This handout talks about digestion of lipids, helicobacter pylori, the absorption of digested foods and the structure and function in villus epithelium cells.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on human nutrition, including the breakdown of nutrients, types of nutrients, and dietary needs. It discusses the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids by enzymes during digestion. It also outlines the major nutrient groups - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Additionally, it covers energy needs, food groups, balanced diets, food storage and preservation, food-borne illnesses, and food additives.
Introduction to digestion and absorption, local hormones of GIT, different di...enamifat
1) Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It involves both mechanical and chemical digestion.
2) The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated glands. It functions to ingest, secrete digestive juices, mix and propel food, digest nutrients, absorb them, and excrete waste.
3) Digestive juices include saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice. Each contains different enzymes and components that play specific roles in digestion and are secreted in response to food in the digestive tract.
1) The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion begins in the mouth and stomach and is completed in the small intestine.
2) Enzymes and acids in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine break down food into smaller molecules. The small intestine contains villi that increase its surface area for maximum absorption of broken down nutrients.
3) Undigested food remnants move to the large intestine where water is absorbed and bacteria break down remaining fibers, producing gases and vitamins absorbed by the body. Wastes are eliminated as feces.
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It describes the roles and locations of digestion and absorption in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Key enzymes and substrates involved in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fats are identified at different stages along the GI tract. Hormonal regulation of digestion and motility is also summarized.
Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by cells to provide energy and building materials. Various organs work together to mechanically and chemically break down food, including the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Enzymes play a key role in digestion by speeding up chemical reactions to break nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler substances like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. The small intestine contains villi and microvilli that increase its surface area for absorption of digested nutrients into the bloodstream via diffusion and active transport.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal has 5 layers - mucosa, submucosa, inner and outer circular muscle layers, and serosa. It is innervated by the enteric nervous system consisting of the myenteric and submucous plexuses. The digestive system is also innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The stomach contains parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and chief cells that secrete pepsinogen.
Large food molecules need to be broken down through digestion to allow for absorption and assimilation of nutrients. Digestion is made possible by enzymes, which are protein catalysts that break down substrates into products. The three main enzymes involved in digestion are amylase, protease, and lipase. Amylase breaks down starches into sugars in the small intestine, protease breaks down proteins into amino acids, and lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, each playing an important role in the multi-step process of breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides information on human nutrition, including the breakdown of nutrients, types of nutrients, and dietary needs. It discusses the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids by enzymes during digestion. It also outlines the major nutrient groups - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Additionally, it covers energy needs, food groups, balanced diets, food storage and preservation, food-borne illnesses, and food additives.
Introduction to digestion and absorption, local hormones of GIT, different di...enamifat
1) Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. It involves both mechanical and chemical digestion.
2) The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and associated glands. It functions to ingest, secrete digestive juices, mix and propel food, digest nutrients, absorb them, and excrete waste.
3) Digestive juices include saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice. Each contains different enzymes and components that play specific roles in digestion and are secreted in response to food in the digestive tract.
1) The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. Digestion begins in the mouth and stomach and is completed in the small intestine.
2) Enzymes and acids in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine break down food into smaller molecules. The small intestine contains villi that increase its surface area for maximum absorption of broken down nutrients.
3) Undigested food remnants move to the large intestine where water is absorbed and bacteria break down remaining fibers, producing gases and vitamins absorbed by the body. Wastes are eliminated as feces.
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It describes the roles and locations of digestion and absorption in the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder. Key enzymes and substrates involved in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins and fats are identified at different stages along the GI tract. Hormonal regulation of digestion and motility is also summarized.
Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used by cells to provide energy and building materials. Various organs work together to mechanically and chemically break down food, including the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Enzymes play a key role in digestion by speeding up chemical reactions to break nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler substances like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. The small intestine contains villi and microvilli that increase its surface area for absorption of digested nutrients into the bloodstream via diffusion and active transport.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and digestive glands. The alimentary canal has 5 layers - mucosa, submucosa, inner and outer circular muscle layers, and serosa. It is innervated by the enteric nervous system consisting of the myenteric and submucous plexuses. The digestive system is also innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. The stomach contains parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor and chief cells that secrete pepsinogen.
