1. The document discusses the importance and benefits of windbreaks and shelterbelts for protecting cities, highways, and agricultural areas from wind damage in Abu Dhabi.
2. It defines shelterbelts as rows of trees and shrubs planted to reduce wind speed and outlines different designs from permeable to impermeable based on tree spacing.
3. The height and density of windbreaks determine their effectiveness, with semi-permeable designs using 3-5 rows at 3-4 meter spacing being most effective at reducing winds and protecting areas out to 30 times the shelterbelt height.
Conservation Buffers in Organic Systems; by NCAR
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document discusses tree crop interactions in agroforestry systems. It defines agroforestry as the deliberate combination of woody perennials and agricultural crops on the same land. Positive interactions include microclimate amelioration and soil improvement, while negative interactions are mainly competition for light, water and nutrients. The balance between positive and negative interactions determines the overall effect. Management techniques to reduce negative interactions and maximize yields include pruning trees, adjusting densities, mulching, and selecting complementary species mixtures.
This document discusses the structure and functions of shelterbelts and windbreaks. Shelterbelts are belts of trees planted at right angles to prevailing winds to deflect air currents and protect areas from wind erosion and desiccating effects. Windbreaks are strips of trees and shrubs that protect fields, homes, and crops from wind and blowing soil. They reduce wind speed and evaporation and provide habitat. Well-established shelterbelts and windbreaks provide ecological benefits like increased crop yields and biodiversity. The choice of tree species depends on growth rate, wind resistance, and economic and environmental factors.
Pastures, wind breaks and shelter belts in soil conservationVishnu Gopan G M
A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. Farmers sometimes use windbreaks to keep snow drifts on farm land that will provide water when the snow melts in the spring.
Role of Grasses and Pastures, Wind breaks and Shelter belts in soil conserva...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
This document discusses the role of pastures and grasses in soil conservation. It begins by defining pasture and describing the vegetation typically found in pastures. Well-maintained pastures protect soil by maintaining vegetative cover, which reduces the impact of raindrops and absorbs rainfall. The roots and leaves of pasture grasses hold soil in place and block water runoff. Grazing livestock also help nutrient cycling which enriches the soil. Windbreaks and shelterbelts are effective at reducing wind speed and soil erosion through intercepting wind. Even sparse shelterbelts provide shelter over many times their height and significantly reduce wind erosion.
The document discusses the potential benefits of using bamboo in forest and landscape restoration. It notes that bamboo grows rapidly even in poor soils, helping to rehabilitate degraded land. Bamboo's extensive root systems also help control soil erosion and increase soil fertility. The document provides several examples of projects where bamboo has been successfully used to restore degraded land, including abandoned mining sites in Ghana and areas impacted by coastal erosion in Thailand. It argues that bamboo is a cost-effective approach to restoration and provides valuable ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and economic opportunities for communities.
Alley Cropping in Agro Forestry - University of MissouriAliki85w
Alley cropping involves planting rows of trees or shrubs with wide spacing to create alleyways for crops. This chapter discusses:
1. The benefits of alley cropping include diversifying farm income, reducing erosion, improving water quality and wildlife habitat.
2. Alley cropping can reduce soil erosion through tree roots and leaf litter, intercept rainfall to increase infiltration, and modify microclimates.
3. The design of alley cropping systems must consider the light, root, and allelopathic interactions between the tree and crop components to minimize competition and maximize benefits. Spacing, orientation, pruning and root-severing can help address these interactions.
Trees first appeared on Earth over 400 million years ago and have since diversified into many forms inhabiting various climates and habitats. Trees provide many ecological functions including sheltering plants from wind, moderating temperatures, preventing erosion, and providing wildlife habitat. Various agroforestry systems have been developed that incorporate trees into agricultural landscapes. These systems provide environmental benefits while also yielding useful products.
Conservation Buffers in Organic Systems; by NCAR
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document discusses tree crop interactions in agroforestry systems. It defines agroforestry as the deliberate combination of woody perennials and agricultural crops on the same land. Positive interactions include microclimate amelioration and soil improvement, while negative interactions are mainly competition for light, water and nutrients. The balance between positive and negative interactions determines the overall effect. Management techniques to reduce negative interactions and maximize yields include pruning trees, adjusting densities, mulching, and selecting complementary species mixtures.
This document discusses the structure and functions of shelterbelts and windbreaks. Shelterbelts are belts of trees planted at right angles to prevailing winds to deflect air currents and protect areas from wind erosion and desiccating effects. Windbreaks are strips of trees and shrubs that protect fields, homes, and crops from wind and blowing soil. They reduce wind speed and evaporation and provide habitat. Well-established shelterbelts and windbreaks provide ecological benefits like increased crop yields and biodiversity. The choice of tree species depends on growth rate, wind resistance, and economic and environmental factors.
Pastures, wind breaks and shelter belts in soil conservationVishnu Gopan G M
A windbreak (shelterbelt) is a planting usually made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted in such a manner as to provide shelter from the wind and to protect soil from erosion. Farmers sometimes use windbreaks to keep snow drifts on farm land that will provide water when the snow melts in the spring.
Role of Grasses and Pastures, Wind breaks and Shelter belts in soil conserva...Abhilash Singh Chauhan
This document discusses the role of pastures and grasses in soil conservation. It begins by defining pasture and describing the vegetation typically found in pastures. Well-maintained pastures protect soil by maintaining vegetative cover, which reduces the impact of raindrops and absorbs rainfall. The roots and leaves of pasture grasses hold soil in place and block water runoff. Grazing livestock also help nutrient cycling which enriches the soil. Windbreaks and shelterbelts are effective at reducing wind speed and soil erosion through intercepting wind. Even sparse shelterbelts provide shelter over many times their height and significantly reduce wind erosion.
The document discusses the potential benefits of using bamboo in forest and landscape restoration. It notes that bamboo grows rapidly even in poor soils, helping to rehabilitate degraded land. Bamboo's extensive root systems also help control soil erosion and increase soil fertility. The document provides several examples of projects where bamboo has been successfully used to restore degraded land, including abandoned mining sites in Ghana and areas impacted by coastal erosion in Thailand. It argues that bamboo is a cost-effective approach to restoration and provides valuable ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and economic opportunities for communities.
Alley Cropping in Agro Forestry - University of MissouriAliki85w
Alley cropping involves planting rows of trees or shrubs with wide spacing to create alleyways for crops. This chapter discusses:
1. The benefits of alley cropping include diversifying farm income, reducing erosion, improving water quality and wildlife habitat.
2. Alley cropping can reduce soil erosion through tree roots and leaf litter, intercept rainfall to increase infiltration, and modify microclimates.
3. The design of alley cropping systems must consider the light, root, and allelopathic interactions between the tree and crop components to minimize competition and maximize benefits. Spacing, orientation, pruning and root-severing can help address these interactions.
