors oppose current flow and have a potential drop. Capacitors store charge and are used for coupling, decoupling, and smoothing circuits. Inductors store energy in magnetic fields. The LM358 op-amp can be used as a comparator to convert analog sensor signals to digital outputs. The H-bridge and L293D motor driver ICs enable controlling motor direction and speed. An IR sensor module uses an IR LED transmitter and photodiode receiver with the LM358 to detect objects based on reflected infrared light.
The document provides an overview of basic electronic components and logic gates used in robotics. It defines common electronic components like resistors, capacitors, LEDs, diodes, transformers, and ICs. It then explains the truth tables and functions of basic logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND, NOR, and XNOR gates.
This circuit diagram shows an automatic LED emergency light that uses a white LED to provide bright light when main power fails. A battery is charged by an automatic charger circuit that stops when the battery is fully charged. An LM317 IC regulates 7V to charge the battery. A BD140 transistor drives the output while a BC548 transistor and zener diode control battery charging. It is recommended to connect a heat sink to the BD140 transistor and adjust the LM317 potentiometer to set the output to 7V before use.
This automatic emergency light uses white LEDs that are bright. It turns on when main power fails and off when power resumes. It has its own battery charger that stops charging automatically once the battery is fully charged. The circuit has two sections - a charger power supply using an LM317 regulator and a LED driver using a BD140 transistor. It uses a transformer, rectifier, and filter capacitor to charge the battery from main power and power the LEDs from the battery during outages.
Automatic emergency lights are battery-powered lights that turn on automatically when the main power fails. They are commonly installed in buildings near stairs and areas with level changes to provide lighting during blackouts. They work using a light sensor called a light dependent resistor (LDR) that detects decreases in light intensity and completes a circuit to turn on an installed bulb. When light levels are sufficient again, the LDR increases resistance and turns the bulb off. These lights provide safety in power outage situations at low cost and without pollution.
Automatic emergency light using led pptRitik Joshi
its a power point presentation on automatic emergency light using led with complete details of the circuit & the components used to make it along with the advantages, disadvantages & future scope. The slides also contains pcb layout of the circuit.
This document is an integrated project report submitted by four students for their Mini Emergency Light project supervised by an assistant professor. It provides details of the project including an introduction to emergency lighting, the circuit design of the mini emergency light, component descriptions, and summaries of light emitting diodes and how ballast resistors are used with LEDs. The circuit uses an LDR, transistors, a white LED, and batteries to provide light in the event of a power outage.
The document discusses special purpose diodes including LEDs, photo diodes, and laser diodes. It begins with an introduction to optoelectronics and what diodes are. LEDs emit light when electrons fall to a lower energy level. Photo diodes convert light into an electric current. Laser diodes produce coherent light when electrons recombine across the junction. The document then covers the construction, working principles, applications and diagrams of these three types of special purpose diodes.
This document lists and defines common electronic components including fixed and variable resistors, capacitors, LEDs, transistors, integrated circuits, microchips, relays, light dependent resistors, transformers, diodes, zener diodes, bread boards, and printed circuit boards. It also specifies there are NPN and PNP types of transistors and provides an example of the NPN BC 547 transistor.
Varactor diode is a type of PN junction diode where the capacitance of the PN junction can be controlled by applying a reverse bias voltage. As the reverse bias voltage is changed, the width of the depletion region between the P and N semiconductors changes, altering the capacitance. Varactor diodes are commonly used in applications like variable resonant tank circuits, automatic frequency control circuits, and frequency modulation in radios and televisions. They operate by varying the capacitance through adjustment of the depletion region width, similar to how the distance between capacitor plates controls capacitance.
This project report summarizes the construction of a 5 volt DC voltage regulator circuit using common electronic components like the LM7805 voltage regulator IC, a step-down transformer, diodes, capacitors and resistors. The circuit works by stepping down the 220V AC input voltage using the transformer. The rectified DC output is filtered and regulated by the 7805 IC to provide a stable 5V DC output. Detailed descriptions and specifications of the key components used in the circuit like the transformer, regulator IC, diodes and capacitors are provided.
This security project is able to protect your house balcony or loggia by means of an optical path. This laser beam is almost invisible. The beam or light ray of Laser pointer should be pointed directly to a mirror fixed on the front wall . The reflected light ray should fall on surface of the LDR. The alarm system consists of two main sections : the transmitter (laser pointer) and the receiver (LDR)
Transmitting audio signal using ir led.
other than audio we can also use melody generator(um66), in place of audio signal.
or we can use microphone in place of audio input.
and instead of ir receiver we can make use of photo transistor.