Large food molecules need to be broken down through digestion to allow for absorption and assimilation of nutrients. Digestion is made possible by enzymes, which are protein catalysts that break down substrates into products. The three main enzymes involved in digestion are amylase, protease, and lipase. Amylase breaks down starches into sugars in the small intestine, protease breaks down proteins into amino acids, and lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, each playing an important role in the multi-step process of breaking down food and absorbing nutrients.
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The document provides an overview of the major structures and processes of the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It describes the 6 basic processes of digestion and the 4 layers of the GI tract. Key details are provided on teeth, saliva, gastric juices, enzymes, peristalsis, absorption of nutrients, and the roles of the pancreas, liver and bile in digestion. The stages of digestion and absorption in the small and large intestines are summarized.
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as plants, animals, fungi, or prokaryotes. They include single-celled and multicellular organisms that may be photosynthetic, heterotrophic, or parasitic. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells originated from prokaryotic cells engaging in endosymbiosis. Protists are classified into 5 candidate kingdoms based on genetic and cellular structure similarities. They display a wide variety of morphologies and behaviors.
1. Cnidarians are radially symmetrical animals with two tissue layers, a nerve net, and stinging cells called cnidocytes.
2. They have two main body plans - the tubular polyp and the umbrella-shaped medusa.
3. The phylum includes four classes - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. Hydrozoa have both polyp and medusa stages while Anthozoa only have the polyp stage.
The discovery of the microscope led to the discovery of cells and the cell theory. Observations showed that all living things are made of one or more cells, which are the basic units of structure and function in living things. Cells are capable of carrying out basic functions of life and new cells are produced from existing cells. Eukaryotic cells have organelles and a nucleus enclosed within membranes, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack internal membranes and organelles. Organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts have specialized functions in animal and plant cells.
The document discusses nutrition and the human digestive system. It covers classes of food including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. It then discusses balanced diets and factors determining balanced diets such as size, jobs and health. The human digestive system is described along with the process of digestion from the mouth to the small intestine where digested food is absorbed. Finally, it discusses reabsorption of water in the large intestine and defecation.
This document provides information about cell structures and their functions. It defines key terms like organelles, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. For each structure, it describes their shape, components, and main roles within the cell. The document also compares and contrasts the processes of photosynthesis within chloroplasts and respiration within mitochondria.
The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Food passes through these organs where muscles squeeze and break up food while digestive juices containing enzymes break down molecules. Cellulose, a type of dietary fiber, is not broken down as humans lack the enzyme to digest it. Hormones and nerves control the secretion of digestive juices from exocrine glands like the stomach and pancreas in response to food. Digestive enzymes remain attached to cells lining the small intestine so products of digestion can be immediately absorbed. Pepsinogen and trypsinogen are secreted as inactive enzymes and activated once in the stomach and small intestine, respectively.
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The document provides an overview of the human digestive system in 6 sections:
1. It reviews digestion as a life process that breaks down food for energy, growth, and repair.
2. It outlines the 4 main parts of digestion - ingestion, mechanical and chemical breakdown, absorption, and excretion.
3. It describes the two types of digestion - mechanical in the mouth and chemical in the stomach and small intestine where enzymes break molecules into smaller units like sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
4. It details each organ of the digestive system from mouth to anus and their functions in ingestion, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste.
5. It discusses accessory organs like the
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The document discusses the phylum Platyhelminthes, which includes flatworms such as planarians, tapeworms, and trematodes. It covers key characteristics like their soft, unsegmented bodies and lack of circulatory or respiratory systems. Their body plans are adapted for parasitic lifestyles, with structures like suckers used for attachment to hosts. Life cycles are often complex, involving multiple hosts.
The document provides an overview of the major structures and processes of the digestive system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It describes the 6 basic processes of digestion and the 4 layers of the GI tract. Key details are provided on teeth, saliva, gastric juices, enzymes, peristalsis, absorption of nutrients, and the roles of the pancreas, liver and bile in digestion. The stages of digestion and absorption in the small and large intestines are summarized.
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2. They have two main body plans - the tubular polyp and the umbrella-shaped medusa.
3. The phylum includes four classes - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. Hydrozoa have both polyp and medusa stages while Anthozoa only have the polyp stage.
The discovery of the microscope led to the discovery of cells and the cell theory. Observations showed that all living things are made of one or more cells, which are the basic units of structure and function in living things. Cells are capable of carrying out basic functions of life and new cells are produced from existing cells. Eukaryotic cells have organelles and a nucleus enclosed within membranes, while prokaryotic cells like bacteria lack internal membranes and organelles. Organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts have specialized functions in animal and plant cells.
