Pig Dissection Lab Report

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders describes the wide range of effects that can occur if a mother
drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects include physical abnormalities, mental problems,
and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications. The child affected is more likely to
have trouble in school, problems with the law, participate in high risk behaviors and/or problems
with drugs or alcohol. The most severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders is known as fetal
alcohol syndrome (FAS).
Other types of FASD's includes:
partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS)
alcohol–related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)
alcohol–related birth defects (ARBD)
Who gets fetal alcohol syndrome?
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Cat Dissection Lab
Introduction The goal of this lab was to dissect and isolate the muscles and organs of a cat.
Dissection is the act of cutting into a specimen to learn the anatomy of it upon other things. Isolation
is the act of separating one body part from another. The groups were to explore different areas of the
cat as a class. After observing for six days the students were to know the locations of muscles and
organs throughout the specimen. The anatomy of a cat is very similar to a human so it was a perfect
example to work on.
Day 1 On day one the students were to isolate the following muscles: Acromiotrapezius,
Clavotrapezius, Spinodeltoid, Spinotrapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Sternomastoid, Triceps Brachii,
Clavobrachialis, Acromiodeltoid. Paige Toset, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The respiratory system in a human consists of the upper and lower tracts. The upper tract includes:
Nose, Pharynx, and associated structures. The lower tract includes: Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi,
Lungs, and the tubing within the lungs. Whereas, in a cat its functions are to exchange carbon
dioxide with oxygen and acts as a cooling system. Cats do not sweat therefore, they have to breathe
harder and faster to cool off. After their first breath, a cat's respiratory system is in perfectly working
condition. Their respiratory system concludes of the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi and the lungs. I would say they are pretty similar in comparison the only difference
is that in a cat it works as a cooling system as

Drug Addicted Babies
Keelana Char
English 155
Ms. Mendiola
19 September 2012
Drug Addicted Babies The use of illicit drugs and abuse of alcohol exact a steep price from our
society. Substance abuse is a factor in many serious ills such as crime. More upsetting, however, is
the affects that it has on children born affected from their dependent mothers. The National Institute
on Drug Abuse estimates that 60 percent of women of childbearing age consume alcoholic
beverages despite the fact that alcohol consumption during pregnancy is implicated in a wide range
of birth defects and developmental disabilities, including mental retardation, physical abnormalities,
and visual and auditory impairments. (Nevitt, 1996) Since most drug users are in the child bearing ...
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Because lack of emotional stimulation and feedback can literally turn off the infant production of
growth hormone, these cases are often the most severe. Severe non–organic failure to thrive is
potentially fatal. Infant malnutrition develops starvation or overwhelming sepsis. Non–organic
failure to thrive is associated with severe maternal depression or other serious mental illness,
maternal substance abuse, or severe sociopathic personality disorder. (Van, 1977) Infants who were
exposed to alcohol and/or drugs may exhibit this disorder, which is characterized by a loss of
weight, or slowing of weight gain, and a failure to reach developmental milestones. This can be due
to medical and/or environmental factors. The infant's behavior includes poor sucking, difficulty in
swallowing, and distractibility. Many of these children live in chronically dysfunctional families,
which place them at greater risk of parental neglect. (Van, 1977) Within seventy–two hours after
birth, many infants who were exposed prenatally to drugs experience withdrawal symptoms,
including tremors and irritability. Their skin may be red and dry; they may have a fever, sweating,
diarrhea, excessive vomiting, and even seizures. Such

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting children born to women who
drink heavily during pregnancy. There are three criteria used to describe the effects of prenatal
alcohol exposure and to make a diagnosis of FAS. The first of these is a pattern of facial anomalies,
these features include:
 Small eye openings
 Flat cheekbones
 Flattened groove between nose and upper lip
 Thin upper lip
These characteristics can gradually diminish as the child ages, but it is important to note that
diagnosis does not change because of this. The second criteria is growth deficiencies:
 Low birth weight
 Decelerating weight over time, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FAE has often been used indiscriminately to label individuals with these problems, whether it not it
was known they had been exposed to alcohol in the uterus. It is now recommended that the term
FAE no longer be used, instead the more specific terms Partial FAS (PFAS) be used when
applicable. ( Blume, 1996) Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome NAS describes the presence of
withdrawal symptoms in infants exposed to one or more drugs during pregnancy. These drugs may
include: alcohol, narcotics, sedatives, anti–convulsants and others. Some of the symptoms of NAS
include wakefulness, irritability, diarrhea, vomiting, respiratory distress and lack of sucking. (Abel,
1966) Alcohol–related birth defects that may be present to those born with FAS can easily be
identified because of the cluster of characteristic features involving facial appearance, growth and
brain damage. Children born to mothers that drink heavily in pregnancy may also have serious
congenital birth defects such as :
 Heart defects;
 Kidney and other internal organ problems;
 Skeleton abnormalities;
 Cleft palate and other facial abnormalities;
 Vision and hearing problems.
These are known as alcohol–related birth defects (ARBD). The range of these birth defects is likely
due to such factors as:
1. variations in the timing of alcohol use;

2. variations in the amount of alcohol used;
3. use of

The Role Of Heredity And Its Effect On Children 's...
Human growth is a complex and captivating concept that cannot be determined by few factors.
When it comes to a child's development, I believe that one's parents, heredity, and peers all influence
one's growth. First of all, since a child is almost consistently surrounded by family (especially at a
young age), his or her parents can shape one's foundations. These include belief systems, traditions,
and perspectives about society. Children are inclined to agree with a parent's opinion when they trust
them, but also even if they fear that disagreeing with them will bring consequences. Secondly, as a
child becomes introduced to his or her peers, he or she may also desire to fit in and belong to a
wider social circle. Children spend a lot of time together at school and kids especially want
acceptance, so they often attempt to please or imitate their friends. Finally, heredity plays a role
when it comes to influencing one's development. In my opinion, its primary effect is the child's
physical appearance, the chances of health issues or disorders, some aspects of personality, and the
person's ethnicity. Genes determine all of these and set the scene for what kind of treatment a child
may receive from the surface. Although many people believe that a child's development is affected
by these three concepts, Judith Rich Harris, a psychology researcher, believes that parental
upbringing has no effect on a child's development except for their genetic contributions; instead,
only a

