The document provides a review for a biology midterm exam. It lists 60 multiple choice questions covering various topics in biology, including DNA, cells, ecology, metabolism, homeostasis, genes, taxonomy of living things, the scientific method, controlled experiments, theories, molecules, bonds, pH, nucleic acids, chemical reactions, enzymes, measurements, microscopes, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, cell structures, energy in cells, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, meiosis, genetics, inheritance patterns, viruses, DNA structure, gene cloning, multicellularity, the atmosphere, and the evolution of land animals. The questions cover core concepts addressed in an introductory biology course.

1. Biology Midterm Review

2. You do not have to write the questions down as I will post this on www.slideshare.com . You should write down the number of the question and try to answer each question. The correct answer will be provided.

3. 1 1. Molecules of ____________________ inside cells encode information to direct their growth and development .

4. DNA

5. 2 The study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the nonliving part of their environment is called ____________________.

6. ecology

7. 3 All cells have the same basic ____________________.

8. structure

9. 4 ____________________ is the sum of all chemical reactions carried out in an organism.

10. Metabolism

11. 5 To function properly, all living things maintain a constant internal environment through the process of ____________________.

12. homeostasis

13. 6 Genetic engineers are transplanting plant ____________________ into other plants to create crops that are resistant to frost damage.

14. genes or DNA

15. 7 Frogs, toads, and salamanders are all examples of ____________________.

16. amphibians

17. 8 An educated guess, or ____________________, may be tested by experimentation.

18. hypothesis

19. 9 In a controlled experiment, the ____________________ group is the group that receives some type of experimental treatment.

20. experimental or the manipulated

21. 10 A unifying explanation for a broad range of observations is a(n) ____________________.

22. theory

23. 11 A(n) ____________________ is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

24. molecule

25. 12 The attraction between oppositely charged ions results in the formation of a(n) ____________________ _______________.

26. ionic bond

27. 13 Substances with a pH lower than 7 are ____________________.

28. acidic

29. 14 Long chains of nucleotides are called ____________________ ____________________.

30. nucleic acids

31. 15 The starting materials for chemical reactions are called ____________________, while the new substances that are formed are called ____________________.

32. reactants, products

33. 16 The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called ____________________ ____________________.

34. activation energy

35. 17 The portion of an enzyme molecule into which a specific substrate can fit is called the ____________________ ____________________.

36. active site

37. 18 Scientists use ____________________ units when taking measurements.

38. metric or SI

39. 19 ____________________ is a measure of the clarity of an image.

40. Resolution

41. 20 While a light microscope uses light to visualize a specimen, electron microscopes use an ____________________ beam and a vacuum chamber.

42. electron

43. 21 The basic unit of structure and function in an organism is the ____________________.

44. cell

45. 22 Modern prokaryotes are generally known as ____________________.

46. bacteria

47. 23 Scientists think that ____________________ cells evolved about 1.5 billion years ago.

48. eukaryotic

49. 24 A phospholipid is a molecule with a(n) ____________________ head.

50. polar

51. 25 Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________________ embedded on its surface.

52. ribosomes

53. 26 The ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth is the ____________________.

54. Sun

55. 27 Organisms that harvest energy from sunlight or inorganic substances in order to make food molecules are called ____________________.

56. autotrophs

57. 28 When a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule, energy is ____________________.

58. released

59. 29 The electron transport chain produces molecules that temporarily store ____________________ in the cell.

60. energy

61. 30 The transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compounds is called carbon dioxide ____________________.

62. fixation

63. 31 Electrons that provide the energy for the production of most of a cell’s ATP are carried to the electron transport chain by ____________________ and ____________________ molecules.

64. NADH, FADH2

65. 32 Hydrogen ions combine with electrons and oxygen forming ____________________ at the end of the electron transport chain.

66. water

67. 33 ____________________ ____________________ is the process by which bacteria split asexually into two identical organisms.

68. Binary fission

69. 34 The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged into structures that are called ____________________.

