This document discusses the stages and classification of tumors, as well as methods for diagnosing malignant tumors. It covers:
- The stages of tumor progression from Stage I to IV, with Stage I being hyperplasia and Stage IV being malignant tumors.
- The TNM classification system used internationally to characterize tumors based on the size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and presence of metastases (M).
- Various instrumental diagnostic methods like X-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and endoscopy that are used to examine tumors.
- The importance of morphological/histological examination of biopsied tumor tissue for verifying diagnoses. Cytological and histological analysis of cells is key
Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor that arises from the esophagus. It has several histological forms but squamous cell carcinoma is most common. Risk factors include smoking, drinking alcohol, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing and weight loss. Treatment depends on the cancer stage but may involve surgery to remove the esophagus, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Preventive measures include not smoking, limiting alcohol, and treating gastroesophageal reflux disease.
A brief description on cancer.Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells,Some topics are genesis of cancer,types of cancer,causes of cancer like Heredity,Immunity,Chemical,Physical,Viral Bacterial,Lifestyle.
,sign&symptom:*Change in bowel habits or bladder function,*Sores that do not heal,*Unusual bleeding or discharge,*Thickening or lump in breast or other parts of the body,Indigestion or trouble swallowing,*Recent change in a wart or mole,Nagging cough or hoarseness,
diagnosis and staging,treatment:Surgery,Radiation,Chemotherapy,Immunotherapy,Hormone therapy, Gene therapy,side effect of cancer treatment,prevention of cancer
Esophageal cancer develops in the esophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. There are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett's esophagus. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on cancer stage and health but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or palliative care. Prognosis ranges from 47% 5-year survival for localized cancer to 5% for distant stage cancer.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of oncology. It discusses how cancer was first documented in ancient Egypt and treated by cauterization. It then covers key developments like Hippocrates naming cancer, the first autopsy being performed in 1761, and the establishment of the TNM staging system. The summary concludes by briefly mentioning common modern cancer treatment modalities like surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and their goals of cure, palliation, or prevention.
Gastric carcinoma is the 4th most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death globally. It occurs most commonly in individuals aged 50-70 years and is more prevalent in males. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, and low socioeconomic status. Genetic factors like E-cadherin mutations also increase risk. Staging involves endoscopy with biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, CT, and diagnostic laparoscopy. Treatment depends on stage but may include endoscopic resection for early cancer or gastrectomy with lymph node dissection for more advanced disease. Post-operative complications can include dumping syndrome, nutritional deficiencies, or bowel obstructions.
This document provides information on carcinoma of the rectum, including its anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, staging, treatment options of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and prognosis. Key points include:
- The rectum is located in the pelvis and is about 12-15 cm long, divided into upper, middle, and lower thirds.
- Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer globally and rectal cancer makes up about 28% of cases.
- Risk factors include age over 50, family history, smoking, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease.
- Treatment involves total mesorectal excision surgery with or without neoadjuvant chemor
This document provides an overview of oncology and tumor biology. It defines key terms like neoplasm, malignant vs benign tumors, and how tumors are classified and staged. It also describes diagnostic methods and various treatment approaches for cancer patients, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, as well as palliative vs radical care. Prevention strategies are discussed, along with how an oncology healthcare system is organized.
This document summarizes cancer surgery. It discusses how surgery is often used to diagnose, treat, and potentially prevent cancer. The basic principles of oncologic surgery include excising the tumor, removing regional lymph nodes, and managing local and regional recurrence. Responsibilities of surgical oncologists include following treatment protocols, participating in research, and educating other surgeons. Cancer surgery traditionally involves removing the tumor and surrounding healthy tissue through an incision. Pathologists examine the removed tissue to ensure all detectable cancer cells were eliminated. Risks of cancer surgery include complications from anesthesia, infections, and immunosuppression.
Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor that arises from the esophagus. It has several histological forms but squamous cell carcinoma is most common. Risk factors include smoking, drinking alcohol, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing and weight loss. Treatment depends on the cancer stage but may involve surgery to remove the esophagus, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Preventive measures include not smoking, limiting alcohol, and treating gastroesophageal reflux disease.
A brief description on cancer.Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells,Some topics are genesis of cancer,types of cancer,causes of cancer like Heredity,Immunity,Chemical,Physical,Viral Bacterial,Lifestyle.