Alcohol Use During Pregnancy: Article Analysis
Article Summary: Alcohol Use During Pregnancy The use of alcohol during pregnancy has a great
amount of damage to the baby. Many research has been done to prove the danger of alcohol during
pre–natal period. The pre–natal period is a very crucial time for the women, in which one wrong
step can lead to life time of challenges. Alcohol consuming can lead to behavioral problems, and
low birth weight in a baby. Many women in the U.S. and over the world are not educated about the
harmful elements in alcohol and are exposed to such behavior which causes life challenging defects
for their babies. The researchers were finding high numbers of alcohol consuming in women during
pregnancy. Many women whose babies were born underweight reported that

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Effects
The results of drinking alcohol with a baby in the womb can be very serious. There are a range of
effects that can occur to the child exposed. The most serious result of drinking during pregnancy is
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Some of the effects of FAS are hyperactivity, short attention span,
learning problems, behavioral issues, delayed development, and abnormal facial features. The
abundance of problems the child will have all depends on the amount of alcohol consumed by the
mother during pregnancy.
Not every mother who drinks heavily during pregnancy has a child with FAS. According to Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2% to 5% of the population has FAS in the United States.
Alcohol is the leading cause of preventable birth

Pig Dissection
[Today in class we participated in a pig dissection, we worked in groups of two. The objective of
this assignment was to recap what we learned about the body's organs. The organs we were
instructed to cut out the pig were the large and small intestine, lungs, kidneys, heart, stomach, liver,
bladder and reproductive which was the ovaries for my partner and I because we had a female pig.
Once we took the organs out the pig we had to place and label the organs on white construction
paper. Our instructor informed us to receive extra points we needed to cut out the brain and the both
eyeballs. While the pigs were being passed out we watched a video that demonstrated the correct
way the pig should be cut down the middle. Our pig was pale and smelly. We laid the pig on its back
and tied ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once we cut the pig down the middle, we ripped it open so that we could clearly see the organs. The
first organs we pulled from inside the pig were the large intestine, the small intestine and the liver.
We had to separate the large intestine from the small intestine. The large intestine begins at the
ileum and ends at the anus; the small intestine begins at the stomach and ends at the large intestine.
The large intestine absorbs water from food matter while the small intestine absorbs nutrients into
the bloodstream. The large and small intestine works as a tea, because they are connected and when
the wall of the small intestine contracts it sends the chyme [SHORTENED TITLE UP TO 50
CHARACTERS] 2 mixture toward the large intestine. The liver of our pig was brown. The liver is
divided into two lobes. The right lobe and the left lobe. The right lobe is large, and the left lobe is
small. The liver works a filter. It filters the blood before it goes to the rest of the body. The liver also
stores iron and vitamins. Afterward we located the lungs and the heart. The lungs assist with
respiration (breathing). The heart pumps blood movement through the body. Then we located the

Lord Of The Flies By William Golding
There is a little evil deep down beneath most people. Lord of the Flies, by Nobel–Prize winning
English author William Golding,describes the journey of a group of young boys who wake up
stranded on an deserted island and describes how they try to survive, all while trying to get rescued.
The struggles of survival demonstrate the savagery and transformation of some boys adapting to the
environment on the island. Many of the boys become wild animals although there are three in
particular who show their inner beast the most, Jack, Roger and the Lord of the Flies himself.
Paragraph 2 – Subtopic A
Quotes:
–"Kill the pig, bash him in, kill the pig cut his throat"
–Use a littlun
– highlighted area...will be changing
Jack is one of the boys who tries to destroy Ralph's group rather than work with them. Jack becomes
a dominant dictator and overpowers the others (how? will you explain this?). As the novel
progresses, the dark side of humanity takes over Jack and his thoughts of survival. Firstly, Jack
declares that anyone holding the conch may have the right to speak in front of the group. We
actually see Jack contributing to the whole group and giving suggestions as to how the boys may
actually survive. "'Ralph, I'll split up the choir–my hunters, that is –into groups, and we'll be
responsible for keeping the fire going." (Golding 59) His dark side is obviously demonstrated when
Robert, the boy who stands in for the boar in the reenactment, is nearly killed as the other boys

Sheep Brain Dissection Lab Report
The purpose of the sheep brain dissection is to appreciate the complex structure of the brain in three
dimensions. Also list, identify, and describe the important structures of the sheep brain and compare
with those of the human brain.
Materials:
Preserved sheep brain
Dissection tray
Scalpel
Scissors
Pins
Tweezers
Gloves
Safety glasses
Procedure:
Obtain a preserved sheep brain from the bucket and place this on a dissection tray.
Examine the outer surface of the brain and locate the dura matter (the outer toughest layer of the
brain).
Remove the dura matter.
Place the brain on dissecting tray and position its ventral surface upward. Identify olfactory nerve,
optic nerves, optic chiasm, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord.
Position the brain with its ventral surface down and identify cerebral hemispheres, cerebral lobes
(frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), cerebellum, longitudinal fissure, and transverse fissure.
In same position (with the ventral surface downward), make a longitudinal cut along the
longitudinal fissure using a scalpel all the way down, and separate the cerebral hemispheres.
Identify the corpus callosum, white and gray matters of the brain, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral
ventricle, and pineal gland.
After finishing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, I saw how the different areas of the brain including cerebral hemispheres, brain stem,
pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum are connected with each other and perform their functions.
Also, by comparing the size and shape of a human's brain with sheep's brain, I learned and realized
that the human brain is much larger to the sheep brain, especially the large frontal lobe on a human
brain that gives the personality and decision making ability to human beings. Additionally, the sheep
brain is oriented anterior to posterior whereas the human brain is superior to

