Dilemma and its types
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This document defines and provides examples of different types of dilemmas: - A dilemma is a difficult problem with two unsatisfactory solutions. Double binds present conflicting messages that negate each other. Moral dilemmas require choosing between options that go against one's morals. Blackmail involves cooperating or suffering an unpleasant consequence. Fairness dilemmas question how to distribute resources. Morton's Fork and prisoner's dilemmas are thought experiments about cooperation and consequences. Ethical dilemmas in business involve questions around employee and supplier relations, technology use, and credit/harassment issues.
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Conformity and deviance
Every society establishes social control through norms that encourage conformity and discourage deviance. Norms that are codified into laws define criminal behaviors. However, what is considered deviant can vary across time, place, and social groups. Deviance serves important social functions, such as affirming norms, clarifying moral boundaries, bringing people together in shared outrage, and encouraging social change. Robert Merton's strain theory suggests that a lack of means to achieve cultural goals through approved avenues can lead to different types of deviance, such as innovation, ritualism, retreatism, or rebellion.
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by Mark Rodgers
AMACOM. (c) 2015. Copying Prohibited.
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Chapter 2: Decision Making—The Surprising Reasons People Say Yes and No
Picking his way through the cramped ballroom, with people-filled padded chairs all askew, there was no clear route. Obstacles,
however, were not this man’s primary concern. On his face, you could see his mind racing—searching for what he would say
once he was in front of the crowd. Few people like public speaking, but this situation seemed even more torturous than usual.
He found his standing spot, turned, and faced the crowd.
“I have traveled three hours round-trip every day to attend this session. I’ve driven dangerous roads and in heavy traffic. You
are a talented and knowledgeable group. I have learned from you, and you have learned from me. And I sure could use the
money to help pay for gas. Please, please. Pick me!”
That scene played out in a Calgary persuasion workshop during which I asked three volunteers to vie for a single, crisp $100
bill by convincing the audience to individually award them the money. The idea: Whoever makes the most compelling case,
winning the affections of the crowd, walks away with the cash and the bragging rights.
Participants are allowed to make their case in any way they deem appropriate, with one exception: They can’t share the money
or materially benefit the crowd in any way. (I’ll buy you all drinks!) Adding to the pressure, I give them just four minutes to
develop their case and only 25 seconds to present it.
What would you say if you were in this situation?
This activity mirrors business life today in many ways. You are often in competition with others for the account, the promotion,
the project. You must think on your feet and be able to put together compelling arguments fast, and you might not have much
time to state your case. Sometimes you need to do all this—especially in peer-to-peer persuasion situations—without offering
your target some sort of material gain. Not an easy assignment, to be sure.
The most interesting aspect of this workshop activity, though, is not the people vying for the money—it’s the people deciding
who will earn the money. You may think that people are carefully analyzing participants’ arguments, weighing the pros and the
cons to rationally decide who gets their votes. That’s not what’s happening. At all. The surprising truth is that most people have
no idea why they say yes.
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Nobel Prize–winning economist and author Daniel Kahneman suggests that human beings possess two “systems” for thinking:
one that processes information very quickly, and one that d ...
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Conflict is inevitable in any team, organisation or family, but the secret to healthy teams,
organisations and families is in how we manage that conflict. Recent research suggests
not only that conflict is something that healthy groups experience, but actually that it is
essential to healthy group functioning. This presentation from London Business School Professor Peterson provided both a framework for understanding how to resolve conflict effectively, and a number of specific and practical tips for managing conflicts in your team.
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This document discusses various ethical theories and concepts relevant to public relations, including:
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The document summarizes Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development, which progress from obedience to authority to upholding universal ethical principles. It describes each of the 6 stages and provides examples of moral dilemmas used in Kohlberg's studies. It also discusses how Kohlberg's stages relate to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, noting they both focus on changes in thinking at different ages or life stages. Finally, it lists two universal abstract principles - dignity and equality - that individuals at the highest stage of moral development observe.