,sign&symptom:*Change in bowel habits or bladder function,*Sores that do not heal,*Unusual bleeding or discharge,*Thickening or lump in breast or other parts of the body,Indigestion or trouble swallowing,*Recent change in a wart or mole,Nagging cough or hoarseness,
diagnosis and staging,treatment:Surgery,Radiation,Chemotherapy,Immunotherapy,Hormone therapy, Gene therapy,side effect of cancer treatment,prevention of cancer
Esophageal cancer develops in the esophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. There are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett's esophagus. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on cancer stage and health but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or palliative care. Prognosis ranges from 47% 5-year survival for localized cancer to 5% for distant stage cancer.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of oncology. It discusses how cancer was first documented in ancient Egypt and treated by cauterization. It then covers key developments like Hippocrates naming cancer, the first autopsy being performed in 1761, and the establishment of the TNM staging system. The summary concludes by briefly mentioning common modern cancer treatment modalities like surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and their goals of cure, palliation, or prevention.
Gastric carcinoma is the 4th most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death globally. It occurs most commonly in individuals aged 50-70 years and is more prevalent in males. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, and low socioeconomic status. Genetic factors like E-cadherin mutations also increase risk. Staging involves endoscopy with biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, CT, and diagnostic laparoscopy. Treatment depends on stage but may include endoscopic resection for early cancer or gastrectomy with lymph node dissection for more advanced disease. Post-operative complications can include dumping syndrome, nutritional deficiencies, or bowel obstructions.
This document provides information on carcinoma of the rectum, including its anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, staging, treatment options of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and prognosis. Key points include:
- The rectum is located in the pelvis and is about 12-15 cm long, divided into upper, middle, and lower thirds.
- Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer globally and rectal cancer makes up about 28% of cases.
- Risk factors include age over 50, family history, smoking, obesity, and inflammatory bowel disease.
- Treatment involves total mesorectal excision surgery with or without neoadjuvant chemor
This document provides an overview of oncology and tumor biology. It defines key terms like neoplasm, malignant vs benign tumors, and how tumors are classified and staged. It also describes diagnostic methods and various treatment approaches for cancer patients, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, as well as palliative vs radical care. Prevention strategies are discussed, along with how an oncology healthcare system is organized.
This document summarizes cancer surgery. It discusses how surgery is often used to diagnose, treat, and potentially prevent cancer. The basic principles of oncologic surgery include excising the tumor, removing regional lymph nodes, and managing local and regional recurrence. Responsibilities of surgical oncologists include following treatment protocols, participating in research, and educating other surgeons. Cancer surgery traditionally involves removing the tumor and surrounding healthy tissue through an incision. Pathologists examine the removed tissue to ensure all detectable cancer cells were eliminated. Risks of cancer surgery include complications from anesthesia, infections, and immunosuppression.
Malignant tumors can be classified based on their cell of origin and include carcinomas, sarcomas, and germ cell tumors. They are characterized by uncontrolled growth, invasion of surrounding tissues, and spread through lymphatics or bloodstream. Diagnosis is confirmed through biopsy and histopathological examination showing features of malignancy. While some genetic and environmental factors are known to increase cancer risk, the exact causes remain unclear. Staging systems help determine prognosis and appropriate treatment.
Gastric carcinoma is the second most common cancer-related death worldwide. It typically spreads through direct extension, lymphatics, or hematogenously to distant sites like the liver. Staging involves endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy to determine the depth of invasion and lymph node involvement. Surgery aims to perform a curative resection with negative margins and lymph node dissection, but outcomes remain poor with high rates of recurrence.
Radiological diagnostics of Gastro-Intestinal SystemEneutron
The document discusses various radiological examination methods of the gastrointestinal system including fluoroscopy, radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. It describes the radiological anatomy and examination techniques for specific organs like the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and large intestine. It also discusses various gastrointestinal pathologies that can be identified through radiological imaging like esophageal diverticula, achalasia, gastric cancer, esophageal burns, and foreign bodies. Imaging findings for different conditions are provided along with appropriate examination methods.
Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with cancer. The key components of cancer treatment are prevention, early diagnosis, and multimodality treatment. Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body. Staging involves assessing the extent of cancer spread using TNM classification, while grading measures how differentiated cancer cells are from normal cells. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and palliative care.
Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor of the colon or rectum that can have many causes including genetic and environmental factors. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide with over 600,000 new cases detected each year. Diagnosis involves colonoscopy, biopsy, or imaging tests. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the tumor and affected tissues, radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells, and chemotherapy with drugs administered systemically to target cancer throughout the body. Outcomes depend on the stage of cancer, with early stage cancers having a better prognosis. Later stages indicate a larger tumor size, spread to lymph nodes or distant organs, and lower survival rates.
Cervical cancer develops slowly over time and is usually caused by HPV infection. It begins in the cervix and can spread to other nearby tissues and organs. Early stage cancers are often asymptomatic while later stages may cause abnormal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis involves pap smears, biopsies, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination. Adopting safe sex practices, getting the HPV vaccine, and undergoing regular pap smears can help prevent cervical cancer.
This document discusses advanced (metastatic) breast cancer, including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with over 22 million new cases diagnosed in 2020.
- If breast cancer spreads to distant organs, the 5-year survival rate drops to 29%. Common sites of metastasis include bone, lung, liver and brain.
- Advanced breast cancer is typically treated through a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy and radiation depending on the cancer type, location and stage.
- Staging uses the TNM system to classify tumors by size (T), lymph node involvement (N) and metastasis (M), along with other factors like hormone receptor status. This
This document provides information about cancer of the esophagus. It discusses that esophageal cancer is the 8th most common cancer worldwide and 6th most common cause of cancer death. It occurs most commonly in Asian countries. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests including endoscopy, CT, PET, EUS, and staging according to TNM classification are described. The staging and prognosis depend on extent of primary tumor and lymph node involvement.
This document provides an overview of common large bowel diseases in 3 paragraphs:
The first paragraph discusses the anatomy and physiology of the large bowel, including its layers, parts like the cecum and rectum, and its role in water absorption.
The second paragraph covers colorectal cancer, including risk factors, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. It also mentions hereditary conditions like familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome that increase CRC risk.
The third paragraph discusses other large bowel conditions such as diverticular disease, hemorrhoids, prolapsed mucosa, fistulas, fissures, and inflammatory bowel disease. It provides brief descriptions of these conditions and their symptoms.
This document summarizes information about esophageal cancer including its anatomy, types, epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment. It discusses how esophageal cancer is typically diagnosed through tests like barium swallow, endoscopy and biopsy. Staging looks at factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment options depend on staging and may include endoscopic resection for early stages, surgery for resectable tumors, chemotherapy and radiation individually or combined. Prognosis depends on stage, with earlier stages having longer survival times.
The document discusses the anatomy, histology, physiology, carcinogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of gastric cancer. It notes that gastric cancer typically presents with nonspecific symptoms like abdominal pain or weight loss. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Staging involves endoscopic ultrasound or CT scan to evaluate tumor invasion and lymph node involvement. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Screening high-risk individuals can detect early gastric cancer and improve outcomes.
Cancer arises from changes in normal cells that cause them to grow uncontrollably and spread. The document discusses cancer staging using the TNM system to describe the size and spread of tumors (T), involvement of lymph nodes (N), and presence of metastases (M). Together this information is used to determine the stage of cancer and guide treatment planning and prognosis. Staging involves physical exams, biopsies, imaging tests and can vary depending on the cancer type.
This document discusses the management of oral cancer including clinical staging, diagnostic methods, treatment options, prognosis, and prevention. It provides detailed information on tumor staging using the TNM system and stage grouping. Diagnostic methods covered include biopsy techniques, toluidine blue staining, cytology, and various imaging modalities. Treatment options discussed are analgesics, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and management of complications from cancer therapy.
Cancer has become a global event that requires study, research and development of all that is new. The process of determining the stage of a tumor is considered the most important in treatment, in order to choose the appropriate type of treatment according to the stage. Treatment in the early stages may be limited to surgical intervention, while chemotherapy is added to improve survival. In the advanced stage, chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and immunotherapy are used. Also, the use of the multimodal treatment method is one of the recent therapeutic developments, as is the adjunctive use of chemotherapy and radiation before surgical intervention.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of small bowel disease.Abdellah Nazeer
Radiological imaging is useful for diagnosing and evaluating congenital anomalies and diseases of the small bowel. Common congenital anomalies include atresia, stenosis, duplications and malrotations which can cause obstruction. Radiography is often the initial test to determine if obstruction is present in neonates with symptoms. Various imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT and MRI help diagnose more complex anomalies. Small bowel tumors are rare but can be benign like lipomas, leiomyomas and adenomas, or malignant like carcinomas and lymphomas. Imaging plays a key role in detecting and characterizing small bowel abnormalities.