Effects Of Drugs On Prenatal Development
There are several hazards and risk with prenatal development. I believe that 'Drugs' has a huge
impact on prenatal development. Prenatal substance abuse continues to be a significate problem in
the country and possess import health risk for the developing fetus. Abusing narcotics during
pregnancy increases your risk of miscarriage or still birth, preterm labor, placenta abruption, fetal
death and even maternal death. It can also cause impaired fetal growth and lead to a host of health
problems.
Different substances might do have different effects on the fetus and carry varied risk, but virtually
all commonly used recreational drugs cross the placenta, where they are exposed to a developing
fetus. Drugs may harm a developing fetus via multiple

The Legal Age For Drinking At The Legal Age
The legal age for drinking has been questioned on whether it should be raised or stay the same,
some even say the age should be lowered. The legal age for drinking has been a problem for a while.
Drinking has been seen as an escape from reality while some see it as something that causes
problems not only to the person drinking but to everyone else around them. At one point the legal
age for drinking used to be 18 then it changed to 19 and later on it was raised to the age of 21 where
it has stayed (Carpenter, & Dobkin, 2011). People have been drinking alcohol in the United States
since the pilgrims arrived. Drinking alcohol daily was considered normal (Henslin, 2014). Parents
would let their kids drink, they would even give alcohol to children so they would be able to sleep
and help them with teething (Henslin, 2014). In 1919 alcohol was prohibited from being produced,
sold and consumed for 14 years, this was known as Prohibition (Henslin, 2014).
There have been many objective conditions that have been documented with regards to alcohol.
According to (Henslin, 2014). "Social Problems a Down–To–Earth Approach", alcohol–related
motor vehicle accidents kill 9,400 Americans each year which is about 26 accidents each day, most
of the people who die are men, and alcohol is the number one drug used by college students. Henslin
(2014) also said that about 10 million people are considered alcoholics which are people who have
severe alcohol related problems, each year

What do you think about drinking during pregnancy? Do you know what FAS is? Do you want your
child to have FAS? Read on and I believe you will come to the same conclusion as I have about
FAS.
FAS doesn't sound so bad, but in reality it is. FAS means Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. FAS is a
combination of physical and mental defects first evident at a baby's birth. FAS is a direct result of a
woman drinking alcohol during pregnancy. These defects continue through out the child's life. One
in five hundred children are born with FAS.
Your baby is at risk no matter how much liquor you drink. It doesn't matter if it's beer, wine, or hard
liquor. The chemicals in the liquor quickly pass through into the placenta, which means the baby
absorbs as much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
; Small teeth with faulty enamel
Other physical characteristics: Permanent brain damage
Heart and kidney defects
Long–term behavourial problems
Growth problems–shorter and smaller size
Deformed fingers and toes
Deformities of joints, limbs, and fingers
Slow physical growth before and after birth

Fetal Pig Heart Lab Report
The first part of the dissection was a thorough examination of the cardiovascular system. My first
task was to explore the areas of the fetal pig heart along with the sheep heart. I found several
similarities and differences between the two hearts. I found that the fetal pig heart and the sheep
heart did not show any significant differences. However, one difference I noted was that the sheep
heart was much larger, making it closer to the size of a human heart compared to the fetal pig heart.
Another noticeable difference was that the sheep heart had an excessive amount of fatty tissue
surrounding the outer wall of the heart. Fatty tissue could not be seen on the fetal pig heart. I was
able to find many similarities between the two animal hearts. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This valve lies between the atria and the ventricles, in the upper and lower chambers. The second
valve I examined was the mitral valve, which like the tricuspid valve, is also found between the atria
and the ventricles. Third, was the pulmonic valve, which is located between the ventricles and the
major blood vessels exiting the heart. The final valve I found was the aortic valve. This valve can be
found alongside the pulmonic valve near the ventricles and blood vessels leaving the heart. All four
valves share the same function. This function is to act as a passageway for blood once it leaves the
chambers of the heart. This ensures that the blood is flowing in the same direction. Furthermore, I
found differences and similarities between the right and left sides of the heart. I will first begin with
the differences. One difference I noted was that the left side appeared to be stronger than the right
side. Also, the right side receives blood from the right atrium, whereas the left side receives the
blood from the left atrium. The sides were very similar in the sense that they both contain semilunar
valves and an AV valve. Another item found in the heart are the papillary

Testing Methods for Fetal Fibronectin, An Outline
Purpose: The purpose of this outline is to act as a guide and accompaniment to the Fetal Fibronectin
Power Point as well as an aid for the Case Study learning activity.
Objectives:
1. Describe the testing method used to determine the results of the Fetal Fibronectin Cassette.
2. Be aware of the containments that may interfere with the FFN test.
3. Calibrate rapid FFN cassettes when necessary.
4. Identify correct and incorrect specimens and the storage requirements of the specimen.
5. Assess where the different components of the FFN test should be stored (ex. FFN cassette, FFN
control kit, etc....).
6. Assess when liquid controls are needed and when daily QC is done.
7. Perform a rapid FFN test when given a valid specimen.
8. Compare and Contrast the two different methods of incubation.
9. Explain how results are obtained by the machine.
10. After reading the outline, viewing the power point presentation and completing the case study.
The student should be able to complete the quiz with a 70% mastery or higher.
A. What the Rapid FFN Kit Tests For.
The Rapid FFN kit tests for Fetal Fibronectin.
Fetal Fibronectin is a protein found in women during pregnancy. Fetal Fibronectin is a "glue–like"
protein that binds the baby to the uterus.
After the 35th week of pregnancy it begins to break down in preparation of the upcoming birth.
The Rapid FFN tests is used as an aid in assessing the risk of early delivery in pregnant women that
have an intact

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome : Causes And Effects
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Alcohol plays a major role in society today. We consume alcohol for many
purposes such as gatherings, holidays, or self fulfillment. One of the most frowned upon things that
come with drinking in our society is drinking during pregnancy. Nonetheless, consumption of
alcohol during pregnancy can result in pathologies for the mothers fetus leading to growth, mental,
and physical birth defects, also known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The severity of the effects from
this syndrome can vary and are divided into two separate categories; Alcohol–related
neurodevelopment disorder and alcohol–related birth defects. Each of these will have a long term
effect on the child. No amount of alcohol is safe to consume during pregnancy. There is never a safe
amount of alcohol that can be consumed during pregnancy. If a pregnant woman consumes any
percent of alcohol, so does her unborn child which can lead to major defects in the mother fetus.
Alcohol passes through the mother's placenta into her bloodstream and goes straight into the baby,
since the fetus cannot break down alcohol the way an adult can, the blood alcohol level will remain
very high in the immature body of the fetus for a longer period of time, putting the baby in risk of
fetal alcohol syndrome. Once alcohol enters the fetus many other damaging defects can occur.
"Alcohol can trigger cell death, causing different parts of the fetus to develop abnormally along with
the way nerve cells