The document discusses nutrition and the human digestive system. It covers classes of food including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. It then discusses balanced diets and factors determining balanced diets such as size, jobs and health. The human digestive system is described along with the process of digestion from the mouth to the small intestine where digested food is absorbed. Finally, it discusses reabsorption of water in the large intestine and defecation.
This document provides information about cell structures and their functions. It defines key terms like organelles, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. For each structure, it describes their shape, components, and main roles within the cell. The document also compares and contrasts the processes of photosynthesis within chloroplasts and respiration within mitochondria.
The digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Food passes through these organs where muscles squeeze and break up food while digestive juices containing enzymes break down molecules. Cellulose, a type of dietary fiber, is not broken down as humans lack the enzyme to digest it. Hormones and nerves control the secretion of digestive juices from exocrine glands like the stomach and pancreas in response to food. Digestive enzymes remain attached to cells lining the small intestine so products of digestion can be immediately absorbed. Pepsinogen and trypsinogen are secreted as inactive enzymes and activated once in the stomach and small intestine, respectively.
Biology - Facts you need to know to pass the living environment regents examMr. Walajtys
This document provides a review of key concepts for the Living Environment Regents Exam, including cellular biology, homeostasis, cell structures and functions, transport mechanisms, energy production, coordination and control, inheritance, evolution, and ecosystems. It covers topics like organelle functions, membrane transport, enzyme function, feedback mechanisms, genetic transmission, natural selection, and ecosystem interactions in a question and answer format to help students prepare for the exam.
The document provides an overview of the human digestive system in 6 sections:
1. It reviews digestion as a life process that breaks down food for energy, growth, and repair.
2. It outlines the 4 main parts of digestion - ingestion, mechanical and chemical breakdown, absorption, and excretion.
3. It describes the two types of digestion - mechanical in the mouth and chemical in the stomach and small intestine where enzymes break molecules into smaller units like sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
4. It details each organ of the digestive system from mouth to anus and their functions in ingestion, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients and elimination of waste.
5. It discusses accessory organs like the
This document discusses the chemical composition of cells, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, water, and enzymes. It provides details on the structures and functions of these biomolecules. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose, disaccharides like maltose, and polysaccharides like starch. Proteins are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Lipids are made of fatty acids and glycerol. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA which carry genetic information. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions.
Chapter 22 Note Taking Guide And OrganizerTia Hohler
This document provides information about producers, consumers, decomposers, and energy flow in ecosystems. It defines key terms like producers, chemosynthesis, autotrophs, heterotrophs, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores, trophic levels, food chains, and food webs. It also lists factors that affect ecosystem productivity like sunlight, temperature, water availability. In 3 sentences: Producers like plants and some bacteria produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Consumers obtain energy by eating producers or other consumers. Decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients and allowing energy to flow through the food web.
The document summarizes the generalized life cycle of digenetic trematodes. Digenetic trematodes require two or three hosts to complete their life cycle. The first intermediate host is always a snail. The second intermediate host may be present in some species and is often a fish or aquatic invertebrate. The definitive host is usually a vertebrate where sexual reproduction occurs. Eggs are released from the definitive host and hatch into miracidium larvae that infect the first intermediate snail host. Within the snail, the miracidium develops into sporocysts or rediae which undergo asexual reproduction to produce cercariae larvae. Cercariae leave the snail and may infect a
This document discusses various types of transport across cell membranes, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis as well as active transport mechanisms like facilitated diffusion and endocytosis/exocytosis. It explains how diffusion occurs down a concentration gradient without energy, while active transport requires ATP as it works against a gradient. Osmosis is discussed in the context of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions, and how plants and single-celled organisms deal with osmosis. Key transport proteins like ion channels and the sodium-potassium pump are also summarized.
The document summarizes key aspects of the order Trypanosomatida and genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma. It describes the four morphological forms, life cycles involving vertebrate and insect hosts, pathogenic effects in humans/animals, and diagnosis and treatment of major disease-causing species.
This document discusses lipids and fats, including their structure, properties, and functions in the body. A lipid molecule is made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains. Whether a fat is solid or liquid at room temperature depends on the structure of its fatty acid chains. Saturated fats from animals are mainly solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats from plants can be liquid due to double bonds in their chains. Lipids are necessary for life to provide structure to cell membranes, as insulation, and as a source of energy through metabolism.