The document discusses carcinoma of the esophagus, including its anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, staging, types, and management. It covers the various surgical techniques for esophagectomy, such as Ivor Lewis, McKeown, and transhiatal procedures. Post-operative care including drainage tube removal and diet progression is also summarized.
Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth or tumors. There are two main types of neoplasia - benign and malignant. Benign tumors remain localized and are non-invasive, while malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites through lymphatic vessels or blood vessels in a process called metastasis. The development of cancer is a multistep process that involves genetic mutations that activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and division. Key hallmarks of cancer include self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and ability to invade and metastasize.
The document provides information on various topics related to oncology and cancer treatment. It defines oncology as the branch of medical science dealing with tumors, and cancer as uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can spread. The stages of cancer are described using the TNM system which evaluates the size of the primary tumor (T), spread to lymph nodes (N), and metastasis (M). Common cancer treatment modalities are discussed, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and surgery. Side effects of treatments are also summarized.
This document discusses bladder cancer. Some key points:
1. Bladder cancer is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and the second most common cause of cancer death.
2. Bladder cancer presents at a muscle-invasive stage in 20-40% of cases.
3. Diagnosis involves cystoscopy, urine cytology, imaging like CT/MRI, and biopsy.
4. Treatment depends on stage - non-muscle invasive cancers receive transurethral resection and intravesical therapy while muscle-invasive cancers require radical cystectomy and urinary diversion.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Malignant tumors can be classified based on their cell of origin and include carcinomas, sarcomas, and germ cell tumors. They are characterized by uncontrolled growth, invasion of surrounding tissues, and spread through lymphatics or bloodstream. Diagnosis is confirmed through biopsy and histopathological examination showing features of malignancy. While some genetic and environmental factors are known to increase cancer risk, the exact causes remain unclear. Staging systems help determine prognosis and appropriate treatment.
Gastric carcinoma is the second most common cancer-related death worldwide. It typically spreads through direct extension, lymphatics, or hematogenously to distant sites like the liver. Staging involves endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy to determine the depth of invasion and lymph node involvement. Surgery aims to perform a curative resection with negative margins and lymph node dissection, but outcomes remain poor with high rates of recurrence.
Radiological diagnostics of Gastro-Intestinal SystemEneutron
The document discusses various radiological examination methods of the gastrointestinal system including fluoroscopy, radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine techniques. It describes the radiological anatomy and examination techniques for specific organs like the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small intestine, and large intestine. It also discusses various gastrointestinal pathologies that can be identified through radiological imaging like esophageal diverticula, achalasia, gastric cancer, esophageal burns, and foreign bodies. Imaging findings for different conditions are provided along with appropriate examination methods.
Oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with cancer. The key components of cancer treatment are prevention, early diagnosis, and multimodality treatment. Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body. Staging involves assessing the extent of cancer spread using TNM classification, while grading measures how differentiated cancer cells are from normal cells. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, and palliative care.
Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor of the colon or rectum that can have many causes including genetic and environmental factors. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide with over 600,000 new cases detected each year. Diagnosis involves colonoscopy, biopsy, or imaging tests. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the tumor and affected tissues, radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells, and chemotherapy with drugs administered systemically to target cancer throughout the body. Outcomes depend on the stage of cancer, with early stage cancers having a better prognosis. Later stages indicate a larger tumor size, spread to lymph nodes or distant organs, and lower survival rates.
Cervical cancer develops slowly over time and is usually caused by HPV infection. It begins in the cervix and can spread to other nearby tissues and organs. Early stage cancers are often asymptomatic while later stages may cause abnormal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis involves pap smears, biopsies, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the stage but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination. Adopting safe sex practices, getting the HPV vaccine, and undergoing regular pap smears can help prevent cervical cancer.
This document discusses advanced (metastatic) breast cancer, including:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with over 22 million new cases diagnosed in 2020.
- If breast cancer spreads to distant organs, the 5-year survival rate drops to 29%. Common sites of metastasis include bone, lung, liver and brain.
- Advanced breast cancer is typically treated through a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy and radiation depending on the cancer type, location and stage.