70. chromosomes

71. 35 In humans, the genotype XX results in a ____________________.

72. female

73. 36 Somatic cells containing two sets of 23 chromosomes are always ____________________.

74. diploid

75. 37 The sequence of events that occurs in a cell from one mitotic division to the next is called the ____________________ ____________________.

76. cell cycle

77. 38 The cell cycle is controlled in eukaryotes at three principal ____________________.

78. checkpoints

79. 39 “ Cables” made of microtubules that extend from the poles of a cell to the centromeres during cell division are called ____________________ ____________________.

80. spindle fibers

81. 40 Chromosomes coil up and become visible during ____________________.

82. prophase

83. 41 After a new nuclear membrane forms during telophase of mitosis or meiosis, the ____________________ divides, resulting in two cells.

84. cytoplasm

85. 42 The four haploid cells formed in the male at the end of meiosis II develop a tail and are called ____________________.

86. sperm

87. 43 A spore is a haploid reproductive cell produced by ____________________.

88. meiosis

89. 44 The diploid phase in the life cycle of plants is called the ____________________.

90. sporophyte

91. 45 The patterns that Mendel discovered form the basis of ____________________, the branch of biology that deals with heredity.

92. genetics

93. 46 A(n) ____________________ cross is a cross that involves one pair of contrasting traits.

94. monohybrid

95. 47 Different forms of a particular gene are called ____________________.

96. alleles

97. 48 The external appearance of an organism is its ____________________.

98. phenotype

99. 49 In pea plants, tallness ( T ) is dominant to shortness ( t ). Crosses between plants with these traits can be analyzed using a Punnett square similar to the one shown below. TtT12t34 49. Refer to the illustration on the board. Box 2 and box ____________________ in the Punnett square represent plants that would be heterozygous for the trait for tallness.

100. 3

101. 50 Identifying patterns of inheritance within a family over several generations is possible by studying a diagram called a(n) ____________________.

102. pedigree

103. 51 A genetic disorder resulting in defective blood clotting is ____________________.

104. hemophilia

105. 52 Viruses that infect bacteria are called ____________________.

106. bacteriophages

107. 53 Due to the strict pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be ____________________ to each other.

108. complementary

109. 54 The circular DNA molecules in prokaryotes usually contain ____________________ replication forks during replication, while linear eukaryotic DNA contains many more.

110. two

111. 55 The process by which a foreign gene is replicated by insertion into a bacterium is called ____________________ ____________________.

112. gene cloning

113. 56 A large number of genetically identical cells grown from a single cell are called ____________________.

114. clones

115. 57 Transferring normal human genes into human cells that lack them is called ____________________ ____________________.

116. gene therapy

117. 58 Crop plants have recently been developed that are resistant to the chemical ____________________, a powerful weedkiller.

118. glyphosate

119. 59 Biologists have introduced extra copies of the genes that code for ____________________ ____________________ into the chromosomes of cows and hogs to create leaner, faster-growing animals.

120. growth hormone

121. 60 The study of radioactive decay in rocks indicates that the Earth is about ____________________ years old.

122. 4.5 billion

123. 61 By determining the number of half-lives that have passed since the formation of a rock containing radioisotopes and their stable daughter elements, scientists are able to determine the approximate ____________________ of the rock.

124. age

125. 62 Cyanobacteria produced the ____________________ that is now present in our atmosphere.

126. oxygen

127. 63 Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ____________________.

128. DNA

129. 64 Having more than one cell is known as ____________________.

130. multicellularity

131. 65 The three atoms shown in the diagram make up a molecule of _________________.

132. ozone

133. 66 Flying insects carry ____________________ from a flowering plant to other flowers of the same species.

134. pollen

135. 67 Insects developed important relationships with ____________________ plants.

136. flowering

137. 68 The first vertebrates on land were ____________________.

138. amphibians

139. All questions from the test bank on the Holt, Rinehart and Winston CD-ROM, Teachers Resource. 2001