Trees first appeared on Earth over 400 million years ago and have since diversified into many forms inhabiting various climates and habitats. Trees provide many ecological functions including sheltering plants from wind, moderating temperatures, preventing erosion, and providing wildlife habitat. Various agroforestry systems have been developed that incorporate trees into agricultural landscapes. These systems provide environmental benefits while also yielding useful products.
This document discusses techniques for rainwater harvesting, including surface storage and groundwater recharge. There are two main techniques - storing rainwater on the surface for future use through structures like tanks, ponds, check dams and weirs, and recharging groundwater by directing rainwater into the subsurface through methods like recharge pits, trenches, dug wells, and recharge shafts filled with gravel and sand. Rainwater harvesting has several advantages, including providing sustainable and reliable water supplies, recharging groundwater aquifers, and overcoming water scarcity issues.
Forests play an important economic and ecological role. They provide fuel, fodder, timber and non-timber products that people rely on. Forests also help regulate water cycles, improve soil quality, and provide habitat for biodiversity. Deforestation due to commercial use, population growth, shifting cultivation, and other factors damages these ecological functions by increasing flooding, drought, soil erosion, disrupting water cycles, reducing biodiversity, and enhancing climate change. Sustainable forest management and reduced impact logging techniques aim to balance human and environmental needs.
Woody climbers like vines and lianas are abundant in tropical rainforests, comprising a significant portion of the vegetation. They compete with trees for light, water, nutrients, and space. By covering tree canopies and growing extensive root systems, they can suppress tree growth, damage trees mechanically, and increase tree mortality. This negatively impacts forest composition, degradation, and carbon sequestration. While some tree species have developed mechanisms to reduce woody climber infestation, heavy infestation overall poses problems for forest health and management.
Biodiversity and tropical forest plantationsRobert Nasi
This document discusses the environmental impacts and biodiversity risks of forest plantations. It notes that while plantations are often criticized for being "green deserts" that destroy biodiversity, their impacts depend on the management practices employed. The document provides principles and strategies for plantation management at the landscape and stand levels that can help maintain biodiversity by preserving habitat connectivity, protecting sensitive areas, using mixed native species, and implementing practices like irregular harvesting and thinning. It concludes that plantations are not inherently harmful if good management considers both stand-level and landscape-level biodiversity needs.
The document discusses natural and artificial regeneration of forests. Natural regeneration refers to the natural process by which plants replace or re-establish themselves through seed dispersal or vegetative reproduction like coppicing. It depends on several factors like seed production, germination conditions, seedling establishment and survival. Artificial regeneration involves human intervention through methods like sowing, planting or other means to renew forest crops. The choice of species, site selection, nursery practices and planting methods are important considerations for artificial regeneration.
Forest management, Knowledge of Plant Ecology, Sub – Division of Forest, Monoculture, Silviculture, Rotation of Cultivation, Weeding Thinning, Brashing, Taungya system, Coppice system of regeneration
This document discusses forest ecosystems. A forest ecosystem is a biological community consisting of interacting plants, animals, microorganisms, and their physical environment within a forest. Forest ecosystems contain biotic factors like plants, animals, and microbes, as well as abiotic factors such as soil, water, and sunlight. The main layers in a forest are the canopy, understory, and forest floor. Some major types of forests discussed are deciduous forests, rainforests, coastal forests, coniferous forests, broadleaf forests, thorn forests, and mangrove forests. Forests provide important ecosystem services like water regulation and carbon absorption, but are threatened by deforestation and habitat degradation. Conservation of forest ecosystems requires sustainable use
Research is defined as a method of studying problems to derive solutions from facts in a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. The purpose of research is to gain insights into phenomena, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses about causal relationships. Implementation research aims to answer questions about specific implementation strategies, consider relevant outcomes and factors, and evaluate in real-world settings. Key implementation outcomes include acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, costs, coverage, and sustainability.
Research on Vetiver Grass used in Landscape Architecturerinjukurian
this ppt contains the data of vetiver grass which is used in landscape architecture, It's known as Chrysopogon zizanioides, Its a fast-growing perennial plant with extensive, dense, and deep root system and strong stems.It is a versatile non-invasive plant now widely used to address a myriad of environmental and engineering soil and water-related problems.Vetiver Grows Under Extremely Cold Conditions, Fire, Acidic Conditions, Highly Tolerant to Saline Condition, Heavy Metals Pollution.Vetiver System Works Preventing and treating contaminated water. Improving the quality of wastewater and polluted water.Wetlands
The document discusses different conservation tillage systems such as ridge tillage and no-till. Ridge tillage uses specialized planters and cultivators to maintain permanent ridges for row crops, while no-till does not use tillage and simply plants crops into previous crop residues. No-till provides soil erosion control and requires fewer field passes but may have issues with weeds, pests, and slower soil warming. The document also describes an innovative no-till system developed by Steve Groff that uses cover crops and a roller to prepare fields with little herbicide.
1) Damas trees make up approximately 14.7% of all tree species planted in Abu Dhabi city, occupying over 733 hectares.
2) While damas trees are highly tolerant of local conditions, their fast growth and expansive root systems can damage infrastructure if not properly sited.
3) The document recommends developing evaluation programs to assess damas tree sites and determine which should be relocated or removed, while emphasizing their overall environmental and ecological benefits.
Effects of Different Mulching Materials and Plant Densities on the Environmen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
This document defines agroforestry as a sustainable land use system that combines trees, crops, and livestock. It discusses several types of agroforestry including silvopasture, alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, and windbreaks/shelterbelts. Silvopasture combines trees, forage, and livestock. Alley cropping grows crops between rows of trees. Forest farming cultivates high-value crops under forest canopy. Riparian buffers protect waterways. Windbreaks shelter crops, livestock, and roads from wind.
Forests play important productive, protective, and regulatory roles. They provide food, fodder, fuel, renewable energy, clothing, and other products for human use. Forests also protect against soil erosion, regulate climate and rainfall, maintain biodiversity, and purify the air. Forests ameliorate climate by intercepting sunlight, reducing temperature and wind speeds, and increasing precipitation. They are crucial ecosystems that sustain human and environmental well-being.
1. Trees grown together with agricultural crops can decrease crop yields through competition for resources like light, moisture, and nutrients. The tree canopy absorbs most light and tree roots uptake water and nutrients from the topsoil where crop roots also grow.
2. Trees may also act as alternate hosts for pests of agricultural crops, allowing pests to survive between crop harvests. Additionally, trees can attract birds whose damage impacts crop yields.
3. Allelopathic effects of some tree species like eucalyptus may also negatively impact neighboring food crops through the release of chemical inhibitors from tree leaves and litter. This document discusses several constraints that can arise in agroforestry systems from interference between tree and crop components.
Crop residue management is a year-round process that aims to maintain sufficient crop residue cover. It influences all field operations and the amount, orientation, and distribution of residue. Conservation tillage systems like no-till, mulch-till and ridge-till leave over 30% residue cover after planting by disturbing only strips or the top of ridges during planting. Maintaining residue cover reduces erosion and improves soil quality. No-till provides environmental benefits due to mulch cover but soil improvement takes years of continuous use along with other practices like crop rotations and cover crops.
Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice that involves planting rows of trees and shrubs at wide intervals to create alleyways for agricultural crop production. This provides both long-term tree crops and annual income from companion crops. Benefits include improved economic stability, cash flow, plant diversity, and wildlife habitat. Careful consideration must be given to tree and crop species selection and spacing to optimize economic returns based on their interactions. Maintaining fences and controlling weeds are important during establishment.
This document discusses different systems of agroforestry classification. It defines key terms like system, subsystem, and practices. It then describes various agroforestry systems including:
1. Agrisilvicultural systems like improved fallow species, taungya systems, and multispecies tree gardens.
2. Silvopastoral systems including protein banks and live fences.
3. Factors for agroforestry system classification including spatial arrangements, roles of components, and social/economic features.
Landscaping with Native Plants - Great Lakes EPAFarica46m
The document provides information on using native plants for landscaping in the Midwest region of the United States, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. It discusses how native plant communities have been transformed over time and the benefits of using native plants, including providing habitat for wildlife, reducing water and pesticide needs, and saving money over time. It also provides examples of organizations that have implemented native landscaping and lists of native plant species well-suited for full sun, partial sun, and shaded conditions.
Plastic mulch A Presentation ByMr. Allah dad KhanVisiting Professor the Uni...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Plastic mulch is used in crop production and landscaping to suppress weeds and conserve water. The history of plastic mulch dates back to the 1950s when polyethylene film began being used as mulch. Using plastic mulch involves costs for equipment, the plastic film itself, specialized planters for plastic beds, and labor for installation and removal. Planting through plastic mulch requires equipment like waterwheel transplanters that utilize rotating drums with plant spikes.
This document contains a technical report for a group project including the following sections: introduction, related work citing five relevant sources, dataset and application approach, case study, evaluation, and conclusion. The related work section summarizes articles on unpaid eldercare in the US, access to and use of leave, married parents' use of time, the multinational time use study, and the American heritage time use study. An evaluation was conducted with 8 user study sessions to collect feedback on the design, ease of use, and satisfaction with the visualization created for the project.
This document discusses techniques for rainwater harvesting, including surface storage and groundwater recharge. There are two main techniques - storing rainwater on the surface for future use through structures like tanks, ponds, check dams and weirs, and recharging groundwater by directing rainwater into the subsurface through methods like recharge pits, trenches, dug wells, and recharge shafts filled with gravel and sand. Rainwater harvesting has several advantages, including providing sustainable and reliable water supplies, recharging groundwater aquifers, and overcoming water scarcity issues.
Forests play an important economic and ecological role. They provide fuel, fodder, timber and non-timber products that people rely on. Forests also help regulate water cycles, improve soil quality, and provide habitat for biodiversity. Deforestation due to commercial use, population growth, shifting cultivation, and other factors damages these ecological functions by increasing flooding, drought, soil erosion, disrupting water cycles, reducing biodiversity, and enhancing climate change. Sustainable forest management and reduced impact logging techniques aim to balance human and environmental needs.
Woody climbers like vines and lianas are abundant in tropical rainforests, comprising a significant portion of the vegetation. They compete with trees for light, water, nutrients, and space. By covering tree canopies and growing extensive root systems, they can suppress tree growth, damage trees mechanically, and increase tree mortality. This negatively impacts forest composition, degradation, and carbon sequestration. While some tree species have developed mechanisms to reduce woody climber infestation, heavy infestation overall poses problems for forest health and management.
Biodiversity and tropical forest plantationsRobert Nasi
This document discusses the environmental impacts and biodiversity risks of forest plantations. It notes that while plantations are often criticized for being "green deserts" that destroy biodiversity, their impacts depend on the management practices employed. The document provides principles and strategies for plantation management at the landscape and stand levels that can help maintain biodiversity by preserving habitat connectivity, protecting sensitive areas, using mixed native species, and implementing practices like irregular harvesting and thinning. It concludes that plantations are not inherently harmful if good management considers both stand-level and landscape-level biodiversity needs.
The document discusses natural and artificial regeneration of forests. Natural regeneration refers to the natural process by which plants replace or re-establish themselves through seed dispersal or vegetative reproduction like coppicing. It depends on several factors like seed production, germination conditions, seedling establishment and survival. Artificial regeneration involves human intervention through methods like sowing, planting or other means to renew forest crops. The choice of species, site selection, nursery practices and planting methods are important considerations for artificial regeneration.
Forest management, Knowledge of Plant Ecology, Sub – Division of Forest, Monoculture, Silviculture, Rotation of Cultivation, Weeding Thinning, Brashing, Taungya system, Coppice system of regeneration
This document discusses forest ecosystems. A forest ecosystem is a biological community consisting of interacting plants, animals, microorganisms, and their physical environment within a forest. Forest ecosystems contain biotic factors like plants, animals, and microbes, as well as abiotic factors such as soil, water, and sunlight. The main layers in a forest are the canopy, understory, and forest floor. Some major types of forests discussed are deciduous forests, rainforests, coastal forests, coniferous forests, broadleaf forests, thorn forests, and mangrove forests. Forests provide important ecosystem services like water regulation and carbon absorption, but are threatened by deforestation and habitat degradation. Conservation of forest ecosystems requires sustainable use
Research is defined as a method of studying problems to derive solutions from facts in a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. The purpose of research is to gain insights into phenomena, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses about causal relationships. Implementation research aims to answer questions about specific implementation strategies, consider relevant outcomes and factors, and evaluate in real-world settings. Key implementation outcomes include acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, costs, coverage, and sustainability.
Research on Vetiver Grass used in Landscape Architecturerinjukurian
this ppt contains the data of vetiver grass which is used in landscape architecture, It's known as Chrysopogon zizanioides, Its a fast-growing perennial plant with extensive, dense, and deep root system and strong stems.It is a versatile non-invasive plant now widely used to address a myriad of environmental and engineering soil and water-related problems.Vetiver Grows Under Extremely Cold Conditions, Fire, Acidic Conditions, Highly Tolerant to Saline Condition, Heavy Metals Pollution.Vetiver System Works Preventing and treating contaminated water. Improving the quality of wastewater and polluted water.Wetlands
The document discusses different conservation tillage systems such as ridge tillage and no-till. Ridge tillage uses specialized planters and cultivators to maintain permanent ridges for row crops, while no-till does not use tillage and simply plants crops into previous crop residues. No-till provides soil erosion control and requires fewer field passes but may have issues with weeds, pests, and slower soil warming. The document also describes an innovative no-till system developed by Steve Groff that uses cover crops and a roller to prepare fields with little herbicide.
1) Damas trees make up approximately 14.7% of all tree species planted in Abu Dhabi city, occupying over 733 hectares.
2) While damas trees are highly tolerant of local conditions, their fast growth and expansive root systems can damage infrastructure if not properly sited.