- Staging uses the TNM system to classify tumors by size (T), lymph node involvement (N) and metastasis (M), along with other factors like hormone receptor status. This
This document provides information about cancer of the esophagus. It discusses that esophageal cancer is the 8th most common cancer worldwide and 6th most common cause of cancer death. It occurs most commonly in Asian countries. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests including endoscopy, CT, PET, EUS, and staging according to TNM classification are described. The staging and prognosis depend on extent of primary tumor and lymph node involvement.
This document provides an overview of common large bowel diseases in 3 paragraphs:
The first paragraph discusses the anatomy and physiology of the large bowel, including its layers, parts like the cecum and rectum, and its role in water absorption.
The second paragraph covers colorectal cancer, including risk factors, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. It also mentions hereditary conditions like familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome that increase CRC risk.
The third paragraph discusses other large bowel conditions such as diverticular disease, hemorrhoids, prolapsed mucosa, fistulas, fissures, and inflammatory bowel disease. It provides brief descriptions of these conditions and their symptoms.
This document summarizes information about esophageal cancer including its anatomy, types, epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment. It discusses how esophageal cancer is typically diagnosed through tests like barium swallow, endoscopy and biopsy. Staging looks at factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment options depend on staging and may include endoscopic resection for early stages, surgery for resectable tumors, chemotherapy and radiation individually or combined. Prognosis depends on stage, with earlier stages having longer survival times.
The document discusses the anatomy, histology, physiology, carcinogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of gastric cancer. It notes that gastric cancer typically presents with nonspecific symptoms like abdominal pain or weight loss. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Staging involves endoscopic ultrasound or CT scan to evaluate tumor invasion and lymph node involvement. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Screening high-risk individuals can detect early gastric cancer and improve outcomes.
Cancer arises from changes in normal cells that cause them to grow uncontrollably and spread. The document discusses cancer staging using the TNM system to describe the size and spread of tumors (T), involvement of lymph nodes (N), and presence of metastases (M). Together this information is used to determine the stage of cancer and guide treatment planning and prognosis. Staging involves physical exams, biopsies, imaging tests and can vary depending on the cancer type.
This document discusses the management of oral cancer including clinical staging, diagnostic methods, treatment options, prognosis, and prevention. It provides detailed information on tumor staging using the TNM system and stage grouping. Diagnostic methods covered include biopsy techniques, toluidine blue staining, cytology, and various imaging modalities. Treatment options discussed are analgesics, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and management of complications from cancer therapy.
Cancer has become a global event that requires study, research and development of all that is new. The process of determining the stage of a tumor is considered the most important in treatment, in order to choose the appropriate type of treatment according to the stage. Treatment in the early stages may be limited to surgical intervention, while chemotherapy is added to improve survival. In the advanced stage, chemotherapy, targeted drugs, and immunotherapy are used. Also, the use of the multimodal treatment method is one of the recent therapeutic developments, as is the adjunctive use of chemotherapy and radiation before surgical intervention.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of small bowel disease.Abdellah Nazeer
Radiological imaging is useful for diagnosing and evaluating congenital anomalies and diseases of the small bowel. Common congenital anomalies include atresia, stenosis, duplications and malrotations which can cause obstruction. Radiography is often the initial test to determine if obstruction is present in neonates with symptoms. Various imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT and MRI help diagnose more complex anomalies. Small bowel tumors are rare but can be benign like lipomas, leiomyomas and adenomas, or malignant like carcinomas and lymphomas. Imaging plays a key role in detecting and characterizing small bowel abnormalities.
The document discusses carcinoma of the esophagus, including its anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, staging, types, and management. It covers the various surgical techniques for esophagectomy, such as Ivor Lewis, McKeown, and transhiatal procedures. Post-operative care including drainage tube removal and diet progression is also summarized.
Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth or tumors. There are two main types of neoplasia - benign and malignant. Benign tumors remain localized and are non-invasive, while malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant sites through lymphatic vessels or blood vessels in a process called metastasis. The development of cancer is a multistep process that involves genetic mutations that activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and division. Key hallmarks of cancer include self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and ability to invade and metastasize.
The document provides information on various topics related to oncology and cancer treatment. It defines oncology as the branch of medical science dealing with tumors, and cancer as uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can spread. The stages of cancer are described using the TNM system which evaluates the size of the primary tumor (T), spread to lymph nodes (N), and metastasis (M). Common cancer treatment modalities are discussed, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and surgery. Side effects of treatments are also summarized.
