This document provides information about the structure and components of the digestive system. It describes the four main layers of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa). It then details the specific layers and cell types found in different parts of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Diagrams and descriptions are provided of the histological features of the oral cavity, salivary glands, teeth, tongue, tonsils, and each section of the gastrointestinal tract.

1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
As. prof.
CHALA K.M.

2. I.mucosa. 1. simple columnar mucous-secreting epitelium, 2. lamina
propria of the mucosa, 3. lamina mascularis of the mucosa.
II.submucosa. III.masscularis externa.IV.serosa.

4.  1 – branchial arch;
 2 - mesenchyma;
 3 – gill slit;
 4 - gill pocket.

5.  1 – branchial arch;
 2 - maxillary process;
 3 –mandibular process.

6.  1 – branchial arch;
 2 - maxillary process(4);
 3 - mandibular process(5);
 4 - frontal process (1);
 5 - lateral nasal process(3);
 6 - medial nasal process(2).

7.  1 – branchial arch;
 2 - maxillary process(4);
 3 - mandibular process(5);
 4 - frontal process (1);
 5 - lateral nasal process(3);
 6 - medial nasal process(2).

9. macrostomy

10. microstomy

11.  1 – branchial arch;
 2 - maxillary process(4);
 3 - mandibular process(5);
 4 - frontal process (1);
 5 - lateral nasal process(3);
 6 - medial nasal process(2)
 7 - palatine process
 8 - cleft palate.

12.  1 – branchial arch;
 2 - maxillary process(4);
 3 - mandibular process(5);
 4 - frontal process (1);
 5 - lateral nasal process(3);
 6 - medial nasal process(2)
 7 - palatine process
 8 - cleft palate.

13. cleft palate

16. I. Bud stage of tooth development
1 – stratified squamous
non-keratinized
epithelium;
2 - mesenchyma;
3 – tooth bud.
4 – dental lamina
5 - gum
6 - lip

17. II. Enamel organ stage of tooth
development
1 – stratified squamous
non-keratinized
epithelium of the oral
cavity;
2 – dental lamina;
3 - еnamel organ;
4 - dental papilla;
5 - dental sac;
6 – bone of dental
alveolus.

18. Enamel organ
1 – outer enamel
epithelium;
2 – inner enamel
epithelium;
3 – enamel pulp;
4 - dental papilla.

19. Bell stage
1 – stratified squamous
non-keratinized
epithelium of the oral
cavity;
2 – mesenchyma;
3 - еnamel organ;
4 - dental papilla;
5 - dental sac.

20. Bell stage. Enamel organ
1 – enamel organ: a) outer enamel epithelium; b) inner enamel epithelium;
c) enamel pulp (stellate reticulum); 4 - dental papilla.

21. III. Formation of dentin and enamel
1 – stratified squamous
non-keratinized
epithelium of the oral
cavity;
2 – mesenchyma;
3 - enameloblasts;
4 - еnamel;
5 - dentin pulp (dental
papilla);
6 - оdontoblasts;
7 – dental pulp;
8 - bone of dental
alveolus.

22. Formation of dentin
1 - enameloblasts;
2 - dentin;
4 - оdontoblasts.
[Ca3(PO4)2]
[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]

23. Formation
of dentin

24. Formation
of dentin

25. Calcification of
dentine
1 - dentine tube;
2 – іnterglobular
dentine;
3 - globular dentine.

26. Calcification of
dentine
1 - dentine tube;
2 – іnterglobular
dentine;
3 - globular dentine.

27. Dentine tube
1 - оdontoblasts; 2 - dentine tube.

28. Dentine tube
1 - оdontoblasts; 2 - dentine tube.

29. Enamel spindles.
Tooth section:
1 - enamel; 2 - dentin;
3 - emalevi spindle

30. Formation of dentin
1 - dental pulp; 2 - оdontoblasts; 4 - dentin; 5 - enameloblasts; 6 – enamel pulp.

31. Formation of pulp
1 - formation of pulp (dental papilla); 2 – blood vessels;
3 - оdontoblasts; 4 – dentin.

32. Formation of pulp

33. Formation
of enamel
1 – enameloblasts;
2 – formation of
enamel;
3 – dentin;
4 - оdontoblasts.

34. Enameloblasts
1 – enameloblasts; 2 – enamel; 3 - dentin; 4 - dentine tubes; 5 – оdontoblasts.

35. [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]

37. Root
formation
1 - stratified
squamous non-
keratinized
epithelium;
2 - dental lamina;
3 – crown of tooth;
4 - pulp of tooth;
5 - dental sac;
6 – bone of dental
alveolus.

38. Cementum
1 – cementoblasts.

39. Cementum

40. Root of tooth
1 - dentin;
3 – cementum.

41. Root
formation
1 - stratified
squamous non-
keratinized
epithelium;
2 - dental lamina;
3 – crown of tooth;
4 - pulp of tooth;
5 - dental sac;
6 – bone of dental
alveolus.