3) The document recommends developing evaluation programs to assess damas tree sites and determine which should be relocated or removed, while emphasizing their overall environmental and ecological benefits.
Effects of Different Mulching Materials and Plant Densities on the Environmen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
This document defines agroforestry as a sustainable land use system that combines trees, crops, and livestock. It discusses several types of agroforestry including silvopasture, alley cropping, forest farming, riparian forest buffers, and windbreaks/shelterbelts. Silvopasture combines trees, forage, and livestock. Alley cropping grows crops between rows of trees. Forest farming cultivates high-value crops under forest canopy. Riparian buffers protect waterways. Windbreaks shelter crops, livestock, and roads from wind.
Forests play important productive, protective, and regulatory roles. They provide food, fodder, fuel, renewable energy, clothing, and other products for human use. Forests also protect against soil erosion, regulate climate and rainfall, maintain biodiversity, and purify the air. Forests ameliorate climate by intercepting sunlight, reducing temperature and wind speeds, and increasing precipitation. They are crucial ecosystems that sustain human and environmental well-being.
1. Trees grown together with agricultural crops can decrease crop yields through competition for resources like light, moisture, and nutrients. The tree canopy absorbs most light and tree roots uptake water and nutrients from the topsoil where crop roots also grow.
2. Trees may also act as alternate hosts for pests of agricultural crops, allowing pests to survive between crop harvests. Additionally, trees can attract birds whose damage impacts crop yields.
3. Allelopathic effects of some tree species like eucalyptus may also negatively impact neighboring food crops through the release of chemical inhibitors from tree leaves and litter. This document discusses several constraints that can arise in agroforestry systems from interference between tree and crop components.
Crop residue management is a year-round process that aims to maintain sufficient crop residue cover. It influences all field operations and the amount, orientation, and distribution of residue. Conservation tillage systems like no-till, mulch-till and ridge-till leave over 30% residue cover after planting by disturbing only strips or the top of ridges during planting. Maintaining residue cover reduces erosion and improves soil quality. No-till provides environmental benefits due to mulch cover but soil improvement takes years of continuous use along with other practices like crop rotations and cover crops.
Alley cropping is an agroforestry practice that involves planting rows of trees and shrubs at wide intervals to create alleyways for agricultural crop production. This provides both long-term tree crops and annual income from companion crops. Benefits include improved economic stability, cash flow, plant diversity, and wildlife habitat. Careful consideration must be given to tree and crop species selection and spacing to optimize economic returns based on their interactions. Maintaining fences and controlling weeds are important during establishment.
This document discusses different systems of agroforestry classification. It defines key terms like system, subsystem, and practices. It then describes various agroforestry systems including:
1. Agrisilvicultural systems like improved fallow species, taungya systems, and multispecies tree gardens.
2. Silvopastoral systems including protein banks and live fences.
3. Factors for agroforestry system classification including spatial arrangements, roles of components, and social/economic features.
Landscaping with Native Plants - Great Lakes EPAFarica46m
The document provides information on using native plants for landscaping in the Midwest region of the United States, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. It discusses how native plant communities have been transformed over time and the benefits of using native plants, including providing habitat for wildlife, reducing water and pesticide needs, and saving money over time. It also provides examples of organizations that have implemented native landscaping and lists of native plant species well-suited for full sun, partial sun, and shaded conditions.
Plastic mulch A Presentation ByMr. Allah dad KhanVisiting Professor the Uni...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Plastic mulch is used in crop production and landscaping to suppress weeds and conserve water. The history of plastic mulch dates back to the 1950s when polyethylene film began being used as mulch. Using plastic mulch involves costs for equipment, the plastic film itself, specialized planters for plastic beds, and labor for installation and removal. Planting through plastic mulch requires equipment like waterwheel transplanters that utilize rotating drums with plant spikes.
This document contains a technical report for a group project including the following sections: introduction, related work citing five relevant sources, dataset and application approach, case study, evaluation, and conclusion. The related work section summarizes articles on unpaid eldercare in the US, access to and use of leave, married parents' use of time, the multinational time use study, and the American heritage time use study. An evaluation was conducted with 8 user study sessions to collect feedback on the design, ease of use, and satisfaction with the visualization created for the project.
El documento describe la evolución de la web a través de las diferentes versiones, desde la Web 1.0 donde las parejas solo podían leer contenido sin interactuar, hasta la Web 3.0 que permitió que parejas se conocieran personalmente a través de la tecnología más avanzada. Finalmente, la Web 4.0 se presenta como el mayor avance en telecomunicaciones al facilitar la investigación a través de un sistema operativo tan rápido como el cerebro humano.
Dokumen ini membahas persepsi pelajar terhadap kemudahan asas di Sekolah Rendah Agama An-Najah di Presint 9, Putrajaya. Ia menjelaskan latar belakang masalah, objektif kajian untuk menilai persepsi pelajar, dan metodologi pengumpulan data melalui soal selidik. Dokumen ini juga membahas hasil kajian dan kesimpulan tentang tingkat kepuasan pelajar terhadap fasilitas sekolah.
This document provides information about College Summit, a nonprofit organization that partners with high schools to help increase college enrollment rates among low-income students. College Summit trains student "Peer Leaders" and provides curricula and online tools to create a college-going culture in schools. Partner schools experience 12-20% increases in college enrollment. College Summit's comprehensive approach includes summer workshops for Peer Leaders, classroom lessons for grades 9-12, the online portal CSNav, educator training, and data reporting to track progress. The goal is to ensure all students graduate high school with a postsecondary plan.
This document compares the livestock industry in Turkey to the global market, noting that Turkey has 1 million farmers and 57 million animals with a 13 billion EUR market, while globally there are 70 million farmers, 3.9 billion animals, and an 883 billion EUR market. It also mentions Vodafone's IoT platform and asks what is next.
El documento presenta tres modalidades educativas: educación formal, no formal e informal. Describe las características de la educación formal tradicional, a distancia y virtual. Luego, presenta las ventajas e inconvenientes de la educación escolarizada, como el control y calendario académico pero también la falta de flexibilidad y retroalimentación continua.
RochesterWorks! provides job training and placement services to job seekers and businesses in the Rochester area. In 2016, it served over 14,000 job seekers and provided customized recruitment and training solutions to local businesses. Key programs included 5 Steps to Rapid Employment which helped nearly 1,000 graduates find work in under 7 weeks on average, and a new partnership with local criminal justice agencies to provide pre-and post-release employment services to inmates.
1) O documento descreve um programa para reduzir comportamentos agressivos entre estudantes em escolas no Rio de Janeiro.
2) O programa realizou um diagnóstico e implementou ações para sensibilizar educadores, famílias e a sociedade sobre o bullying.
3) O bullying é definido como atitudes agressivas, intencionais e repetidas de um ou mais alunos contra outros, causando dor dentro de uma relação de poder desigual.
