Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor that arises from the esophagus. It has several histological forms but squamous cell carcinoma is most common. Risk factors include smoking, drinking alcohol, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing and weight loss. Treatment depends on the cancer stage but may involve surgery to remove the esophagus, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Preventive measures include not smoking, limiting alcohol, and treating gastroesophageal reflux disease.
A 66-year-old man presented with dysphagia and weight loss. An endoscopy revealed adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Further workup with biopsy and CT scan confirmed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient's cancer was staged and treatment options of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or chemoradiation were discussed. Screening for stomach cancer remains controversial but may be recommended for high-risk groups in areas with high incidence.
Esophageal cancer develops in the esophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. There are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett's esophagus. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on cancer stage and health but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or palliative care. Prognosis ranges from 47% 5-year survival for localized cancer to 5% for distant stage cancer.
Pancreatic cancer arises from uncontrolled growth of cells in the pancreas. It most often develops in the exocrine tissues and is typically diagnosed in individuals aged 60-80 years. Risk factors include smoking, chronic pancreatitis, obesity, and certain genetic syndromes. Symptoms are often vague in early stages but may include weight loss, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, abdominal imaging like ultrasound or CT scan, and biopsy. Staging evaluates tumor size and spread. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and pain management. Prognosis is generally poor with only 10% of patients surviving more than 5 years.
This document discusses gastric cancer worldwide. It notes that gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer globally and has varying incidence rates in different regions. For example, the rate is higher in Japan, Eastern Europe, and lower in the UK and USA. The incidence of cancers in the proximal stomach are increasing while those in the body and antrum are decreasing. Treatment options discussed include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and palliative care. Prognosis is better in Japan where more patients undergo curative resection and have higher 5-year survival rates compared to the West.
Gastric carcinoma is the second most common cancer-related death worldwide. It typically spreads through direct extension, lymphatics, or hematogenously to distant sites like the liver. Staging involves endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy to determine the depth of invasion and lymph node involvement. Surgery aims to perform a curative resection with negative margins and lymph node dissection, but outcomes remain poor with high rates of recurrence.
1) The stomach is located in the abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It has five regions and receives blood supply from branches of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery.
2) Gastric cancer is usually adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, and family history. Symptoms include dyspepsia, weight loss, and vomiting.
3) Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment depends on stage but may include endoscopic resection for early cancer, surgery such as total gastrectomy with lymph node dissection, or chemotherapy and radiation.
This document provides information on carcinoma of the stomach. It discusses the anatomy of the stomach, including its five parts. It outlines the etiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, staging, and management of gastric carcinoma. Key points include that gastric carcinoma commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms in advanced stages. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment options include surgery such as total or subtotal gastrectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Post-operative complications can include leakage or hemorrhage. Long-term nutritional deficiencies are also a risk.
Oesophageal cancer is a disease that affects the esophagus. The document provides details about:
1) The anatomy, histology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and functions of the esophagus.
2) Risk factors, symptoms, epidemiology, macroscopic and microscopic appearance of oesophageal cancer.
3) Diagnostic tests and staging of oesophageal cancer including endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy.
4) Treatment options for oesophageal cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and palliative care based on the cancer stage. Prognostic factors and performance status scales are also discussed.
A 66-year-old man presented with dysphagia and weight loss. An endoscopy revealed adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Further workup with biopsy and CT scan confirmed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. The patient's cancer was staged and treatment options of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or chemoradiation were discussed. Screening for stomach cancer remains controversial but may be recommended for high-risk groups in areas with high incidence.
Esophageal cancer develops in the esophagus, the tube connecting the throat to the stomach. There are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and Barrett's esophagus. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on cancer stage and health but may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or palliative care. Prognosis ranges from 47% 5-year survival for localized cancer to 5% for distant stage cancer.
Pancreatic cancer arises from uncontrolled growth of cells in the pancreas. It most often develops in the exocrine tissues and is typically diagnosed in individuals aged 60-80 years. Risk factors include smoking, chronic pancreatitis, obesity, and certain genetic syndromes. Symptoms are often vague in early stages but may include weight loss, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, abdominal imaging like ultrasound or CT scan, and biopsy. Staging evaluates tumor size and spread. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and pain management. Prognosis is generally poor with only 10% of patients surviving more than 5 years.