Chicken Dissection Lab Report
During this lab dissection I hope to gain a better understanding of how the different organ systems
inside of a chicken work together. I expect to do well with this dissection because I have performed
numerous necropsies with Dr. Macklin while working in his poultry microbiology lab. Many
different components will factor into how much excitement or fear I will have heading into the lab.
My excitement for this lab will come from learning how everything works together, and my fear will
be not knowing which part of the chicken to dissect because I do not remember the correct
anatomical terminology that we will use. I am very excited to learn and gain a better understanding
of the various systems within the chicken. I am most anxious to learn

Baby Pig Decomposition Research Paper
In class we watched the decomposition of a baby pig. Piglets are closely compared to humans
during the decomposition process because it's covered with hair, attracts insects, and its body fat
distribution is similar to that of a humans. Decomposition is a continuous process that can take as
long as years depending of the environment the corpse is in. There are multiple factors that play a
role in how fast or slow the decomposition process can be such as drugs, trauma to the body, access
by scavengers, and clothing.
During the video there were five distinct stages of decompositions. The first stage is the process of
autolysis. Autolysis consists of cellular breakdown, the change of body temperature, and the
invasion of insect in the body, laying eggs. The second stage is putrefaction which is the bloating of
the body due to bacteria and the gases produced. The third stage is black putrefaction in which
maggots and insects destroy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
High temperatures tends to speed up the rate of decomposition and promotes a large amount of
maggots. Low temperatures slows down the process and the insect activity on the corpse. Windy and
dry weather causes the corpse to dry out causing mummification. Access to the body may limit the
insect activity. For example corpses with open wound tend to be decomposed a lot faster due to the
easy access. The cause of death could have left openings in the body making it easy for insects and
bacteria to infest the corpse beginning the stages of decay. In some cases when drugs are found in
the system of the corpse depending of the drug, it can either speed up the process of decomposition
or slow it down. The percentage of body fat can also play a role in the process of decay. Water
content is high in fat composition and bigger bodies hold more heat which promotes the growth of
bacteria causing the process to speed

Understanding Mental Illness: ARH House On The Hill
Throughout history, there have been many children born with mental illnesses. These illnesses can
be Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), depression, schizophrenia, bipolar, and etc. Parents with an
addiction to drugs and/or alcohol do not realize the pain and damage they have made for their
children. Especially pregnant women, do not realize the consequences of having a child with an
illness until they have already affected the baby inside of them. Through the years these types of
illnesses have multiplies, it is our responsibility to educate this generation of all the harmful affects
drugs and alcohol can do to a human being. During the movie fetal alcohol exposure, many mothers
began to realize drugs and alcohol was not the life they wanted to live. When having a child with
fetal alcohol syndrome there are some health hazards: Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder
(ADHD), learning disabilities, abnormal structures of the face, and etc. After having a child with an
illness most mothers changed for the sake of the well being of the baby, and have the chance to
receive their parental rights back. These women began to participate in a Drug alcohol treatment
center called ARH House on the Hill. This center helped many women with becoming involved in
their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This movie explains illnesses such as, depression, bipolar, and schizophrenia. None of these
illnesses are easy for anyone to cope. A lot of individuals have to live with the fact they have
multiple personalities and emotional disorders, which can be very hard on an individuals physical
and emotional health. Also, these individuals are made fun of, told they would never be able to feel
normal, will never live a normal life, and they will be paranoid about everything. They made a
statement in the movie that caught my attention, it said, "America lost 113 billion dollars on
productivity, illness, and social cost associated with mental

The Irreversible Damage Caused by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome...
A pregnant woman's lifestyle ultimately affects the development of her baby. Excessive exposure to
alcohol during pregnancy can inflict serious, permanent physical and mental damage on her child.
When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol she is making her child drink also. In knowing how Fetal
Alcohol Syndrome can be prevented, what the symptoms are, and who and what make up the risk
factors fetal alcohol syndrome can be better understood. The National Organization on Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome states "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the name given to a group of physical and mental birth
defects that are the direct result of a woman's drinking during pregnancy" (NOFAS 1). Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome is the only disease that is one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The more people know about the effects of maternal drinking, the less likely they will drink while
pregnant. The risks of drinking as little as one or two drinks a day may not seem like much yet they
can cause a lifetime of birth defects. Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol syndrome are present not only at
birth, but also during gestation. Low prenatal growth, and birth weight are common primary signs. A
small head, small eye openings, droopy eye lids, a short upturned nose, thin upper lip, and small jaw
are just some of the many physical abnormalities that can occur with chronic drinking. The physical
birth defects are devastating yet just as much damage is unseen by the naked eye. Central nervous
system defects such as Mental Retardation and behavior disorders can be seen. Poor concentration,
impulsiveness and lack of judgment have a severe impact on the child's overall development.
Children with behavior problems also do worse than normal children in school. Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome children have problems paying attention, score lower in mathematics and spelling, and
have lower I.Q scores. Not only do these defects get worse as the child ages, the vicious cycle of
alcohol abuse is also very likely to continue. Fetal Alcohol syndrome children are more likely to
become alcohol dependant adults than children of mothers who did not drink. All the devastating
disabilities last a lifetime. Early and accurate diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol

The Truth About What Alcohol Abuse Does to a Fetus
The Truth About Fetal Alcohol Abuse
Would you have ever thought of physically, mentally, and/or emotionally harming an unborn child?
In the 1990s people have noted the significant impact alcohol–related birth defects are having on our
society then and now. My essay will discuss alcohol consumption among pregnant women and its
adverse effects on fetal development. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or FAS is physical and mental health
problem that destroys a child's learning development. Women risk their unborn children when they
consume alcohol during pregnancy and puts their children at risk for multiple constellations of
abnormalities when they are born. Which also hinders babies from reaching their full potential in
life. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Christine Gorman says that "FAS children have to be supervised at all times and my never become
independent". FAS causes a child to not know the difference from right and wrong thus getting them
in a deep amount of trouble. FAS can cause a range of facial anomalies such as, short palpebral
fissures, flat midface, indistinct philtrum, a thin upper lip and much more. Major organs systems
such as the heart, kidneys, liver, and skeleton can be impaired. causes permanent damage to the
child. Young children with FAS grow retardation, certain facial abnormalities and central nervous
system impairment. Once the child has grown to their teenage years they can feel excluded from
other kids and even adults. Some teens with FAS can feel suicidal. Teens can have suicidal thoughts
and or actions. Babies exposed to alcohol in the womb have showed signs of developing their stress
response. FAS children, teens, and adults take everything to heart and don't take the negatives to a
domestic level. Babies exposed to alcohol in the womb have showed signs of developing their stress
response. Even a healthy babies, brain development would be effected by living in poverty, with
stresses ranging from a parents unemployment to violence, or even losing heat during cold winters.
FAS can cause memory loss among fourteen year olds whose mother had drank alcohol while their
child was in the womb. FAS children and teens speak to

The Pro Choice Movement And Abortion
According to bbc news "Planned Parenthood is a healthcare non–profit–making group with 59
affiliates and 700 clinics around the US, some of which provide abortion services" (Lussenhop,
2015). To expand on this quote, nonprofit is exactly what it sounds like. It is an organization that did
not establish for the purpose of money making. This group was organized to provide advice and
even offer abortion services to women all around the United States. In recent news abortion has
stirred up many controversial arguments. Within these controversies on the media, people have cited
with pro–choice and pro–life parties. Each side argues for themselves. Pro–life is opposing abortion,
meaning they do not believe abortion should be a choice. Another party we will be looking into is
the pro–choice side of the war. "The pro–choice movement and abortion providers are in the
business of protecting and respecting women 's human rights, their moral autonomy, and their
choices"(Arthur, 2000) Pro–choice is the exact opposite of pro–life and they believe strongly in
letting people decide for themselves. Manipulation of language is something to really take into
consideration when reading about the different parties within Planned Parenthood. Pro–life is one of
the biggest sides of the media war concerning Planned Parenthood. Coming from a pro–life source
their belief is that "The unborn entity is fully human from the moment of conception" (Beckwith,
1991). The unborn entity is in this case a

Alternative Treatment Of Children With Prenatal Alcohol...
Alternative Treatment of Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Malene B. Bonnor
Valencia Community College
Author Note
This paper was prepared for PSY2012, CRN: 14478,
Taught by Professor Oses
Abstract
Children that have been prenatally exposed to alcohol can suffer from a variety of Fetal Alcohol
Spectrum disorders (FASD), FASD is a large term that includes many different disorders as an effect
of prenatal alcohol exposure. Fetal alcohol syndrome or FAS is one of the many diagnoses that are
in that category, with symptoms like growth deficiency and damage to the central nervous system it
makes it a lifelong mental disorder that makes it very difficult for the children to live a normal life.
According to data and statistic from May 2014 made by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) an approximation of the rate of children born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is
between 0.2 to 1.5 cases per 1000 live births. Which makes Prenatal Alcohol Exposure a common
issue in the US. In this paper I have chosen to use an article about possible treatments of children
with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) through a program called Children's Friendship Training
(CFT) compared to another treatment plan called Standard of Care (SOC). O 'Connor, M. J.,
Laugeson, E. A., Mogil, C., Lowe, E., Welch–Torres, K., Keil, V., & Paley, B. (2012). In the article
they state that children born with PAE have major social skills deficits. These children are
commonly treated in

Pig Dissection Lab Report
Introduction
Most animals don't have similar structures, but they all have same function to stay alive. All animals
have a reproductive system, digestive system, nervous system
Pig: Our fetal pig which we dissected is a female who was 100 days in the gestation period and has
the length of 25 cm. In the pig dissection, we found the stomach and intestines. By the way it looks
it seems to have similar functions of the human digestive system. The stomach breaks down the
food while the intestine absorbs nutrients and water in the food. We also found the liver, pancreas,
and colon. The liver filters the blood for toxin. In the respiratory system, we found the lungs,
diaphragm, and trachea. Air goes into the snout, through the trachea, and into its lungs. The lungs
would then release CO2 back up the trachea, and out the snout. The diaphragm compresses and
releases the lungs so that CO2 could go out your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The paws of the rat held resemblance to hands. The rat was probably around 2 years old. Its facial
features and jaw suggested that its diet is that of an herbivore.
Crayfish: In our dissection of the crayfish we found that it used gills instead of lungs, like the clam.
Its gills allow an exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen. Much like the worm, the crayfish has
segments that split its body into several parts. Crayfish segments often become fused, so parts of the
crayfish may be multiple parts. Much like a skeleton the crayfish has a hard exoskeleton. The
structures it uses to capture its prey or securing and eating food are its chelipeds, mandibles,
maxillae, and maxillipeds. Rows of chitinous teeth line its stomach to help further break down its
food.
Earthworm: In our dissection of the earth worm we found they belong to a group of animals called
annelids. Its body is segmented into several parts, except for the head and tail regions. Its diet is of
decomposed plants and other small particles in the

Smoking And Drinking While Pregnant
Smoking and drinking not only damages the user's body, but also causes mental and physical
deformities of the fetus. Drinking alcohol and smoking while pregnant leads to brain damage and
birth deformities of the newborn child. The chance of miscarriage increase along with the possibility
of the baby being born early. A premature birth results in delayed comprehension, behavior
problems, and lung deformities. Specifically, drinking while pregnant leads to growth problems and
spinal damage to the infant. In the long–term the individual will need countless surgeries, braces,
and pain medications. "Some research has shown that expectant moms who have as little as one
drink a week are more likely than nondrinkers to have children who later exhibit aggressive and
delinquent behavior. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alcohol, even at small portions, have a great effect on an infant. Toddlers become uncontrollable
and hostile towards parents due to the consumption of liquor. In particular, mothers who drank while
pregnant have increased the risk of having a daughter who has a mental illness. Drinking during
pregnancy causes impairment to vital organs and causes permanent health problems to the soon to
be born