SeedEZ 3D cell culture methods and protocols - cell seedingLena Biosciences
This document provides protocols for seeding various cell types into 3D cell culture substrates called SeedEZ. It describes seeding mixed cell cultures, adherent cells, and cells embedded in extracellular matrix or gel using different methods. These include seeding cells in a sol-state gel suspension, on top of an ECM barrier, or in a sandwich between ECM layers. The document also provides guidance on seeding feeder layers, stacking multiple SeedEZ substrates, and designing migration and invasion assays using SeedEZ.
This document discusses the structure and function of DNA. It begins by stating that all life is composed of amino acids arranged in predetermined patterns, and that DNA determines this pattern. It then explains that DNA is composed of nucleotides, which contain phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The structure of DNA is a double helix, with the bases on the inside bonded via complementary base pairing.
The document summarizes key aspects of human anatomy and physiology. It discusses the structure and functions of human cells, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. It also describes the four basic types of human tissues - epithelial, muscular, nervous, and connective tissues. Finally, it provides an overview of the major human organ systems, including the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, lymphatic, excretory, nervous, endocrine, muscular, skeletal, female reproductive, and male reproductive systems.
The document provides a review for a biology midterm exam. It lists 60 multiple choice questions covering various topics in biology, including DNA, cells, ecology, metabolism, homeostasis, genes, taxonomy of living things, the scientific method, controlled experiments, theories, molecules, bonds, pH, nucleic acids, chemical reactions, enzymes, measurements, microscopes, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, cell structures, energy in cells, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, meiosis, genetics, inheritance patterns, viruses, DNA structure, gene cloning, multicellularity, the atmosphere, and the evolution of land animals. The questions cover core concepts addressed in an introductory biology course.
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Digestion and absorption (further human physiology)
1. Digestion of lipids:
digested by ______ because lipids are _________ in water and melt in the
____________________, forming liquid droplets. Those droplets then
____________ to form larger droplets.
Lipase is ________________ so it does not enter the lipid droplets. It _________
the lipids on the droplet surface with its ________________________. The
droplets decrease in size, but some cannot be digested completely while the food
is in the alimentary canal.
________, a natural detergent from the liver, contains bile salts and breaks up
(emulsifies) the coat lipid droplets, lipids and water into smaller droplets.
Bile is stored in the _________________ and discharged into the
________________ to speed up the emulsification of the lipids and completely
digest them.
Helicobacter Pylori:
o Is an _____________ bacterium => infects stomach lining
o Can cause:
Stomach ulcers Stomach cancer
-> could be caused by excessive -> tumor in the _________
secretion of _______________, but -> reduced _____________________
more likely by H. pylori infection in gastric juice
-> can cause ___________ and then -> higher percentage of infected
ulceration. Its enzymes, including patients
proteases, damage the stomach -> further research needed on link
lining. between H. pylori and cancer
-> _________ treatments cannot relieve
ulcer symptoms permanently.
_______________treatments
eliminate the infection and cure
ulcers
permanently.
-> most severe ulceration: when
infected with strains that produce
toxins causing inflammation
Absorption of digested foods
By villi of ________ in small intestine
Tight conjunctions link __________________ of adjacent cells together
prevent leaking between _________________ (outer layer of cells)
2. control _________
_______________ passes through plasma membrane of epithelium cells
__________, ______, ___________, __________ and _________________
CANNOT be absorbed => egested in feces
Structure and function in villus epithelium cells:
Microvilli Increase SA of _______________
in ileum => increased absorption
rate by ______________
Lipids and other foods absorbed by
____________________________.
-> easily pass through
_________________ of plasma
membrane of epithelium cells
Fructose + hydrophilic food at low
concentration inside body cells
absorbed by __________________.
-> need assistance through
hydrophobic center of plasma
membrane by _________________.
Mitochondria ____ production -> absorption of
glucose, amino acids, mineral ions
(sodium, calcium + iron) by
________________________ in
plasma membrane of microvilli
Pinocytic vesicles Formed by ________________
Contain small droplet of fluid from
___________ of ileum
Membranes formed from plasma
membrane -> contain
______________ for
___________________ and
_________ for ________________
Digested food absorbed from them
into ___________