The document discusses PIN diodes and varactor diodes. A PIN diode has a wide intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type and n-type region, making it suitable for applications like attenuators and switches. It operates as a variable resistor at radio frequencies. A varactor diode provides a voltage-dependent variable capacitance and is used for electronic tuning and frequency multiplication. Both diodes have applications in radio frequency circuits due to their ability to dynamically control signal properties.
This document describes a mini project report on a sensitive switch circuit. The circuit uses a 555 timer in monostable mode that is triggered by a touch plate. When triggered, the 555 output drives a relay for a fixed time to switch on a load. The circuit was built by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering under the guidance of their professor. The circuit design, components, working, advantages, PCB design, and results are documented in the report.
This document describes an ultra sensitive intruder alarm circuit that uses an LDR, 555 timer IC, op-amp, resistors, capacitors, and LED to detect shadows and trigger an alarm. When an intruder passes near the LDR, its resistance increases, unbalancing the op-amp comparator and triggering the 555 monostable multivibrator to produce an alarm signal amplified by a transistor. The circuit can detect movements from a few meters away and is useful for protecting restricted areas, gardens, and indicating strangers at doors.
This circuit automatically turns on a night lamp when bedroom light is switched off using a light sensor. It remains on until morning when another light sensor detects daylight and triggers a melodic alarm. It is powered by a transformer with battery backup and uses common components like an LM555 timer IC and UM66 melody generator. The LDR sensors control the lamp and alarm based on light levels to provide hands-free night lighting and morning wake up sounds.
The document describes an automatic LED night lamp project that uses light dependent resistors and integrated circuits to turn on a night lamp when it gets dark and sound an alarm in the morning when it gets light. The key components are an NE555 timer IC, UM66 music generator IC, light dependent resistors, LED, speaker and other passive components. When the light sensor detects darkness, the NE555 timer turns on the LED night lamp. In the morning, the sensor detects light and the UM66 IC sounds a musical alarm through the speaker. The circuit aims to provide light at night for tasks like reading and wake the user up gently in the morning.
This circuit was designed to detect intruders in homes and businesses by producing an alarm sound. It uses an infrared sensor to detect obstacles and triggers an alarm. When an intruder passes in front of the IR sensor, it generates a signal that is sent to a speaker to alert the user. The circuit works by using an op-amp comparator and 555 timer chip to produce an audible alarm whenever the IR sensor detects an intruder. This simple, low-cost circuit provides intruder detection and helps improve security.
This document describes a circuit using an LDR, LED, and 555 timer IC that functions as a dark detector. When light falls on the LDR, its resistance is low and the LED does not turn on. However, when it is dark, the LDR's resistance increases, triggering the 555 timer IC to glow the attached LED, indicating that it has detected darkness. The key components, circuit diagram, working procedure, and conclusion are discussed to explain how this simple circuit allows detection of dark conditions.
This document describes the fabrication of a printed circuit board (PCB) and prototyping of a door-knock or vibration alarm circuit. It includes a list of components used - PCB, LED, diode, resistor, transistor, IC LM324. It provides the circuit schematic, board layout designed using EAGLE software, and the chemical etching process. It then describes how the circuit works using the quad op-amp LM324 as an amplifier, with a buzzer as the input sensor and transistors to drive the output buzzer or relay. Adjusting the reference voltage with a potentiometer controls sensitivity.
Smart Autonomous Mobile detector RobotPunit Tiwari
SMART AUTONOMOUS MOBILE DETECTOR ROBOT
-This device can notice the use of GSM mobile phone in mobile restricted areas such as Examination hall or confidential rooms etc.
-It is just like a sniffer mobile that can sense the activity of mobile phone from a distance of 5 meters or more.
The document describes a circuit project using an LDR (light dependent resistor) on a breadboard that acts as a dark sensor. The circuit uses two transistors, an LED, an LDR, resistors, a battery, and a buzzer. When light falls on the LDR, the LED and buzzer turn off, and when light is blocked from the LDR, the LED glows and buzzer sounds. The document provides details on the components used, breadboard connections, circuit diagrams, and the working of the circuit.
This document describes an automatic night lamp circuit that uses a light dependent resistor to detect low light levels and activate a relay switch to turn on lights. The circuit includes a power supply, resistor, transistor, relay, switch, operational amplifier, and light dependent resistor. When it gets dark, the resistance of the light dependent resistor decreases and allows the transistor to power the relay, which switches on lights connected to it. This allows lights to automatically turn on at night without needing a person to switch them on, saving energy by only powering the lights when it is dark.