The Effects Of Alcohol During Pregnancy On Children
Alcohol is a TERATOGEN, meaning that it will cause developmental damage to a FETUS or
EMBRYO. The degree to which a TERATOGEN wreaks havoc on an unborn child largely depends
on four factors: dosage, heredity, age, and additional negative factors. The most vulnerable prenatal
period is during the stage of embryonic development, which occurs between the third and eighth
weeks of pregnancy. Once alcohol penetrates the PLACENTA and enters the fetal bloodstream it
hinders the neurons inside the child's neural tube, negatively impacting their creation and ability to
send signals to one another. The consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause FETAL
ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER (FASD), which includes three different levels of severity
with the first and most serious level being FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS). FETAL
ALCOHOL SYNDROME is a serious condition that affects both a child's PHENOTYPE and
GENOTYPE. This condition is characterized by delayed growth causing lower than normal height
and weight, brain damage (made apparent through an observably smaller sized cranium,
accompanied with at least three areas of reduced cognitive functioning), and its iconic facial
distortions including wide set eyes, an abnormal philtrum, and a thinner upper lip. Brain damage is
probably the most serious of the accompanying conditions. The brain is actually structured
differently, and the differences are made clear on an MRI. The ability to control one's muscles
properly, as well as poor

The Field Of FSD Research (FASD)
The field of FASD research is growing rapidly and includes medical researchers, diagnosticians,
social scientists, educators, social service agencies, community–based organizations, public health
experts, justice practitioners and scholars. In this multidisciplinary field, the focus is on the role of
alcohol during pregnancy and the impact of FASD on the individual, family, and society. The FASD
Center for Excellence held a series of town hall meetings in 2002 and 2003 with individuals who
have an FASD, their families and caregivers, service providers, researchers, policymakers, and
community leaders. The purpose of the meetings where to identify needs, share information that
prevent and treat FASD. More than 800 people participated across

Forty-3 Adolecence Summary
Forty–three adolecence aged 13 to 18, 28 of them having a history of prenatal alcohol exposure,
participated in this study. The type of developmental research that this article presents is a cross–
sectional study because the study is done in a short amount of time so the results can get published
quicker and also because the adolecence that are being studied are different ages. Data is collected
from each participant and is being studied at the time being, they are not going back years later to
collect more data from each of the participants. The study is not done over a long amount of time
and the data is not being collected at multiple intervals throughout their lives, therefore it is not
longitudinal, it is a cross–sectional study.
2 An ethical implication includes that it is not right that the women is drinking alcohol while she has
a child, but you can not test this problem because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While problem solving seems to be an easier task for other children, this is a more difficult task for
them. Social problem solving is such an important study because it has such a wide range impact on
the way these children adapt to their everyday problems and situations. It is not as easy for them to
generate solutions, to choose the the correct or incorrect solution and is even hard for them to simply
make a decision. They are more careless and avoidant when are faced with solving their every day
problems. These affects will also impact their daily lives by lacking the childs academic
performance and the child could potentially have poor self–esteem and lack the ability to interact
with others. They arent as confident and have very low emotional stability. It is hard enough to have
to make every day decisions as a child as it is, so having these problems at sucha a young age just
makes it harder on themselves and their own parents who have to go through this with

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd )
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that
can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include
physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications" (HHS,
2005). FASD refers to conditions such as: fetal alcohol syndrome including partial FAS, fetal
alcohol effects (FAE), alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder, alcohol–related birth defects. The
conditions that are involved with FASD can range from mild to severe and it is not likely that two
people share the exact same symptoms.
FAS is defined as a medical diagnosis involving four key features: alcohol exposure, growth
deficiently, certain facial features, and brain damage. Infants who have been exposed to prenatal
alcohol rarely show all symptoms of the medical condition FAS. Other terms have been used to
describe the implication involved with FAS. Frequently used terms are: Partial Fetal Alcohol
Syndrome, Alcohol–related Neurodevelopmental Disorder and Alcohol–related Birth Defects. A
child with Partial Fetal Alcohol syndrome exhibits only some of the physical signs of FAS and will
likely have both learning and behavioral difficulties. A child suffering from Alcohol–related
Neurodevelopmental Disorder will demonstrate signs of neural damage, problems with memory,
poor social skills, and learning difficulties. Children diagnosed with

End Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Persuasive Speech
Title: ____End Fetal Alcohol Syndrome____
General purpose: to persuade___That drinking while pregnant is bad__
Specific purpose statement: After listening to my speech, the audience will ...___Have a clearer
understanding of fetal alcohol syndrome and how to prevent it
I. ATTENTION
A. Attention–Getting Statement – Does anyone want to take a guess at what the nations leading
preventable cause of developmental disabilities and birth defects?! Consuming alcohol during
pregnancy
B. Credentials– As a baby that was born 3 months premature (not due to this cause), I know just
how fragile and important the neonatal time period is. I have done a lot of research and care deeply
about babies.. it tears me up to think something as preventable as drinking alcohol during pregnancy
causes birth defects and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SATISFACTION / SOLUTION
A. The solution probably seems like a no brainer, don't drink alcohol while pregnant. But it goes
further than this, we must hold others accountable, spread awareness, and be educated on this topic
so we can stand firm to stop this preventable cause.
B. You should always be educated on the topic you chose to defend, hopefully after this talk you
have a few pieces of knowledge that you can use when you feel the urge to stand up for the unborn
and encourage women to not drink while pregnant.
C. What if you saved a child's life because you simply stopped a pregnant woman from drinking
alcohol? There is no need to be rude about this, simply telling the facts and encouraging her could
be one step closer to ending this preventable problem.
D. Spreading awareness is a huge way to end this. Many women do not think that just one glass of
wine could harm their baby but now you know that is does because the baby is constantly
developing. The woman may be drinking in one of the most vital developmental times for the baby
and not even realize it. Awareness is the