This document discusses gastric cancer worldwide. It notes that gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer globally and has varying incidence rates in different regions. For example, the rate is higher in Japan, Eastern Europe, and lower in the UK and USA. The incidence of cancers in the proximal stomach are increasing while those in the body and antrum are decreasing. Treatment options discussed include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and palliative care. Prognosis is better in Japan where more patients undergo curative resection and have higher 5-year survival rates compared to the West.
Gastric carcinoma is the second most common cancer-related death worldwide. It typically spreads through direct extension, lymphatics, or hematogenously to distant sites like the liver. Staging involves endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy to determine the depth of invasion and lymph node involvement. Surgery aims to perform a curative resection with negative margins and lymph node dissection, but outcomes remain poor with high rates of recurrence.
1) The stomach is located in the abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It has five regions and receives blood supply from branches of the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery.
2) Gastric cancer is usually adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, and family history. Symptoms include dyspepsia, weight loss, and vomiting.
3) Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment depends on stage but may include endoscopic resection for early cancer, surgery such as total gastrectomy with lymph node dissection, or chemotherapy and radiation.
This document provides information on carcinoma of the stomach. It discusses the anatomy of the stomach, including its five parts. It outlines the etiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, staging, and management of gastric carcinoma. Key points include that gastric carcinoma commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms in advanced stages. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment options include surgery such as total or subtotal gastrectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Post-operative complications can include leakage or hemorrhage. Long-term nutritional deficiencies are also a risk.
Oesophageal cancer is a disease that affects the esophagus. The document provides details about:
1) The anatomy, histology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and functions of the esophagus.
2) Risk factors, symptoms, epidemiology, macroscopic and microscopic appearance of oesophageal cancer.
3) Diagnostic tests and staging of oesophageal cancer including endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy.
4) Treatment options for oesophageal cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and palliative care based on the cancer stage. Prognostic factors and performance status scales are also discussed.
colorectal cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, sign and symptom,
pathophysiology, complications, assessment and diagnostic findings, medical and nursing interventions
This document discusses the stages and classification of tumors, as well as methods for diagnosing malignant tumors. It covers:
- The stages of tumor progression from Stage I to IV, with Stage I being hyperplasia and Stage IV being malignant tumors.
- The TNM classification system used internationally to characterize tumors based on the size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and presence of metastases (M).
- Various instrumental diagnostic methods like X-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and endoscopy that are used to examine tumors.
- The importance of morphological/histological examination of biopsied tumor tissue for verifying diagnoses. Cytological and histological analysis of cells is key
This document summarizes information about esophageal cancer including its anatomy, types, epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment. It discusses how esophageal cancer is typically diagnosed through tests like barium swallow, endoscopy and biopsy. Staging looks at factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment options depend on staging and may include endoscopic resection for early stages, surgery for resectable tumors, chemotherapy and radiation individually or combined. Prognosis depends on stage, with earlier stages having longer survival times.
Gastric carcinoma is the 4th most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death globally. It occurs most commonly in individuals aged 50-70 years and is more prevalent in males. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, and low socioeconomic status. Genetic factors like E-cadherin mutations also increase risk. Staging involves endoscopy with biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, CT, and diagnostic laparoscopy. Treatment depends on stage but may include endoscopic resection for early cancer or gastrectomy with lymph node dissection for more advanced disease. Post-operative complications can include dumping syndrome, nutritional deficiencies, or bowel obstructions.
This document discusses gastric carcinoma. It begins by defining gastric carcinoma as a malignant lesion of the stomach. It then discusses the epidemiology and risk factors, noting that incidence is highest in Japan and declining worldwide. Common clinical presentations include dyspepsia, epigastric pain, weight loss, and vomiting. Diagnostic tests include endoscopy with biopsy, which has high accuracy. Staging involves evaluating depth of invasion and lymph node involvement. Treatment options are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Prognosis depends on stage, with early-stage carcinoma having high 5-year survival rates.
This document provides information about esophageal cancer, including its symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis process, staging, and treatment options. It discusses that esophageal cancer occurs when cancer cells develop in the esophagus and there are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Diagnosis involves various imaging tests and biopsies. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted drug therapies. Complications are also discussed.
This document provides information about bladder cancer including its definition, types, risk factors, signs and symptoms, staging, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. It defines bladder cancer as uncontrolled growth of cells in the bladder and lists the main types as urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and flat carcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, chemicals, and chronic infections. Signs may include blood in urine, urinary changes, bone pain, and weight loss. Staging uses TNM criteria and treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and managing side effects.