Este documento presenta una guía didáctica para utilizar un Prezi sobre la vida en las ciudades romanas dirigido a estudiantes de 5o grado. Explica que el Prezi se utilizará para profundizar en el contenido y ofrecer imágenes y actividades. También describe las características del diseño del Prezi, incluidas las diapositivas de contenido y actividades, e incluye sugerencias para actividades antes, durante y después de utilizar el Prezi en clase.
1. The Government of New Brunswick implemented a formal management system across government departments to pursue excellence in public services through continuous improvement.
2. The system focuses on strategy management, initiative management, daily management, process management, and performance management to prioritize initiatives, drive improvement, and build a sustainable culture of change.
3. Key aspects of the system include a strategy map and balanced scorecard to track progress, priority initiatives and projects, standard operating procedures, performance dashboards, and building improvement leadership across departments.
This document provides a safety training for hotel employees on proper lifting techniques to avoid injuries. It discusses what constitutes heavy lifting and some potential damages from improper lifting such as pain, injury, and lost time or costs associated with employee injuries. The training recommends bending at the knees rather than the back when lifting, getting assistance for heavy objects, and reporting any injuries promptly. It includes links to videos demonstrating proper lifting form to maintain back safety and avoid injury while completing lifting duties that are part of many hotel roles.
Este documento describe la tradición de "La Diableada Pillareña" celebrada en Píllaro, Ecuador. Explica que se originó como una fusión de las tradiciones del Corpus Christi e Inti Raymi, en la que la gente se disfraza de diablos. Describe los personajes principales como el Diablo y las Comparsas, e incluye detalles sobre la música, el baile y la organización de la celebración de seis días. El objetivo es impartir conocimientos sobre esta tradición cultural ecuatoriana.
The document discusses sustainable greening efforts in Abu Dhabi City, United Arab Emirates. It describes the challenges of maintaining vegetation due to harsh climatic conditions and the need for permanent irrigation. It outlines measures taken to minimize the negative effects, such as using treated sewage water for irrigation and an automated monitoring and control system. It highlights several completed landscape projects featuring state-of-the-art materials and systems. It also provides recommendations to rehabilitate existing vegetation cover.
- The document discusses the importance of preserving open spaces and vegetation in urban planning to balance environmental, social and economic needs. It notes trees and vegetation provide aesthetic, climatic and engineering benefits.
- It outlines various values and benefits of trees related to architecture, climate, site development and engineering like moderating temperatures, intercepting rainfall, stabilizing soils and reducing pollution. Trees also have economic and legal value by enhancing property values.
- Jurisdictions have enacted preservation ordinances to balance development with resource protection. Successful preservation must integrate into early planning stages rather than be retrofitted later. Proper protection of trees during construction is also important to prevent root damage.
Impact of land use and land cover changes on disaster riskVarma Myla
This document discusses the impacts of land use and land cover changes on disaster risk. It defines key terms like land use, land cover, zoning, and disaster risk reduction. It also presents a case study on land use/land cover changes in Visakhapatnam, India between 1998-2010 which found increases in built up land and decreases in forest cover and scrub land. Recommendations include conserving forest cover, controlling coastal erosion, enforcing building codes, and establishing land use policies to reduce environmental degradation and disaster risks.
This document discusses vetiver grass as a potential low-cost solution for river bank protection in Bangladesh. It begins with background on river bank failures in Bangladesh and traditional, expensive protection methods. It then describes an experimental study on the shear strength of soil with and without vetiver roots. Results found that vetiver-rooted soil has much higher shear strength than bare soil, indicating vetiver grass could effectively stabilize slopes. Vetiver protection may provide adequate safety at a fraction of the cost of other methods and without environmental damage. The study suggests vetiver grass planting could be a sustainable, economical option for river bank protection against natural disasters in Bangladesh.
Dust emission has become a major cause of
environmental pollution which has many adverse effects on living
beings and non-living things. Construction industry revolution
and development of Southern Pune has led to an increase in the
demand of building materials manifold. The process of quarrying
for extraction of building materials is responsible for heavy air
pollution. Blasting, handling and transportation of aggregates
emits large quantity of dust particles within Katraj region. Dry
weather condition and high speed wind spreads the dust which
increases the environmental risk. The objective to study the
analysis of impact of dust pollution on environment within the
Katraj region is to assess the potential risks in quantitative and
qualitative manner. The core knowledge of dust concentration,
behavior and complex properties of particulate matter helps to
formulate the methods and policies to exert control on their
emission and distribution.
The natural as well as artificial lakes, the source of ground
water in Southern region of Katraj, are subjected to the
deposition of heavy suspended particulate matter. Through
experimentation, it has been observed that the deposition of such
dust matter in the local atmosphere has led to significant changes
in the physical, chemical and biological parameters relating to
natural resources as it reflects in the alarming deviation of these
parameters from standard values. The present study will create
awareness and save the environment of Katraj from impending
consequences of dust particle emission
Evaluation of mechanical properties and
metallurgical changes, which occur in AISI 431 martensitic
stainless steel as a result of the welding processes consisting of
electron beam welding (fusion welding) and friction welding
(solid state welding) is carried out. In addition, the influence of
post weld heat treatments on microstructure and mechanical
properties has also been investigated. Weld center in EB welding
exhibited a cast dendritic structure with ferrite network in a
matrix of un-tempered martensite. In friction welding, the weld
center exhibited thermo-mechanical effected structure consists of
fine intragranular acicular martensite in equiaxed prior austenite
grains. In both the welding processes, post weld tempering
treatment resulted in coarsening of the martensite which
increases with increase in tempering temperature. In the as-weld
condition, both EB and Friction welds exhibited high strength
and hardness and poor impact toughness. Increase in impact
toughness and decrease in strength and hardness is observed with
an increase in tempering temperature. However, high strength
and hardness observed in friction welds as compared to EB
welds, which may be due to fine grain size of the welds due to
thermo-mechanical work the weld undergoes during welding.
Low impact toughness is observed in friction welds as compared
to EB welds, due to presence of fine grained martensite.
Strategies for natural disastger management and mitigation paper - copyJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Destruction is integral part of construction. It is the law of the nature to keep the world going on, both positively and negatively. Accordingly, disasters are integral part of the creation of this planet, which also came into existence as a product of disaster itself. However, nature and context of disasters have changed over the years. Most of the disasters are now the outcome of the way human beings are treating this planet earth, environment and ecology. Ruthless exploitation of resources and destruction of nature, led by rapidly increasing human numbers and attitude of greed and consumerism have led to large number of disasters hitting the planet earth. Looking at the entire context with Disasters, becoming the cause of large scale destruction and damage, they have emerged as an area of major concern and focus of local, natural and international communities. India with more than two third of its area prone to one or other kind of natural disasters, has so far focused largely on post-disaster relief. This approach has not yielded much dividends. Adoption of pre-disaster preparedness to mitigate the losses and sufferings, appears to be a better option to mitigate /dilute the impact of disasters. Vulnerability Altas, depicting the nature and extent of area prone to disasters, should be made available to all user agencies including various professional institutions imparting education in architecture, engineering, planning etc. for managing the disasters at local/regional levels.