This document discusses bladder cancer. Some key points:
1. Bladder cancer is the most common tumor of the urinary tract and the second most common cause of cancer death.
2. Bladder cancer presents at a muscle-invasive stage in 20-40% of cases.
3. Diagnosis involves cystoscopy, urine cytology, imaging like CT/MRI, and biopsy.
4. Treatment depends on stage - non-muscle invasive cancers receive transurethral resection and intravesical therapy while muscle-invasive cancers require radical cystectomy and urinary diversion.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Diagnosis of tumor.ppt
1. Stages of the tumor
process. Classification.
Diagnosis of tumors
2. Stages of the tumor process.
Stage I - diffuse nonspecific hyperplasia.
Stage II - focal proliferates.
Stage III - benign tumor.
Stage IV - malignant tumor.
3. Clinical groups of cancer patients.
I A - patients with suspected cancer.
I B - benign tumors and precancerous
diseases.
II - hematoblastosis, subject to special
methods of treatment.
II A - malignant tumors subject to radical
treatment.
III - patients cured of malignant tumors.
IV - late stages of malignant tumors.
4. TNM classification
International symbols used to characterize
tumor process. The modern clinical and
morphological classification provides for the
division of patients with malignant
neoplasms, depending on the extent of the
process, into 4 stages. This classification is
based on the TNM system developed by the
committee of the International Union
Against Cancer.
5. T symbol (tumor, tumor) - description (characteristic) of the primary
tumor, has seven options.
T0 - the primary tumor is not verified, although there are metastases.
T - pre-invasive carcinoma (carcinoma in situ) - the tumor is
localized within the layer in which it arose.
T1 - a small tumor (no more than 2 cm in diameter), limited to the
original tissue.
T2 is a small tumor (no more than 4 cm in diameter) that does not go
beyond the affected organ.
T3 - a tumor of significant size (up to 6 cm in diameter), germinating
serous membranes and capsules.
T4 is a tumor that grows into surrounding tissues and organs.
TX is a tumor, the size and boundaries of which cannot be precisely
determined.
6. Displacement of the esophagus
X-ray examination: the aberrant right subclavian artery (a.
Lusoria) passes through the posterior mediastinum and forms an
impression on the esophagus in the form of a strip-like defect
running obliquely.
The right-sided aortic arch forms impressed not on the esophagus
along the posterior-right wall. Enlarged lymph nodes of the
posterior mediastinum (metastases, lymphosarcoma,
lymphogranulomatosis) form an impression on one of the walls
of the esophagus or push it back
7. Symbol N (nodulus, node) - reflects the degree of damage to
the lymph nodes, has five options.
NX - insufficient data to determine the nature of the lesion of
the lymph nodes.
N0 - no signs of lymph node involvement.
N1 - lesion of one lymph node located at a distance of up to 3
cm from the primary focus, the diameter of the affected node is
less than 3 cm.
N2 - lesion of one node, the diameter of which is 3-6 cm, or
several lymph nodes, the diameter of which is less than 3 cm,
but they are located at a distance of more than 3 cm from the
primary tumor.
N3 - lesion of one lymph node, the diameter of which is 6 cm,
or several nodes, the diameter of which is 3-6 cm, but they are
located at a distance of more than 3 cm from the primary
tumor.
8. Symbol M (metastases) - reflects the presence of
individual metastases due to hematogenous or
lymphogenous dissemination.
The M symbol has three variants.
MX - insufficient data to determine prevalence.
M0 - there are no signs of distant metastasis.
M1 - there are (single, multiple) distant metastases.
9. Cardiospasm (esophageal achalasia)
X-ray examination: on the plain chest X-ray - expansion of the
shadow of the mediastinum to the right; when contrasting - a
relatively uniform expansion of the esophagus along its entire
length, conical narrowing of the abdominal esophagus, food in
the esophagus, impaired contractile function of the esophagus,
absence of a gas bubble in the stomach, thickening of the folds
of the esophageal mucosa
10. The principle of determining the stage of the
disease in malignant neoplasms can be
formulated only in a general form, since there
is an individual feature for each localization
of cancer. Grouping by stages depending on
various combinations of the indicated
symbols makes it possible to simplify and
unify the quantitative and qualitative
description of the tumor.
11. The degree of morphological differentiation of tumor tissue.
1 - highly differentiated.
2 - the average degree of differentiation.
3 - low degree of differentiation.
4 - undifferentiated.