This document discusses carcinoma of the bladder. It begins by defining bladder cancer and noting that it forms in bladder tissues and may infiltrate the bladder wall. It then covers the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, types, clinical manifestations, staging, grading, diagnosis and management of bladder cancer. Management includes surgery such as TURBT and cystectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and intravesical drug therapy. Nursing management involves assessment, education, managing anxiety and pain, and monitoring the urinary drainage system after any procedures.
Oral cancer refers to cancers that develop in the mouth. The document discusses oral cancer pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests including biopsy, and treatment options. Treatment may involve surgery such as glossectomy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of approaches with goals of cure, palliation, or primary treatment. Complications from cancer or its treatment can include pain, fatigue, breathing problems, nausea, and weight loss.
Benign tumors of the esophagus include leiomyomas, cysts, and polyps. Leiomyomas are the most common benign tumor, usually occurring in the lower two-thirds of the esophagus in males. Esophageal cysts often present in childhood and are located along the right side. Malignant esophageal tumors are usually advanced at diagnosis and involve the muscular wall. Squamous cell carcinoma is most common and risk factors include smoking and alcohol. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy and imaging such as CT scan. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, but long-term survival remains low given late-stage presentation.
1. Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide, with over 1.2 million new cases annually. The risk increases with age, with most cases occurring after age 50.
2. Screening is recommended for average risk individuals starting at age 50, and earlier for those with risk factors like family history or inflammatory bowel disease. Screening options include annual fecal tests and colonoscopy every 10 years.
3. Treatment depends on the cancer stage and location. Early stage cancers are typically treated with surgery alone, while later stages may involve chemotherapy and radiation in addition to surgery. The goals are curative therapy for early stages and palliative care for metastatic disease.
The document describes the anatomy and pathophysiology of the esophagus. It discusses:
- The esophagus is a 25 cm muscular tube that extends from the cricopharyngeus to the gastroesophageal junction.
- There are four layers of the esophageal wall and four regions of the esophagus.
- Esophageal cancer is most commonly squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, alcohol, obesity, and Barrett's esophagus.
- Staging of esophageal cancer involves evaluating the primary tumor, lymph nodes, and distant metastases. Treatment depends on the cancer stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.
Gastric cancer is a common cancer worldwide, with high rates in East Asia and Eastern Europe. Napoleon likely died from a stage IIIA gastric cancer based on historical accounts of his symptoms. For diagnosis, endoscopy with biopsy is needed but endoscopic ultrasound and CT scans can help determine tumor depth and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage - early cancers may be treated with endoscopic resection while later stages typically require surgical resection with chemotherapy sometimes used as adjuvant therapy or for palliation. Prognosis correlates with stage, with 5-year survival rates of 90%, 60%, 30%, 8% for stages I-IV respectively.
Gastric cancer is a common cancer worldwide, with high rates in East Asia and Eastern Europe. Napoleon likely died from a stage IIIA gastric cancer based on historical accounts of his symptoms. For diagnosis, endoscopy with biopsy is needed but endoscopic ultrasound and CT scans can help determine tumor depth and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage - early cancers may be treated with endoscopic resection while later stages typically require surgical resection with chemotherapy sometimes used as adjuvant therapy or for palliation. Prognosis correlates with stage, with 5-year survival rates of 90%, 60%, 30%, 8% for stages I to IV respectively.
Colorectal cancer begins in the colon or rectum. It is the third most common cancer globally and incidence increases with age. Risk factors include family history, diet high in red meat, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include changes in bowel habits, blood in stool, and abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis involves tests like colonoscopy, biopsy, and blood tests. Treatment depends on stage and location of cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, nutrition, and educating patients. Prevention includes exercise, limiting red meat, and screening to detect and remove precancerous polyps.
This document discusses malignant neoplasms of the stomach. Some key points:
- Stomach cancer is the 5th most common cancer globally and the 3rd leading cause of cancer death. Outcomes are generally poor due to late stage at presentation.
- Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, low fruit/vegetable diet, family history, and prior gastric surgery or conditions like pernicious anemia.
- Tumors are classified by location, histology (intestinal vs diffuse), and stage. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging.
- Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgical resection with lymph node dissection, with or without adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation
The document discusses gastric carcinoma (stomach cancer). It provides details on risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing including endoscopy, staging, treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, complications, and prognostic factors. The highest rates of gastric cancer are seen in Japan, and it is more common in males and older individuals. Infection with H. pylori is a significant risk factor. Endoscopy with biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. Treatment depends on staging but may include surgery such as total or subtotal gastrectomy. Prognosis depends on depth of invasion and lymph node involvement.
Cancer (Diet therapy, Nutritional care)Supta Sarkar
This document provides an overview of cancer and discusses several cancers related to the digestive system. It begins with introducing cancer and its causes at the cellular level. Some key statistics about cancer worldwide and in India are presented. The document then discusses several specific cancers in depth, including oropharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, and stomach cancer. For each cancer, it covers risk factors, symptoms, treatment options, and potential nutritional issues resulting from treatment.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
colorectal cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, sign and symptom,
pathophysiology, complications, assessment and diagnostic findings, medical and nursing interventions
This document discusses the stages and classification of tumors, as well as methods for diagnosing malignant tumors. It covers:
- The stages of tumor progression from Stage I to IV, with Stage I being hyperplasia and Stage IV being malignant tumors.
- The TNM classification system used internationally to characterize tumors based on the size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and presence of metastases (M).
- Various instrumental diagnostic methods like X-rays, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and endoscopy that are used to examine tumors.
- The importance of morphological/histological examination of biopsied tumor tissue for verifying diagnoses. Cytological and histological analysis of cells is key
This document summarizes information about esophageal cancer including its anatomy, types, epidemiology, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment. It discusses how esophageal cancer is typically diagnosed through tests like barium swallow, endoscopy and biopsy. Staging looks at factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment options depend on staging and may include endoscopic resection for early stages, surgery for resectable tumors, chemotherapy and radiation individually or combined. Prognosis depends on stage, with earlier stages having longer survival times.
Gastric carcinoma is the 4th most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death globally. It occurs most commonly in individuals aged 50-70 years and is more prevalent in males. Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, and low socioeconomic status. Genetic factors like E-cadherin mutations also increase risk. Staging involves endoscopy with biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, CT, and diagnostic laparoscopy. Treatment depends on stage but may include endoscopic resection for early cancer or gastrectomy with lymph node dissection for more advanced disease. Post-operative complications can include dumping syndrome, nutritional deficiencies, or bowel obstructions.
This document discusses gastric carcinoma. It begins by defining gastric carcinoma as a malignant lesion of the stomach. It then discusses the epidemiology and risk factors, noting that incidence is highest in Japan and declining worldwide. Common clinical presentations include dyspepsia, epigastric pain, weight loss, and vomiting. Diagnostic tests include endoscopy with biopsy, which has high accuracy. Staging involves evaluating depth of invasion and lymph node involvement. Treatment options are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Prognosis depends on stage, with early-stage carcinoma having high 5-year survival rates.
This document provides information about esophageal cancer, including its symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis process, staging, and treatment options. It discusses that esophageal cancer occurs when cancer cells develop in the esophagus and there are two main types: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Diagnosis involves various imaging tests and biopsies. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted drug therapies. Complications are also discussed.
This document provides information about bladder cancer including its definition, types, risk factors, signs and symptoms, staging, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. It defines bladder cancer as uncontrolled growth of cells in the bladder and lists the main types as urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and flat carcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, chemicals, and chronic infections. Signs may include blood in urine, urinary changes, bone pain, and weight loss. Staging uses TNM criteria and treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and managing side effects.
This document discusses carcinoma of the bladder. It begins by defining bladder cancer and noting that it forms in bladder tissues and may infiltrate the bladder wall. It then covers the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, types, clinical manifestations, staging, grading, diagnosis and management of bladder cancer. Management includes surgery such as TURBT and cystectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and intravesical drug therapy. Nursing management involves assessment, education, managing anxiety and pain, and monitoring the urinary drainage system after any procedures.
Oral cancer refers to cancers that develop in the mouth. The document discusses oral cancer pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests including biopsy, and treatment options. Treatment may involve surgery such as glossectomy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of approaches with goals of cure, palliation, or primary treatment. Complications from cancer or its treatment can include pain, fatigue, breathing problems, nausea, and weight loss.