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Research Paper
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is a disorder which is related to drinking alcohol in pregnancy which
affects the way a baby's brain develops. The condition was first recognised in America in 1973 and
how severe the condition is believed to be linked to how much alcohol a mother drank during
pregnancy. Children with FAS have problems with their abnormal growth, neurological
development and have characteristic facial features that result from their foetal exposure to alcohol.
The facial features can include a smooth area between the nose and lips, a small head, thin upper lip,
small and narrow eyes. Neurological problems are caused by damage to the central nervous system.
The difficulties experienced are probable to change as an infant grows up and

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder And Language Development /...
Abstract
In the field of speech language pathology, children may come onto a caseload with an identification
of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. About 0.5 to 3 in every 1,000 live births is a child impaired by
maternal alcohol use during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has a strong correlation with
language delays and language impairments. This research paper will review the relationship between
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and language delays or impairments.
Keywords: prenatal, alcohol, language
The Relationship of Maternal Alcohol Use and Language Development/Impairment
The relationship between maternal alcohol use and language development/ impairment is not a "by–
the–book" relationship. Language impairment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Citations?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a concise, uniform definition for conditions caused by
prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is a broad term used to describe the range of effects that can occur
in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy (Caley, Kramer, & Robinson, 2005).
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder can also cause growth retardation, birth defectscomma and deficits
in cognitive, languagecomma and motor development (Coles et al., 2015). Fetal alcohol spectrum
disorder is a teratogenic effect, which is caused by daily, chronic, heavy and frequent alcohol use
while in utero. Chances of an infant diagnosed with FASD are 0.5 to 3 in 1,000 live births (Cone–
Wesson, 2005). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has many different diagnoses. There is fetal alcohol
syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS)comma and alcohol–related neuro–
developmental disorder (ARND)comma all under the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder umbrella
(Brown et al., 2015). Maternal alcohol use is correlated to the timing, frequencycomma and quantity
of the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Drinking during the first trimester may not be as
detrimental as drinking during the second or third trimester. The frequency of alcohol consumed is
also a key factor in FASD, such as how often per day drinks are consumed, the quantity of alcohol
consumed, and how many glasses or cans per day the mother consumes

Essay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Nutrition is a key component of an individual's healthy well being. Many factors have a significant
effect on nutrition and it is important to continuously maintain a balanced one. Having a good
nutrition is one of the main defenses for an innumerous amount of illnesses and diseases that can
harm the body. One would ask, "What is nutrition per say, and how do we maintain the balance of
it?" Nutrition is defined as "the sum of the processes by which [a living thing] takes in and utilizes
food substances." (Merriam–Webster, 2011). It is the responsibility of each individual to assure the
consumption of enough nutrients to nourish the body and to be cautious of harmful toxins. A child is
dependent on their guardian on being taught how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last important factor is how it affects the behavioral and social skills of the person and the
different concerns it can evoke.
The science behind FAS is quite simple; as it is known that alcohol has a damaging effect on the
body, it has similar consequences on the fetus. Since the fetus is constantly developing, the alcohol
causes more serious defects to the unborn child. Alcohol exposure to a fetus is known as a teratogen.
"Teratogens are substances or conditions that disrupt typical development in offspring as a result of
gestational exposure and cause birth defects." (Wilson & Fraser, 1977). Although the exposure to
alcohol causes problems in the fetus, studies have shown that it may not accurately be the alcohol in
the mother's system that causes these defects, rather the byproducts that form when the body
metabolizes the alcohol. This can lead to a decrease in brain cells, abnormal location of neurons, and
gross malformation to the brain. Since alcohol causes this central nervous system damage, it is
classified as a neurobehavioral teratogen, which is a group of teratogens that cause brain damage
and modify behaviors. (Riley & Vorhees, 1986). The CNS damage is the primary defect due to
alcohol and it is quite common to have these damages without any physical abnormalities. The more
alcohol that is consumed the more birth defects that will arise in the

Newspaper Reporters And Abortion
People in today's world like to make their own decision, nobody likes to be told what to do or
believe in. Today's generation is so gullible they will believe anything anybody with authority has to
say and will side with something or someone without doing any research. Teens today are becoming
more and more pro choice because of newspaper reporters and the lies they tell. People see
newspapers reporters working for these huge corporations and think that they know everything
because they are well informed and their job requires them to do a lot of research. Although this
may be true for some newspaper reporters, other newspaper reporters may be telling lies left and
right deceiving people. If you were the poor innocent fetus in this situation would you like to die
just because your future mother read that abortion is okay in some newspaper report probably
written by some reporter that has never experienced this situation, but sure has a lot to say not
demonstrating both the pros and cons sides of this situation. Abortions are truly wrong and humans
should never make the decision of taking a poor innocent fetus life for no reason. Every human
being have the same morals and know that murder is wrong. Most newspaper reporters support
abortions, therefore newspaper reporters are the one's to blame for influencing today's generation to
take part in this epidemic that is morally wrong and become pro choice.
Newspaper reporters support abortions by writing reports about abortions

The Problem Of Being Born Addicted
I am sure that nearly every couple, whether they be newlyweds or not, at some point discusses and
dreams of having a little bundle of joy to bring into the world and expand their little family. They
long for the gift of a baby and the responsibilities of parenthood that accompany it. Most couples or
single parents will do anything and everything to protect their child/children and give them the
world. However, not everyone does so. A growing problem, not only in my area, but across the
United States is infants being born addicted to some type of drug whether it simple be cigarettes, or
something harsher such as an addiction to prescription pills. Most expecting mothers are willing to
give up foods and activities during the entirety of their pregnancy to help ensure that their baby will
be born healthy without issues. Some, however, are not as willing to do so. Addictions are hard to
break, and require an ample amount of time to treat so that you are no longer dependent on that
substance. Some women do not realize that by not trying to treat their addiction and continuing to
use that substance/those substances that they are not only continuing to harm themselves, but they
are harming their unborn baby as well. If an expecting mother smokes a joint, so does the fetus. If
they take a drink of an alcoholic beverage, so does the unborn baby. Whatever they put into their
body, food or not, they put that into the body of the fetus. When a pregnant individual smokes
marijuana, the