This document describes an automatic night switch circuit with a morning alarm. The circuit uses light dependent resistors and a transistor switch to automatically turn on an LED night light when it gets dark. In the morning, when another light dependent resistor senses daylight, a melody will play to wake the user. The circuit uses common electronic components like an IC timer, voltage regulator, and transistors powered by a transformer or battery backup. It provides an easy way to automatically control lights and have an alarm without manual intervention.
The document discusses special purpose diodes including LEDs, photo diodes, and laser diodes. It begins with an introduction to optoelectronics and what diodes are. LEDs emit light when electrons fall to a lower energy level. Photo diodes convert light into an electric current. Laser diodes produce coherent light when electrons recombine across the junction. The document then covers the construction, working principles, applications and diagrams of these three types of special purpose diodes.
This document lists and defines common electronic components including fixed and variable resistors, capacitors, LEDs, transistors, integrated circuits, microchips, relays, light dependent resistors, transformers, diodes, zener diodes, bread boards, and printed circuit boards. It also specifies there are NPN and PNP types of transistors and provides an example of the NPN BC 547 transistor.
Varactor diode is a type of PN junction diode where the capacitance of the PN junction can be controlled by applying a reverse bias voltage. As the reverse bias voltage is changed, the width of the depletion region between the P and N semiconductors changes, altering the capacitance. Varactor diodes are commonly used in applications like variable resonant tank circuits, automatic frequency control circuits, and frequency modulation in radios and televisions. They operate by varying the capacitance through adjustment of the depletion region width, similar to how the distance between capacitor plates controls capacitance.
This project report summarizes the construction of a 5 volt DC voltage regulator circuit using common electronic components like the LM7805 voltage regulator IC, a step-down transformer, diodes, capacitors and resistors. The circuit works by stepping down the 220V AC input voltage using the transformer. The rectified DC output is filtered and regulated by the 7805 IC to provide a stable 5V DC output. Detailed descriptions and specifications of the key components used in the circuit like the transformer, regulator IC, diodes and capacitors are provided.
This security project is able to protect your house balcony or loggia by means of an optical path. This laser beam is almost invisible. The beam or light ray of Laser pointer should be pointed directly to a mirror fixed on the front wall . The reflected light ray should fall on surface of the LDR. The alarm system consists of two main sections : the transmitter (laser pointer) and the receiver (LDR)
Transmitting audio signal using ir led.
other than audio we can also use melody generator(um66), in place of audio signal.
or we can use microphone in place of audio input.
and instead of ir receiver we can make use of photo transistor.
The document discusses PIN diodes and varactor diodes. A PIN diode has a wide intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type and n-type region, making it suitable for applications like attenuators and switches. It operates as a variable resistor at radio frequencies. A varactor diode provides a voltage-dependent variable capacitance and is used for electronic tuning and frequency multiplication. Both diodes have applications in radio frequency circuits due to their ability to dynamically control signal properties.
This document describes a mini project report on a sensitive switch circuit. The circuit uses a 555 timer in monostable mode that is triggered by a touch plate. When triggered, the 555 output drives a relay for a fixed time to switch on a load. The circuit was built by four students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering under the guidance of their professor. The circuit design, components, working, advantages, PCB design, and results are documented in the report.
This document describes an ultra sensitive intruder alarm circuit that uses an LDR, 555 timer IC, op-amp, resistors, capacitors, and LED to detect shadows and trigger an alarm. When an intruder passes near the LDR, its resistance increases, unbalancing the op-amp comparator and triggering the 555 monostable multivibrator to produce an alarm signal amplified by a transistor. The circuit can detect movements from a few meters away and is useful for protecting restricted areas, gardens, and indicating strangers at doors.
This circuit automatically turns on a night lamp when bedroom light is switched off using a light sensor. It remains on until morning when another light sensor detects daylight and triggers a melodic alarm. It is powered by a transformer with battery backup and uses common components like an LM555 timer IC and UM66 melody generator. The LDR sensors control the lamp and alarm based on light levels to provide hands-free night lighting and morning wake up sounds.
The document describes an automatic LED night lamp project that uses light dependent resistors and integrated circuits to turn on a night lamp when it gets dark and sound an alarm in the morning when it gets light. The key components are an NE555 timer IC, UM66 music generator IC, light dependent resistors, LED, speaker and other passive components. When the light sensor detects darkness, the NE555 timer turns on the LED night lamp. In the morning, the sensor detects light and the UM66 IC sounds a musical alarm through the speaker. The circuit aims to provide light at night for tasks like reading and wake the user up gently in the morning.
This circuit was designed to detect intruders in homes and businesses by producing an alarm sound. It uses an infrared sensor to detect obstacles and triggers an alarm. When an intruder passes in front of the IR sensor, it generates a signal that is sent to a speaker to alert the user. The circuit works by using an op-amp comparator and 555 timer chip to produce an audible alarm whenever the IR sensor detects an intruder. This simple, low-cost circuit provides intruder detection and helps improve security.