Considering the enormity of losses caused by natural disasters it will be appropriate to introduce disaster mitigation and management as one of subject of study in technical institution. Preparation of Regional Plans and Master Plans should clearly identify the disaster prone areas at local level and specify strategies for their safer development. In addition, Preparation of local vulnerability plans, increased role of technical institutions. making suitable amendments in local building bye-laws for making built environment disaster resistant, evolving simple and cost effective techniques of building construction and retrofitting. improving and upgrading locally available building materials and construction techniques, preparing model earthquake and cyclone resistant houses in disaster prone areas, including town planning and development norms as part of technical guidelines published by BIS could be used as options for managing effectively disasters. Global co-operation between nations would be needed for compiling large number of studies undertaken and success stories of disaster prevention, mitigation and management to help and support vulnerable states and nations . Adopting Holistic approach towards disaster mitigation and management and working with nature, restoring the damage caused to environment, ecology and bio-diversity will remain critical, crucial and valuable to minimize disasters
STRATEGIES TO MINIMIZE HAZARDS OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ON WETLANDS: A CASE...MOSES AMO
This document summarizes a study examining strategies to minimize hazards from construction activities on wetlands in Kumasi, Ghana. The study used questionnaires with 20 organizations involved in wetland management. Key findings included:
- Replacing old drains, planting trees along streams, education campaigns, demarcating wetlands, wetland mapping, and enforcing regulations were identified as effective strategies.
- Efforts like acquiring wetlands, planting new species, retaining buffer zones, classifying wetlands, and educating land holders can help manage, protect, and conserve wetlands.
- Most respondent organizations were state entities operating at the planning and management level regarding wetlands.
1066_Avoiding ecological constraints in wind energy_revised draft_finalgenevieve hayes
This document discusses strategies for avoiding negative environmental impacts from wind farm development, particularly impacts to avian fauna. It recommends taking a strategic, landscape-scale approach to planning through tools like sensitivity mapping to identify suitable and unsuitable sites. It also stresses the importance of environmental impact assessments and collaboration between stakeholders to share data and increase biodiversity protections. Mitigation measures like turbine placement and shutdown protocols can help reduce impacts, but are not substitutes for early avoidance through siting. Post-construction monitoring is also key to evaluating effectiveness and informing future projects.
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Impact of Land-use and Land-cover Change Dynamics on Flooding: A Case Study o...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in the Ramakrishnapuram and Safilguda Lake watersheds in Hyderabad, India between 1997 and 2016 using remote sensing. Significant conversions from vegetated areas to built-up areas reduced green space and increased impervious surfaces. This exacerbated flooding in some areas by increasing surface runoff volumes. Analysis of satellite imagery showed declines in vegetated land from 134.59 hectares to 17.95 hectares and losses of non-perennial water bodies. Residential development expanded due to population growth and migration, leading to more compact urban areas over time.
The Green Fuse: Using Plants to Provide Ecosystem Services
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For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document discusses the effects of deforestation in Nigeria. Deforestation destroys habitats for thousands of plant and animal species, endangering many trees, shrubs, nuts, kernels, gorillas, chimpanzees, amphibians, fruit bats, fish and snails that are endemic to Nigeria's forests. Deforestation also contributes to climate change by reducing the number of forests that absorb greenhouse gases and carbon emissions. The loss of forests disrupts weather patterns and increases risks of drought, desertification, flooding and coastal flooding in Nigeria.
Social and Environmental Study on Wind Power Development in Ayeyarwaddy, MyanmarIJARIIT
To integrate the power grid and more efficient power serving to the local residents of Ayeyarwaddy Region,wind
power is better resource from this study of social and environmental findings. The main objective is to provide a better
understanding of the socio-economic requirements that contribute to the integration of wind energy in sustainable power
supply systems. The demonstration wind farm area was performedby excluding the social land use. The wind farm siting was
observed withsufficient distance from the residences to effect environmental impact appropriately in noise emission and in
shadow flickering by employingNoise calculation model: Danish 2007 and shadow flickering model in WindPro software.
These acquired results are not high impact to the local resident’s atKyonkadun village, Ayeyarwaddy Region. Hence, this paper
will initiate new discussions about the future of wind power project and to safeguard the long-term societal acceptance in
Ayeyarwaddy Region, Myanmar.
A methodology for assessing to what extent are resilient cities facing and ad...IRJET Journal
This document discusses risks faced by cities, including natural hazards, human hazards, and climate change risks. Natural hazards include earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, floods, sandstorms, desertification, hurricanes, and wildfires. Human risks result from environmental pollution like marine, air, and soil pollution. Climate change risks may lead to changes in temperature and precipitation that increase disasters. The research aims to develop a methodology to evaluate risks faced by cities and assess their level of resilience and sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in India. It discusses how India's coastlines provide important economic resources but are under increasing pressure from development. ICZM is presented as a framework to balance development and conservation of coastal resources by taking a holistic, participatory approach. The document reviews definitions and goals of ICZM, the need for ICZM in India given threats to coastal ecosystems and communities, key coastal resources in India, and some initiatives India has taken toward ICZM planning and implementation at the national and state levels.
AbdulSattar Salih Al Mashhadani is an Iraqi national with over 37 years of experience in forestry, landscape design, and urban planning. He holds a PhD in Forest Cultivation from Voronezh State Academy of Forestry Engineering in Russia and has worked extensively in Iraq, Libya, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Currently, he works as a Landscape Expert for the Municipality of Abu Dhabi, where he oversees landscape projects and the introduction of native plants. He has published extensively and served as an Associate Professor at several universities. Al Mashhadani has expertise in areas such as afforestation, reforestation, desertification, gardening, and landscape conservation.
This document discusses training certificates. It focuses on providing certificates for completing training courses and programs. The certificates recognize an individual's participation in professional development and skills enhancement activities.
This document lists over 20 thank you letters and certificates of appreciation received by AL MASHHADANI from various organizations in Libya and the United Arab Emirates between 1994 and 2015. The recognitions were for AL MASHHADANI's participation in conferences, contributions to magazines, lectures given, and involvement in projects related to environment, agriculture, afforestation, and municipal development.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Pesticide Management in Abu Dhabi 2013 - Regulatory Roles and ResponsibilitiesAbdul-Sattar Al-Mashhadani
The document outlines the regulatory framework and roles and responsibilities for pesticide management in Abu Dhabi, UAE. It details the main stages of pesticide control, assigning responsibilities to entities like the Ministry of Environment and Water, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Center of Waste Management, and others. Regulations cover pesticide registration, supplier licensing, residue monitoring in food, and safe disposal of containers. The ultimate aim is an integrated system for pesticide management to protect public health and the environment from misuse of these hazardous materials.