Benign tumors of the esophagus include leiomyomas, cysts, and polyps. Leiomyomas are the most common benign tumor, usually occurring in the lower two-thirds of the esophagus in males. Esophageal cysts often present in childhood and are located along the right side. Malignant esophageal tumors are usually advanced at diagnosis and involve the muscular wall. Squamous cell carcinoma is most common and risk factors include smoking and alcohol. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy and imaging such as CT scan. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, but long-term survival remains low given late-stage presentation.
1. Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide, with over 1.2 million new cases annually. The risk increases with age, with most cases occurring after age 50.
2. Screening is recommended for average risk individuals starting at age 50, and earlier for those with risk factors like family history or inflammatory bowel disease. Screening options include annual fecal tests and colonoscopy every 10 years.
3. Treatment depends on the cancer stage and location. Early stage cancers are typically treated with surgery alone, while later stages may involve chemotherapy and radiation in addition to surgery. The goals are curative therapy for early stages and palliative care for metastatic disease.
The document describes the anatomy and pathophysiology of the esophagus. It discusses:
- The esophagus is a 25 cm muscular tube that extends from the cricopharyngeus to the gastroesophageal junction.
- There are four layers of the esophageal wall and four regions of the esophagus.
- Esophageal cancer is most commonly squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, alcohol, obesity, and Barrett's esophagus.
- Staging of esophageal cancer involves evaluating the primary tumor, lymph nodes, and distant metastases. Treatment depends on the cancer stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.
Gastric cancer is a common cancer worldwide, with high rates in East Asia and Eastern Europe. Napoleon likely died from a stage IIIA gastric cancer based on historical accounts of his symptoms. For diagnosis, endoscopy with biopsy is needed but endoscopic ultrasound and CT scans can help determine tumor depth and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage - early cancers may be treated with endoscopic resection while later stages typically require surgical resection with chemotherapy sometimes used as adjuvant therapy or for palliation. Prognosis correlates with stage, with 5-year survival rates of 90%, 60%, 30%, 8% for stages I-IV respectively.
Gastric cancer is a common cancer worldwide, with high rates in East Asia and Eastern Europe. Napoleon likely died from a stage IIIA gastric cancer based on historical accounts of his symptoms. For diagnosis, endoscopy with biopsy is needed but endoscopic ultrasound and CT scans can help determine tumor depth and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage - early cancers may be treated with endoscopic resection while later stages typically require surgical resection with chemotherapy sometimes used as adjuvant therapy or for palliation. Prognosis correlates with stage, with 5-year survival rates of 90%, 60%, 30%, 8% for stages I to IV respectively.
Colorectal cancer begins in the colon or rectum. It is the third most common cancer globally and incidence increases with age. Risk factors include family history, diet high in red meat, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include changes in bowel habits, blood in stool, and abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis involves tests like colonoscopy, biopsy, and blood tests. Treatment depends on stage and location of cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, nutrition, and educating patients. Prevention includes exercise, limiting red meat, and screening to detect and remove precancerous polyps.
This document discusses malignant neoplasms of the stomach. Some key points:
- Stomach cancer is the 5th most common cancer globally and the 3rd leading cause of cancer death. Outcomes are generally poor due to late stage at presentation.
- Risk factors include H. pylori infection, smoking, low fruit/vegetable diet, family history, and prior gastric surgery or conditions like pernicious anemia.
- Tumors are classified by location, histology (intestinal vs diffuse), and stage. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging.
- Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgical resection with lymph node dissection, with or without adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation
The document discusses gastric carcinoma (stomach cancer). It provides details on risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing including endoscopy, staging, treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, complications, and prognostic factors. The highest rates of gastric cancer are seen in Japan, and it is more common in males and older individuals. Infection with H. pylori is a significant risk factor. Endoscopy with biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. Treatment depends on staging but may include surgery such as total or subtotal gastrectomy. Prognosis depends on depth of invasion and lymph node involvement.
Cancer (Diet therapy, Nutritional care)Supta Sarkar
This document provides an overview of cancer and discusses several cancers related to the digestive system. It begins with introducing cancer and its causes at the cellular level. Some key statistics about cancer worldwide and in India are presented. The document then discusses several specific cancers in depth, including oropharyngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, and stomach cancer. For each cancer, it covers risk factors, symptoms, treatment options, and potential nutritional issues resulting from treatment.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Esophageal cancer - a malignant tumor emanating from the
mucous membrane of the esophagus makes up a significant part
of all diseases of this organ. The main symptoms of this disease
are: progressive impairment of swallowing (first solid food, then
liquid) and unintentional weight loss. As of 2012, esophageal
cancer was the eighth most common cancer in the world, with
456,000 new cases during the year. In men, esophageal cancer
occurs about 3 times more often than in women.