This document describes a circuit using an LDR, LED, and 555 timer IC that functions as a dark detector. When light falls on the LDR, its resistance is low and the LED does not turn on. However, when it is dark, the LDR's resistance increases, triggering the 555 timer IC to glow the attached LED, indicating that it has detected darkness. The key components, circuit diagram, working procedure, and conclusion are discussed to explain how this simple circuit allows detection of dark conditions.
This document describes the fabrication of a printed circuit board (PCB) and prototyping of a door-knock or vibration alarm circuit. It includes a list of components used - PCB, LED, diode, resistor, transistor, IC LM324. It provides the circuit schematic, board layout designed using EAGLE software, and the chemical etching process. It then describes how the circuit works using the quad op-amp LM324 as an amplifier, with a buzzer as the input sensor and transistors to drive the output buzzer or relay. Adjusting the reference voltage with a potentiometer controls sensitivity.
Smart Autonomous Mobile detector RobotPunit Tiwari
SMART AUTONOMOUS MOBILE DETECTOR ROBOT
-This device can notice the use of GSM mobile phone in mobile restricted areas such as Examination hall or confidential rooms etc.
-It is just like a sniffer mobile that can sense the activity of mobile phone from a distance of 5 meters or more.
The document describes a circuit project using an LDR (light dependent resistor) on a breadboard that acts as a dark sensor. The circuit uses two transistors, an LED, an LDR, resistors, a battery, and a buzzer. When light falls on the LDR, the LED and buzzer turn off, and when light is blocked from the LDR, the LED glows and buzzer sounds. The document provides details on the components used, breadboard connections, circuit diagrams, and the working of the circuit.
This document describes an automatic night lamp circuit that uses a light dependent resistor to detect low light levels and activate a relay switch to turn on lights. The circuit includes a power supply, resistor, transistor, relay, switch, operational amplifier, and light dependent resistor. When it gets dark, the resistance of the light dependent resistor decreases and allows the transistor to power the relay, which switches on lights connected to it. This allows lights to automatically turn on at night without needing a person to switch them on, saving energy by only powering the lights when it is dark.
This document describes an automatic night switch circuit with a morning alarm. The circuit uses light dependent resistors and a transistor switch to automatically turn on an LED night light when it gets dark. In the morning, when another light dependent resistor senses daylight, a melody will play to wake the user. The circuit uses common electronic components like an IC timer, voltage regulator, and transistors powered by a transformer or battery backup. It provides an easy way to automatically control lights and have an alarm without manual intervention.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
2. Diode
• A semiconductor device with two
terminals, typically allowing the flow of
current in one direction only.
• Blocks the current that flows in the
opposite direction
3.
4. Zener Diode
• flow in the forward
direction as normal
• but will also allow it
to flow in the reverse
direction
6. IR LED
• An IR LED, also
known as IR
transmitter, is a
special
purpose LED that
transmits infrared
rays in the range of
760 nm wavelength.
• Used in Remotes
control.
7. Photodiode
• A photodiode is a
transducer that takes
light energy and
converts it into
electrical energy.
8. Transistor
i. Switch
ii. Supply small amount
of electricity to control
gates on much large
supply of electricity.
iii.Composed of 3 parts
• Base
• Collector
• Emitter
Anode and cathode are the terminals
The characteristics of a diode closely match to a switch. An ideal switch when open does not conduct current in either directions and in closed state conducts in both directions.
It allow current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value - the breakdown voltage known as the Zener voltage. The Zener diode specially made to have a reverse voltage breakdown at a specific voltage.
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it.
IR stands for Infrared
the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not
If photodiode placed in a dark room it creates no electricity. However, if light falls upon it, and produces electric current in response.
Transducer
a device that converts variations in a physical quantity, such as brightness, into an electrical signal.
The design of a transistor allows it to function as a switch. This is using a small amount of electricity to control a gate on a much larger supply of electricity. Transistors are composed of three parts – a base, a collector, and an emitter. The base is the gate controller device for the larger electrical supply. The collector is the larger electrical supply, and the emitter is the outlet for that supply. By sending varying levels of current from the base, the amount of current flowing through the gate from the collector may be regulated. In this way, a very small amount of current may be used to control a large amount of current, as in an amplifier. The same process is used to create the binary code for the digital processors but in this case a voltage five volts is needed to open the collector gate. In this way, the transistor is being used as a switch with a binary function: five volts – ON, less than five volts – OFF.
This circuit arrange by my self.