Al Mashhadani with the PRFD team reviewed landscape concept designs submitted by many developer and consulting companies from 2006 to 2014. This included projects like the Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan Mosque, irrigation networks in Al Shati City and various parks, the North-Wathba City master plan, resorts and communities, street designs, hospitals, and parks in Abu Dhabi city and Khalifa City. The team provided revisions to landscape materials, plant compositions, and streetscape preliminary designs.
This document is the United Arab Emirates' third national communication to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. It summarizes the country's greenhouse gas emissions and efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts. The communication was prepared by a team of scientists and experts coordinated by the Ministry of Energy. It describes the UAE's climate, economy, energy sector and policies to respond to threats from rising seas, reduced rainfall and more extreme weather. Key findings include that the UAE's total greenhouse gas emissions have increased significantly from 1994 to 2007 due primarily to growth in the energy and transportation sectors. The country is taking innovative actions to prepare for climate change and considers protecting future generations a moral obligation.
This study analyzed soil and water samples from mangrove stands and adjacent bare areas in Abu Dhabi to understand factors influencing mangrove habitat. The following were observed:
1) Salt concentrations in surface soil (0-5 cm) within mangrove stands were lower than deeper soils, likely due to leaching by tides and root absorption.
2) Salt concentrations in water covering mangrove stands were higher than adjacent bare areas, possibly because plant density slowed water movement during tides.
3) Highest densities of natural regeneration were found in shallow, protected areas with moderate water currents.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses proper pruning techniques for trees. It begins by defining various pruning terms and describing the structure of tree branches. The author explains that pruning wounds trees but they can recover through compartmentalization. Common pruning mistakes like flush cuts, stub cuts, and topping are described and illustrated. Topping is strongly discouraged as it damages the tree structure and stimulates undesired growth. Alternative pruning methods and the benefits of proper pruning for tree health, safety, and aesthetics are provided. The document emphasizes that qualified arborists should perform pruning on mature trees.
Developmental Perspectives of Protective Windbreaks -Dec. 2013
1. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
EMIRATE OF ABU DHABI
Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreaks
for Cities and Highways in Abu Dhabi Emirate
Dr. Abdul Sattar Salih Al-Mashhadani
Landscape Expert
Parks and Recreation Facilities Division
Infrastructure and Municipal Assets Sector
2. Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreak
Al Mashhadani A.S., PRFD, ADM, DMA, Abu Dhabi, UAE (29-12-2013 ) Page 1
Table of Contents
Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................2
Importance of windbreaks.....................................................................................................................................3
General Benefits.......................................................................................................................................................3
Definition of shelterbelts .......................................................................................................................................5
Forest shelterbelt designs ......................................................................................................................................6
The effect of winbreaks and shelterbelts on wind..........................................................................................8
Windbreak Distribution Layout.........................................................................................................................11
Rules and requirements of the establishment of windbreaks and shelterbelts.....................................15
Select the plant species for shelterbelts composition .................................................................................16
The local experience of Forest Shelterbelts..................................................................................................18
The main reasons leading to the deterioration of shleterbelts in certain locations.............................18
General obstacles to agricultural operations..................................................................................................20
Development and improvement of greening activities...............................................................................21
Median landscaping ..............................................................................................................................................21
Consequences of failure to take measures for the maintenance of medians.........................................24
General recommendations and suggestions ..................................................................................................25
Future vision ..........................................................................................................................................................26
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................................27
References................................................................................................................................................................27
3. Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreak
Al Mashhadani A.S., PRFD, ADM, DMA, Abu Dhabi, UAE (29-12-2013 ) Page 2
Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreaks
for Cities and Highways in Abu Dhabi Emirate
Introduction
The UAE’s pioneering work in the fields of agriculture and forestry has received
attention from several regional and international organizations. It is considered one of the
unique experiments in the region, having succeeded in an area dominated by a lot of
harsh environmental conditions which are unsuitable for plant growth. Despite all of
these circumstances, the Emirati people have gone through this experience and emerged
successful thanks to the unlimited support given by the late His Highness Sheikh Zayed
bin Sultan Al-Nahyan and his wise leadership across all sectors concerned, including the
municipal sector. In addition, the high principles lay down and adopted by His Highness
Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al-Nahyan represent the right approach for people and
governments alike to dealing with the environment in the United Arab Emirates.
The achievements made in the field of agriculture and forestry are a direct result of the
great efforts of Abu Dhabi Municipality delivered mainly through the departments
concerned with agriculture, forestry and agricultural extension, with support from other
relevant departments inside and outside the Municipality.
These projects have prompted several major technical works, particularly those related to
earth-moving, in addition to drilling wells, laying pipes, constructing tanks and irrigation
4. Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreak
Al Mashhadani A.S., PRFD, ADM, DMA, Abu Dhabi, UAE (29-12-2013 ) Page 3
networks, and other necessary measures to prepare for the critical stage of agricultural
and forestry works, as well as for subsequent engineering works which took into account
the aesthetic aspect and conforming with the characteristic nature of the place.
Importance of windbreaks
The use of shelterbelts and windbreaks has become widespread in many parts of the
world after their positive impacts on improving microclimatic conditions and their
protective functions against the immediate negative impact of prevailing winds have
become known to people. Such positive effects include reducing evapo-transpiration,
erosion, corrosion, soil drifting those impacts particularly on agricultural production as
well as the quality and quantity of the positive impacts on public health and safety on the
roads and industrial areas.
For this great importance, and in all parts of the world, we find that many governmental
and civil organizations have sought to establish windbreaks and conduct a lot of different
studies and experiments on them to determine the extent of their positive impact on
various environmental factors and benefits as a result of this impact through the
development of windbreak design and the variety of types for each region with the aim of
proper exploitation of land and the development of natural resources in different regions.
General Benefits
The overall impact of these shelterbelts is the improvement of micro-environmental
conditions in the areas protected by them, the protection of main roads from the effects of
sandstorms and sand accumulations, effective soil stabilization and minimization of wind
erosion. In addition, the large number of trees and shrubs contribute to providing lands
with soil nutrients and increase the amount of humus in soil. Therefore, they are
considered the self-nutrient which provides natural organic fertilizers in addition to the
aesthetic appeal they impart to the areas in which they grow, thereby indirectly
supporting the country’s tourism industry. The ultimate outcome of all the above can be
an increase in the social welfare and support of the national economy.
Overall, their benefits on the local scale can be summarized in the following points:
They are one of the most important biological soil improvement methods used for
stabilizing sand and sand dunes, stopping their drifting, and combating erosion.
They provide protection for external roads and the various means of transport
from the effects of strong and hot sand storms, and reducing their negative effects
5. Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreak
Al Mashhadani A.S., PRFD, ADM, DMA, Abu Dhabi, UAE (29-12-2013 ) Page 4
on public safety, especially reducing sand accumulations and facilitating sound
and safe vision.
They provide protection of agricultural crops (fields), livestock, pastures, and the
various civilian and service installations (around cities, residential areas, water
tanks, etc.) from the effects of cold winds, dry winds, simoom and sandstorms,
thereby providing the right atmosphere to ensure good production and
performance both quantitatively and qualitatively.