3. Etiology
The main risk factors that can cause esophageal cancer include:
Consuming hot, rough, and poorly chewed foods
Drinking alcohol
Frequent drinking of hot drinks (tea, coffee)
Smoking
Barrett's esophagus
Esophagitis
Diverticulitis
Thermal and chemical burns of the esophagus, accompanied by
the formation of scars
Leukoplakia
4. Tumor growth types
There are 3 types of esophageal cancer:
Exophytic (nodular, mushroom, papillomatous -
growth into the lumen of the organ)
Endophytic (ulcerative)
Infiltrative sclerosing (circular form)
5. Histological forms
Most often (97-99% of cases), squamous cell
carcinoma with keratinization and without
keratinization is found. There are also glandular
forms of esophageal cancer and tumors originating
from dystopic epithelium. The international
classification also includes small cell carcinoma,
adenoacanthoma, and carcinosarcoma. [7]
Undifferentiated cancers are also rarely found.
6. Metastasis
Metastasis of esophageal cancer is due to the developed lymphatic network
of the esophagus. Metastases spread to the adjacent lymphatic vessels, and
then to the lymph nodes. Cancer of the cervical esophagus metastasizes to
the deep cervical lymph nodes, cancer of the upper thoracic and middle
thoracic esophagus affects paraesophageal, tracheobronchial and posterior
mediastinal lymph nodes with metastases; cancer of the lower thoracic and
abdominal regions spreads to the subphrenic, paraesophageal, paracardial
lymph nodes, as well as to the lymph nodes along the lesser curvature of
the stomach and the left gastric artery. In addition, metastases are found in
the lymph nodes of the lesser omentum, along the left gastric artery, and in
the cervical and supraclavicular lymph nodes.
Distant metastases affect the liver, lungs, and skeletal system.
7. Clinical classification
According to TNM classification:
T - primary tumor
Tх - insufficient information to assess the primary tumor
T0 - no primary tumor found
Tis - carcinoma in situ.
T1 - the tumor invades the wall of the esophagus up to the submucosa
T2 - the tumor invades the wall of the esophagus to the muscle layer
T3 - the tumor invades the wall of the esophagus to the adventitia.
T4 - the tumor process spreads to neighboring organs
N - regional lymph nodes
Nx - insufficient data to assess regional lymph nodes
N0 - no metastases to regional lymph nodes were found
N1 - metastases to regional lymph nodes are detected
M - distant metastases
Mx - insufficient information to determine distant metastases
M0 - distant metastases not found
M1 - distant metastases are detected
8. In accordance with the Russian classification, esophageal cancer is
divided into 4 stages:
Stage 1 - a small neoplasm affects the mucous membrane and the
submucosa of the esophageal wall, but does not narrow the lumen of the
esophagus and its muscle layer does not grow. No metastases (T1N0M0)
Stage 2 - tumor masses penetrate into the muscular membrane of the
esophagus and narrow the lumen, but do not leave the organ. Single
metastases are found in regional lymph nodes (stage 2A: T2N0M0,
T3N0M0; stage 2B: T1N1M0, T2N1M0)
Stage III - all layers of the esophageal wall are involved in the tumor
process, as well as the peri-esophageal tissue or serous membrane, but
neighboring organs are not affected. Numerous metastases are found in
regional lymph nodes (T3N1M0, T4 any N M0)
Stage IV - cancer affects all layers of the esophagus wall and spreads
to neighboring organs. Metastases are found in regional and distant lymph
nodes (any T, any N, M1)
9. Clinical picture
The clinical symptoms of esophageal cancer can be divided into three
groups: primary or local symptoms caused by damage to the walls of the
esophagus; secondary symptoms resulting from the spread of the tumor
process to neighboring organs and tissues; general symptoms caused by
intoxication and malnutrition.
Primary symptoms include dysphagia, chest pain, chest fullness,
regurgitation, and increased salivation. Almost all of these symptoms
indicate a fairly large spread of the pathological process along the
esophagus.