12. DIAGNOSTICS OF MALIGNANT TUMORS
The key to success in the treatment of malignant
tumors is their early diagnosis. It is known that at
the stage of tumor development, cancer in situ
can be cured in 100% of cases. When treating
cancer in stage I, a complete cure is achieved in
80-90%, in stage III - only in 30% of patients.
The relevance of the issue of timely diagnosis of
malignant tumors is associated with the high
prevalence and wide variety of their clinical
course.
13. When collecting anamnesis, you should pay attention to
the following data:
1) unmotivated change in well-being, increased fatigue,
loss of appetite and weight;
2) change in habits, the appearance of aversion to any type
of food or food smells;
3) the appearance of pathological secretions (sputum with
blood, blood or mucus in the feces);
4) violation of patency of hollow organs (dysphagia,
vomiting, persistent constipation, bloating);
5) the appearance of previously non-existent visible or
palpable formations or ulcerations, for example, on the
skin, mucous membranes of the lips and oral cavity.
14. In visual forms of cancer (skin, lip, oral cavity,
mammary gland, rectum, external genitalia), the
most important symptom is the presence of a
visible or palpable tumor. If the patient has a
long-term chronic disease, it is possible to
change his pre-existing symptoms, which should
also alert the doctor. Besides
Moreover, it is necessary to pay attention to the
lack of effect from the treatment of a chronic
disease, which previously brought success. It is
necessary to ask the patient about his bad habits
(smoking, chewing tobacco, eating hot food).
15. An important role is played by an
oncological anamnesis, in particular, the
treatment of a patient in the past for tumors
of other localizations or the presence of
malignant tumors in blood relatives.If you
suspect a certain oncological pathology, for
example, the lungs, it is necessary to
question the patient purposefully, asking
leading questions, as he often cannot
highlight the main complaints, focusing on
minor ones, which makes it difficult to
establish a true diagnosis.
16. Clinical examination of the patient plays an important
role, especially in the presence of visual forms of
cancer. Particular attention during examination and
palpation should be paid to the regional lymph nodes.
When examining cancer patients, palpation of the
abdominal cavity is mandatory. A digital examination
of the rectum gives a lot of information about the
presence of the tumor and its extent. Some metastases
can be found on examination through the rectum.
Information can also be obtained from auscultation and
percussion, especially if there is free fluid in the pleural
and abdominal cavities.
17. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS FOR
DIAGNOSING TUMORS
The most commonly used for examining the
population with suspected oncological
pathology are radiation diagnostic methods.
The most common of them is radiological. Not
a single patient with a suspected tumor can
currently do without an X-ray examination.
This method is especially widely used in mass
screening of the population during prophylactic
examinations to identify pathology of the lungs
and mammary gland.
18. The use of the X-ray method makes it
possible to resolve the issue of the presence
or absence of pathological changes in a
particular organ. In the future, clarifying
research methods are used.
The X-ray method makes it possible to
assess the dynamics of the pathological
process with special treatment. Pulmonary
tomography, angiography, pyelography and
dr.
19. X-ray computer
tomography (CT), which allows
transverse scanning and obtaining a
differentiated image of tissues and organs,
the radiopacity of which is distinguishable
by 0.5%. Computed tomography can
detect small tumors even in the brain,
kidneys, pancreas,
organs of the small pelvis.
20. Increasingly, when examining cancer patients, it
is used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The
advantages of this method include the practical
absence of radiation exposure. The MRI method
is based on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic
resonance (registration of the energy emitted by
hydrogen nuclei after preliminary exposure to a
broad-spectrum radio frequency pulse).
21. Among the advantages of MRI, it should also
be noted that there is no need to use contrast
agents, the ability to obtain an image in any
plane (including three orthogonal anatomical
projections), and a high resolution of
contrasting soft tissues.
MRI is used in the diagnosis of almost all
types of human tumors.
22. Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) has become
one of the most widespread radiation research
methods in recent years. The advantage of the
method is its high resolution and harmlessness,
which makes it possible to repeat the study many
times. With the help of ultrasound, almost all
organs and soft tissues can be examined.
23. Tumors of the lungs, stomach, intestines, bones, brain and
spinal cord are inaccessible for echography.
In cases where the use of the above methods does not
allow us to accurately establish the nature of the disease
or the extent of tumor spread, the method of radionuclide
diagnostics is used, which is based on the ability of
radiopharmaceuticals (chemical compounds labeled
certain radionuclides) selectively accumulate in various
organs, tissues, tumors. Registration of gamma radiation
emitted during the decay of a nuclide makes it possible to
obtain an image (scintigraphy) of the organ under study.