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This document provides an introduction to business ethics. It defines ethics as principles of conduct governing individuals or groups, and the study of morality. It discusses the sources and characteristics of moral standards, distinguishing them from non-moral standards like laws. While morality and religion are related, morality is not determined by religion alone. Morality and law also differ, as something can be legal but immoral, or illegal but morally justified. Overall, the document lays out foundational concepts around ethics, morality, and their relationship to law and religion.
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This document discusses distinguishing between moral and non-moral standards. It notes that moral standards deal with issues of human welfare while non-moral standards are matters of taste or preference. Moral standards are considered universally while non-moral standards can vary by culture. The document then examines characteristics of moral standards such as being impartial and promoting well-being. It also discusses types of moral dilemmas at the individual, organizational, and structural levels. Finally, it considers concepts of justice, love and freedom and argues these notions should not be discarded for a view that prioritizes only efficiency.
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I saw this slid by Dr. Mary Beadle and thought should share it with students of Media and communication studies
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The document discusses a destructive conflict the author is having with two roommates. It provides context for the conflict, including that it started with a minor issue blown out of proportion by the author's friend that led to arguments and intervention from their RA. The author will analyze this conflict using concepts and theories of conflict to describe and understand it.
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Conflicts and arguments are natural parts of life and occur between individuals, groups, and nations. Conflict resolution is the process of resolving disagreements in a peaceful manner and can involve personal, financial, political, or emotional disagreements. Researchers Thomas and Kilmann developed a model for conflict resolution that identifies five strategies: competing, avoiding, accommodating, collaborating, and compromising. The model also evaluates two dimensions - assertiveness and empathy - that influence how conflicts are addressed. Effective conflict resolution requires understanding different perspectives, communicating assertively while also being empathetic, and finding a solution that satisfies all parties.
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Dilemma and its types
- 1. DILEMMAAND ITS TYPES PRESENTED BY: TARIQ ULLAH BAIG KHAISTA REHMAN RAHEEL KHAN
- 2. What is a Dilemma? A common form of argument in ordinary discourse in which it is claimed that a choice must be made between two alternatives, both of which are (usually) bad. A difficult problem seemingly incapable of a satisfactory solution.
- 3. Double bind A double bind is an emotionally distressing dilemma in communication in which an individual (or group) receives two or more conflicting messages, and one message negates the other. Further complications arise when frequent double binds are part of an ongoing relationship to which the person or group is committed. The worker encouraged to take time off to rest and at the same time to meet performance targets by an employer who is habitually overworking the worker.
- 4. Moral Dilemma A choice to be made will inevitably result in the chooser going against one or more of their moral instincts. Whether to co-operate with others to work towards a long term gain for all, or act in self-interest for a short term gain for oneself. Whether to steal to feed your family,
- 5. Blackmail Whether to co-operate or suffer an unpleasant consequence?
- 6. FAIRNESS How should resources be distributed among a group of people? According to effort put in by individuals in acquiring them? According to need? A classic example was in the Cold War where the competing ideologies – Capitalism and Communism attempted to sway the World.
- 7. MORTON’S FORK Two lines of thinking that lead to the same unpleasant conclusion. The name comes from John Morton, the Archbishop of Canterbury in the 15th century, who suggested that a man living modestly must be saving money and can therefore afford to pay taxes, but if he lives extravagantly then he is clearly rich and can still afford them.
- 8. Prisoners Dilemma If co-operation promises greater reward than individual action but you can’t be sure of the co-operation then how should you act? This is a classic thought experiment that is applicable to real life.
- 9. Ethical Dilemmas Ethical dilemma, also known as a moral dilemmas, are situations in which there is a choice to be made between two options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion. In such cases, societal and personal ethical guidelines can provide no satisfactory outcome for the chooser.
- 10. Common Workplace Ethical Dilemmas Conducting personal business on company time Taking credit for others works. Harassing behavior
- 11. Ethical Dilemmas In Business Employee Behavior Employee Working Conditions Supplier/Customer Relations Technology.