Grief Reflection Paper
There are many things I have come to know in the last 10 months of my life. In late January of
2017, I experienced great personal loss of a loved one. Consequently, I did not expect this loss to
lead me through the five stages of grief. I can say now, I believe I am in the stage of acceptance and
with acceptance, comes the acknowledgement I did not handle each stage adequately and
appropriately. Reflecting upon this experience, somewhere along the way of dealing with grief, I
lost my footing and perspective. I am sorry for the pain I caused my family and friends, the shame I
brought upon myself, and for my behavior, which did not reflect positively on the Des Monies
University community. In addressing my alcohol habits, having to undergo a substance abuse
evaluation was never something I thought I would be subjected to. This evaluation confirmed, I need
to be smarter with my drinking choices. Up until my arrest for Public Intoxication, I believe my use
of alcohol reflected some typical college behavior. I put my studies first before going out, and did
not feel compelled to go out, socialize and drink every weekend. When I did go out, I drank socially
and always used Uber after an evening out drinking. As a result of my arrest, I am conscience of the
amount of alcohol and type of drink I consume. I am more aware of not putting myself in a
vulnerable situation, as well as knowing my surroundings/environment. I am clearly aware of the
consequences if I chose to drink and making sure I am not consuming alcohol while using
medication, which can have adverse reactions when combined. In regards to failure to provide
complete information to the Conduct Officer, I recognize I was not transparent and effective with
my communication. I chose to disclose that in which I perceived were relevant details relater to the
charge of public intoxication. It was never my intention to not cooperate fully with the Conduct
Officer. I realize one's integrity and character count more than your academic record, and once you
compromise your ability to be honest and accountable, you have put yourself in a position where it
is extremely difficult to gain credibility again. I believe this entire experience from grief to
suspension

How to Prevent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Alcohol is a major part of today's society. Individuals are constantly being exposed to alcohol on a
daily basis by simple commercials on the television or while driving on the highway seeing
advertisements of billboards. Alcohol is a dependent substance for many people in society because
not only is it a way to release one's stress, but it is also associated to have a good time with.
Attending a holiday party at a family member's house or a party to celebrate a birthday, alcohol is
always involved. Individuals who abuse alcohol who are pregnant women are risking their unborn
child with many abnormalities and lifelong implications. According to Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (2011), "Approximately one in every eight women ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Even without a high blood alcohol count the fetus can still receive the same effects. The best way to
prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is to not drink at all. According to Anderson et al. (2014),
"48% of women reported risky drinking patterns prior to pregnancy and during pregnancy most
women 46% continued the risky drinking patterns" (p 4). Women who continued to drink alcohol
during pregnancy decreased only 2%. Knowingly pregnant women still continued to consume
alcohol may be a factor of three reasons: One, not knowing that even drinking a few drinks could
impact the unborn child, two, ignorance of the pregnant women and not caring about the unborn
child, and three, pregnant mothers who have an addiction to alcohol and cannot stop from drinking.
These could be all potential reasons why a pregnant woman still continues to drink alcohol even
after knowing about the pregnancy. A study revealed the use of alcohol in pregnancy increased with
increasing education.
According to Ethen et al. (2009), "20.1% among women consumed alcohol with an education of less
than 12 years, and 37.1% among women with 16 or more years" (p 277). The increased education
means more annual income for women with lower education. This means that the 37.1% of women
with 16 or more years of education also has a higher annual income than those women who have
less education. The study reveals that the higher the

Effects Of Environmental Factors On Child Development
Environmental factors are the outside influences and surrounding conditions of a child's upbringing
that impacts their growth and development. A child's development and prosperity depends on the
environment they were raised in and the influences they were exposed to. Some environmental
factors include overcrowding and prenatal care. Environmental factors have the most substantial
effect because they are the unmbrella that emcompasses all other aspects of growth and
development. How a mother cares for her body during pregnancy significantly impacts how her
child grows and sets the course for their development both mentally and physically. If the mother
does not maintain a healthy lifestyle throughout her pregnancy, the baby can be born premature and
with health complications that can be life–threatening. For example, when a mother drinks alcohol
while pregnant, the alcohol "in the mother's blood passes to the baby through the umbilical cord.
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, and a range of lifelong
physical, behavioral, and intellectual disabilities. These disabilities are known as fetal alcohol
spectrum disorders (FASDs)," (Bhuvaneswa). Mothers who drink alcohol while pregnant create an
unsafe prenatal environment for their unborn child. Even if the children manage to survive, they are
highly likely to be born with life altering disabilities such as FASDs. Side effects of FASDs include
hyperactive behavior, learning disabilities, short

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are identified as a
category of birth disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. These can include physical or
intellectual anomalies, such as cardiac, skeletal, visual, aural, and fine or gross motor problems.
(Callanan, 2013) Prevention would involve alcohol use prevention programs for women who are
pregnant, and treatment for FAS and FASD would be aimed at helping those affected realize their
full potential through both family and individual interventions. While there is no cure for FAS or
FASD, appropriate treatments can aide individuals with these diagnoses to minimize the effects.
According to the British Medical Association in 2007, FASD is the leading ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Streissguth, 2010) Currently, worldwide prevalence rates suggest that FASD affects as many as one
in 100 children, and a study in England suggests that the incidence of FASD is underreported there.
(Callanan, 2013) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders are likely underreported everywhere, based on
this information, which makes early treatment interventions more difficult. Ideally, the best
prevention for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is prevention,
however women who are consuming alcohol during pregnancy may be less inclined to seek prenatal
care, making it difficult to help them reduce and stop their alcohol consumption, which would
prevent the occurrence of FASD and FAS. Since this is the case, FASD and FAS must be treated,
rather than prevented. Like most therapeutic interventions, individuals with FASD and FAS are best
treated early in life, therefore most interventions are aimed at treating children and adolescents.
According to O'Connor and Paley (2009), there is extensive research that has documented
significant cognitive, behavioral, adaptive, social, and emotional dysfunctions in people

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