Typical symptoms of esophageal cancer are caused by obstruction. The
most striking of them is dysphagia - the difficulty in passing food
through the esophagus. Dysphagia is caused by a narrowing of the organ
lumen by a growing tumor (mechanical dysphagia), but sometimes it
depends on spasm in the overlying parts of the esophagus (reflex
dysphagia).
10. In most cases, dysphagia increases gradually. At first, there are subtle
delays in the passage of solid food through the esophagus. The patient, as
it were, feels a solid lump of food moving along the esophagus. The
narrowing progresses, and soon the patient is forced to drink solid food
with a sip of water or refuse to take second courses. In the future, after a
few weeks or months, semi-liquid food ceases to pass, and then liquid.
This sequential development of dysphagia is not always observed.
Sometimes, as a result of the disintegration of the tumor or drug
treatment, the patency of the esophagus is partially or completely restored.
The improvement in the condition does not last long, and soon the
dysphagia begins to progress again.
11. DIAGNOSTICS
At LISOD, effective diagnosis is based on a comprehensive examination. The first in
this series is the endoscopic examination of the esophagus: a flexible endoscope is
inserted into the esophagus, with the help of which a full examination of the entire
mucosa is performed; if necessary, a biopsy is taken - a small piece of tissue for
histological examination.
To find out the extent of the tumor (the degree of involvement of other tissues and
organs in it), i.e. determining the stage of the disease, use additional research methods:
computed tomography of the chest and abdomen;
ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity;
chest x-ray;
a unique for Ukraine transesophageal ultrasound examination of the walls of the
esophagus and structures of the mediastinum with a possible biopsy of the formations
located in the immediate vicinity of the esophagus;
bronchoscopy;
video laparoscopy and video thoracoscopy;
laboratory research.
12. LISOD uses a modern research method - PET-CT. This
study is prescribed for patients who are indicated for
radical treatment, as well as for patients who have
undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy. PET-CT is also
used to accurately plan radiation therapy, to assess the
outcome of treatment and to identify possible recurrence
of the disease.
The use of a number of diagnostic measures allows
specialists to identify the extent of the spread of the
disease and begin complex treatment.
13. TREATMENT
Treatment for esophageal cancer depends on the extent of the tumor and the underlying
pathology. Often, esophageal cancer is detected too late for radical treatment.
In such cases, we offer procedures aimed at improving the quality of life of patients:
placement with an endoscope of a special tube (stent) in the esophagus in order to allow
the passage of food and liquid;
radiation therapy aimed at shrinking the tumor;
expansion (bougienage) of the esophagus or argon plasma destruction of the esophageal
tumor.
These methods are aimed at eliminating esophageal stenosis - closure of it by a tumor -
and associated severe symptoms such as dysphagia, vomiting, and weight loss.
Patients without pronounced concomitant diseases, with a localized tumor, are offered
surgical intervention, which gives a good chance of recovery.
The operation involves removing most of the swollen esophagus and connecting the
remainder to the stomach. Surgery is often accompanied by pre- or postoperative
chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In LISOD, the most complex operations on the
esophagus are performed using a low-traumatic laparoscopic method.
14. SYMPTOMS
Signs of esophageal cancer usually do not appear until the growth is of sufficient
size. The most common symptom is difficulty swallowing solid food. But after a
while, even swallowing liquid becomes difficult. A tumor of the esophagus is
also characterized by other signs.
Any of the following symptoms should be considered as a serious reason for
seeking medical attention and a comprehensive examination:
pain in the center of the chest;
vomiting;
pain when swallowing;
hoarseness and persistent cough (it happens if the tumor spreads to the trachea
and larynx);
weight loss;
signs of gastrointestinal bleeding: vomiting of blood or a mass that resembles
coffee grounds;
black feces (melena).
15. PREVENTION
Quitting smoking and drinking alcohol can reduce the incidence of
squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. At least 90% of this type of
cancer is associated with alcohol and tobacco abuse.
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a common complication of Barrett's
esophagus, affecting more than 20% of people with reflux symptoms.
People with frequent reflux symptoms (heartburn or belching) should
have regular endoscopic examinations.
Patients with Barrett's esophagus should undergo endoscopy in order to
identify precancerous changes in the esophageal mucosa and receive
quality adequate treatment. They also need treatment for
gastroesophageal reflux, which includes diet and lifestyle changes.