This document discusses the pitfalls of large companies applying "lean" principles to new product development incorrectly. It provides three case studies of companies that failed to properly implement lean: Company A wasted $70M over 3 years by not doing customer discovery and ramping up teams too quickly. Company B wasted $1M over 8 months with upfront design meetings but no customer development. Company C is investing in an add-on product without ensuring existing products are successful first. The document argues companies need to focus on iterative customer development and avoid big upfront planning to successfully apply lean principles.