24. Scintigraphy allows detecting tumors or
metastases at least 2 cm in size in places
inaccessible for X-ray examination, or long
before their X-ray imaging (sometimes up to 6
months) in the form of "cold" or "hot" foci.
"Cold" lesions indicate organ tissue
replacement pathologically altered tissue,
which does not accumulate a
radiopharmaceutical that is tropic to the tissue
of the organ, "hot" - about an increased
accumulation of the isotope, which is
selectively fixed in the tumor.
25. Emission computed tomography has greatly
expanded possibilities of radionuclide diagnostics.
This method provides accurate measurement of the
tumor lesion and visualization of low-contrast
structures that are not detected by scintigraphy. A
promising method for diagnosing tumors and
metastases is radionuclide immunoscintigraphy
using monoclonal antibodies.
26. The endoscopic method occupies one of the leading
places in diagnostics, as it allows you to visually
assess the nature of pathological changes in the
organ. This method in the presence of a tumor
(stomach, intestines, bronchi) allows you to
determine its localization, size, growth boundaries
and, most importantly, to take material for
morphological verification of the diagnosis.
The endoscopic diagnostic method allows detecting
cancer at the earliest stages of development, when
the tumor reaches several millimeters in size. In the
diagnosis of such small tumors, endoscopic
methods in complex with biopsy and cytological
examination are much more effective than
27. Material for cytological examination can be
obtained by scraping from a tumor,
flushing, puncture. The most informative is
the forceps biopsy of the tumor tissue
followed by histological examination.
Endoscopic research methods have become
practically obligatory for the corresponding
pathology: bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy,
gastroscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy,
laparoscopy, colposcopy, thoracoscopy.
28. MORPHOLOGICAL METHOD FOR TUMOR
DIAGNOSTICS
A special place in oncology is occupied by morphological research
methods - cytological and histological.
None of the existing special methods of treatment (surgical,
radiation, drug) can be carried out without morphological
verification of the diagnosis. Failure to comply with this rule leads
to an incorrect diagnosis, to the unreasonable conduct of special
treatment, as a result, severe, sometimes crippling operations are
performed, radiation therapy with severe radiation injuries or
chemotherapy, which has a teratogenic and carcinogenic effect, is
performed. The exclusion of the diagnosis of a malignant tumor
without a morphological examination may be erroneous, which
delays the timing of the start of special treatment and worsens it.
long-term results
29. Cytological research method. The material for
research can be cells that are independently excreted
from the tumor and excreted, and cells obtained by
aspiration during puncture of the tumor. The material
for research in the first case is sputum, urine,
prostate secretions, discharge from the nipple of the
breast, cervix and vagina, rectum. Material from
hollow organs can be obtained by washing with
isotonic sodium chloride solution, by imprints or
scraping from the surface of tissues using a cotton
swab or special brushes.
30. Aspiration cytology involves the study of cells
obtained by puncture of tumor formations
from the thyroid, breast, salivary and prostate
glands, lymph nodes, tumors of the lungs and
mediastinum, tumors of soft tissues and bone
marrow. Puncture allows you to obtain
cytological material from the pleural and
peritoneal cavities, spinal canal, pericardium
and synovial sheaths. With the help of sternal
puncture, bone marrow tissue is also obtained
for cytological examination.
31. The malignant transformation of cells can be judged
on the basis of a set of signs that characterize the
cells of the neoplasm and their relationship with
other cells. The main groups include pronounced
atypia compared to normal cells, which consists
in the polymorphism of the size and shape of cells,
an increase in the nucleus relative to the size of the
cell, the formation of giant nuclei, the eccentric
arrangement of the nucleus, the presence of several
nuclei in one cell
32. the number of mitoses, nuclear hyperchromia and
vacuolization of the cytoplasm, a large number of "naked"
nuclei.
The size of tumor cells ranges from 4 to 60 ¬. Most often,
they are larger than the cells of the original tissue and can
have various shapes: oval, round, fusiform, cylindrical,
triangular, stellate, polygonal, etc. The shape of the nuclei
of malignant cells is also diverse and can be oval, bean,
fusiform, crescent and irregular. The boundaries of
malignant cells are often blurred, uneven.
One of the main morphological signs of malignant tumors
is the formation of multinucleated giant cells.
A malignant tumor is characterized by a large number of
mitoses.