42. Root of tooth
1 - dentin;
3 – cementum.

43. Root of tooth
1 - dentin;
3 – cementum.

44. Periodontium:
a - the root of the tooth at the
cysts of the alveoli (little
improvement);
b - periodont (b1 - middle
increase, b2 - great increase); в
- periodont of the top of the
tooth (в1 - middle increase, в2
- large increase);
1 - wall of cyst alveoli;
2 - root of the tooth;
3 - periodont:
4 - dentin;
5 - cement;
6 - blood vessels of the
periodont;
8 - perforating (sharpeyevsky)
fibers;
9 - bundles of collagen fibrils of
periodont

45. Periodontal ligament
1 – bone of dental alveolus; 2 - octeocyte; 3 - periodontal ligament; 4 – blood vessel;
5 – cementoblasts; 6 - cement; 7 - dentin.

46. Bone beam
1 - osteoblast;
2 - osteoid;
3 - osteocyte;
4 - osteoclast

47. Jaw cut
1 - tooth at the stage of
differentiation of dental
germs;
2 - tooth at the stage of
histogenesis;
3 - dental bag;
4 - the formation of the
bone tissue of the dental
alveoli.

49. Tooth
1 - crown of tooth;
2 – root of tooth;
3 - pulp;
4 – enamel;
5 - dentin;
6 – cement.

51. Tonsil
1 - crypt; 2 - lymphatic nodules.

52. Еpithelium of the crypt
1 - epithelium of the crypt; 3 - crypt

53. Lymphatic nodules
1 – crypt ; 2 - epithelium of the crypt; 3 – sabmucosa; 4 – lymphatic nodules; 5 -
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.

54. Tongue

55. Formation of the papillae

56. Filiform papillae
2 - stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium.

57. Filiform papillae
1 - filiform papillae; 2 – stratified squamous keratinized epithelium;
3 - lamina propria of the mucosa.

58. Волохатий язик

59. Foliate papillae
1 – foliate papillae; 5 – taste bud.

60. Vallate papillae
1 -Vallate papillae

61. Parotid salivary gland
1 - capsule;
2 – connective
tissue interlobular
septa;
3 – lobule.

62. Parotid salivary gland. Lobule
1 - interlobular septa; ;
2 - lobule;
3 – excretory duct.

63. Parotid
salivary gland
1 – serous acinus:
- serous cells,
- myoepithelial cells;
Excretory ducts:
- intercalated ducts,
- striated ducts;
2 - interlobular
septa;
3 - excretory duct;
4 – blood vessel.

64. Submandibular salivary gland
1 - lobule; 2 - interlobular septa; 3 – excretory duct

65. Submandibular salivary gland. Lobule
1 - serous acinus:
serous cells,
myoepithelial cells;
2 – mixed acinus:
serous cells,
myoepithelial cells;
excretory ducts:
intercalated ducts,
striated ducts;
interlobular septa;
3 - excretory duct;
4 – blood vessel.

66. Submandibular salivary gland
1 - serous acinus; 2 – mixed acinus: serous cells, myoepithelial cells;
3 - excretory ducts.

67. Sublingual
salivary gland
1 - mucosa end
submucosa;
2 - капсула залози;
3 – interlobular septa;
4 - lobule;
5 – blood vessel.

68. Sublingual salivary gland
1 - mucous acinus; 2 - serous acinus; 3 – mixed acinus; 4 - excretory duct.

69. Esophagus
I.mucosa. 1. stratified squamous nonkeratinized epitelium, 2. lamina propria of the
mucosa, 3. lamina mascularis of the mucosa. II.submucosa. Esophageal glands.
III.masscularis externa.IV.serosa

70. Esophagus I.mucosa. II.submucosa. III.masscularis externa.
IV.serosa.
1. outer longitudenal layer 2. inner circular layer.

71. Junction between esophagus
and stomach
I.mucosa. II.submucosa. III.masscularis
externa.IV.serosa

72. Stomach
I.mucosa.
1. simple columnar
mucous-secreting epitelium,
2. lamina propria of the mucosa,
3. lamina mascularis of the mucosa.
II.submucosa.
III.masscularis externa.
IV.serosa.
1. outer longitudenal layer
2. middle circular layer
3. Inner oblique longitudinal layer

73. Fundus of the stomach
1 - gastric pits; 2 – fundic
gland: chief cell, parietal cell,
mucous cell, endocrinocytes.

74. Fundus of the stomach
fundic gland: chief cells.

75. Fundus of the stomach
fundic gland: mucous cell.

76. Fundus of the stomach
fundic gland: parietal cell (ovoid).
Intracellular cleft with microvilli

77. Fundus of the stomach
fundic gland: parietal cell.
1.Secretion of hydrochloric acid.
2.Produce an intrinsic factor.

78. Fundus of the stomach
fundic gland: endocrinocytes.

79. Stomach
I.mucosa.
II.submucosa.
III.masscularis externa.
IV.serosa.
1. outer longitudenal layer
2. middle circular layer
3. Inner oblique longitudinal layer

80. Duodenum

81. Duodenum
I.mucosa. II.submucosa. III.masscularis
externa.IV.serosa
1. Absortive columnar cell.
2. Goblet cell.
3. Endocrine cell.
4. Undifferentiated cell.
5. Zumogen cell (Paneth cell).

82. Duodenum

83. Duodenum

84. Jejunum
I.mucosa. II.submucosa. III.masscularis
externa.IV.serosa

85. I.mucosa. II.submucosa. III.masscularis
externa.IV.serosa
Jejunum

86. Jejunum

87. Large intestine:colon

88. Large intestine:colon

90. Thank you for attention!