They are considered as protective biotic cover for all national defense installations
and stations.
They provide protection and shade for humans and wildlife in general, and
contribute to their development and prosperity.
They improve the aesthetic appeal of the areas [in which they are cultivated],
which helps attract tourists and support the country’s tourism industry.
They are considered a source of such by-products as organic materials, feed,
pharmaceuticals, etc., and are used for beekeeping…etc.
They provide a safe environment in which many native plant species can be
successfully grown, by virtue of their positive impact on changing micro-
environmental conditions in favor of the species most sensitive to the harsh local
conditions.
They are considered as mega-projects which contribute to attracting a large and
diverse workforce. They are also investments of future value for the protected
areas.
In view of their great importance, they are considered a component of the biosphere
which plays an important role in combating desertification, conserving nature, and
boosting tourism.
6. Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreak
Al Mashhadani A.S., PRFD, ADM, DMA, Abu Dhabi, UAE (29-12-2013 ) Page 5
Definition of shelterbelts
Protective shelterbelts are a group of forest woody plants (trees and shrubs) planted in
one or more longitudinal strips or live hedges. They consist of 3-5 rows spaced 3-4
meters apart and in the same row they are spaced 2-3 meters apart. Shelterbelts either
consist of one main species or a mix of species more tolerant and resistant to the regional
conditions.
The direction of shelterbelts lines depends on the land topography. On flat areas, they are
established at right angles to the direction of the prevailing and more effective winds.
7. Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreak
Al Mashhadani A.S., PRFD, ADM, DMA, Abu Dhabi, UAE (29-12-2013 ) Page 6
However, in wavy areas and sloping terrain with a slope of over 1.5-2, the direction of
shelterbelts should be perpendicular to the direction of the slope. It should be taken into
account that shelterbelts provide the most protection when winds blow perpendicularly to
evergreen trees or to deciduous trees when they are in leaf. In certain cases, shelterbelts
can be distributed based on the amount of wind damage and at an angle not exceeding
30°, as shown in Diagram 1.
Forest shelterbelt designs
Shelterbelts and windbreaks are barriers used to reduce wind speed and change its
direction. They are established in flat lands for purposes of protection from the effects of
unfavorable environmental factors. They represent one of the several groups of forest
plants with diverse designs which differ in their wind permeability.
The following are the main windbreak types:
1- Permeable windbreaks:
Permeable windbreaks consist of a minimum of 1-3 rows with the trees spaced 4 meters
apart. They are used for landscaping, timber production, internal road afforestation, and
protecting waterways and tourist areas.
8. Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreak
Al Mashhadani A.S., PRFD, ADM, DMA, Abu Dhabi, UAE (29-12-2013 ) Page 7
2- Semi-permeable windbreaks:
Semi-permeable windbreaks consist of a minimum of 1-3 rows with the trees spaced 2
meters apart. They are used for the same purposes mentioned above, but they also act as
barriers against wind, sand and dust storms.
3- Impermeable windbreaks:
Impermeable windbreaks consist of a minimum of 3-5 rows, and up to 100 rows, with the
trees spaced 1 meter apart. They are used in dry areas with severe sand and dust storms.
There are several sub-designs derived from of the above main designs.
In general, 3-meter spacing between rows and 2-meter spacing between trees are
considered ideal for windbreaks used for protecting roads and fields. So, we can say that
semi-permeable windbreaks are one of the best types of windbreaks used for these
purposes.
Shelterbelt design means planting woody plants so that the longitudinal section of the
shelterbelt has a specified degree of wind permeability. This degree is measured by the
space between the trees and shrubs within the windbreak. It depends on the type of design
which is determined by the conditions in the area, the type of plants selected (species
composition), their layers (within the longitudinal section) and spacing (plant density),
the height and width of the windbreak or shelterbelt, etc. Windbreak permeability is the
main factor determining the effectiveness of shelterbelts or windbreaks (see the table
below).
General description of the main forest shelterbelt designs
Main forest
shelterbelt designs
Longitudinal section of the shelterbelt in leaf
Distribution and
prevalence of gaps
Percentage of permeable openings
%
Between trunks In canopies
Impermeable Almost free of gaps <10 <10
Semi-permeable
Small gaps almost over the
whole section of the belt
15-35 15-35
Permeable
Large gaps between the
trunks and almost without
gaps in the canopies
>60 <15
9. Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreak
Al Mashhadani A.S., PRFD, ADM, DMA, Abu Dhabi, UAE (29-12-2013 ) Page 8
The design type is assessed according to the area’s environmental characteristics and its
adaptive species. Windbreaks and shelterbelts serve various purposes. Some of them are
used for the protection of cities; highways; industrial areas; sides of the main roads;
approaches to valleys and canyons; and areas around marshes, sand dunes and water
tanks. Others are used for regulating water movement, protecting soil from erosion,
protecting fields, pastures, barns...etc.
The effect of windbreaks and shelterbelts on wind-system
The important and effective role of windbreaks is ascribed to their special impact on wind
system, reduction of the sand accumulation carried by the wind, and consequently their
positive impact on changing the microclimate in the protected areas. Wind system
determines the sand distribution and its transport and dispersion, some of which gets
blocked by the windbreak and its ends in the form of soil barricades. The decreased wind
that faced the biomass of windbreak or shelterbelt can be divided into two parts, one of
which rises above the windbreak and the other goes through it. As wind moves away
from the windbreak, it regains its speed.
The effect extend of protective windbreak that located on the leeward side varies
according to the windbreak or shelterbelt structure, height, density, number of
rows, species composition, length, orientation, and continuity, all of which
contribute to determining its effectiveness in reducing wind speed and positively
changing the microclimate of protected.
Effect of height
The shelterbelt height (H) is the most important factor in determining the protected area.
On the leeward side of an impermeable windbreak, wind speed reductions are measurable
for a distance of 15 to 20 times the height of the windbreak (15-20H). This distance can
often decrease to 10-15 times (10-15H). On the windward side, however, the distance of
wind speed reductions is up to 10 times the height of the windbreak (10H), which does
not exceed 25% of the wind speed (Diagram 2). Semi-permeable windbreaks are
generally considered among the best windbreaks because they reduce the effect of wind
for a significant distance of 30H on the protected leeward side and allow the passage of
reasonable amounts of wind, as they reduce its speed by 50-55% on average within the
protected area. Therefore, semi-permeable windbreaks are recommended for the
protection of roads and fields prone to sandstorms and dry winds. In contrast,
impermeable or closed windbreaks (which have no openings in their longitudinal sections
10. Developmental Perspectives of Protective Forest Windbreak
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– almost 10%) can create eddies within the protected area as a result of the great pressure
difference directly behind the windbreak. The effective height (H) in multiple-lines
windbreaks is the tallest tree-line that determines their value.
The Effect of Density
Windbreak density is the ratio of the foliage (solid) portion of the windbreak to the total
area of the windbreak. Wind flows through the open gaps of a windbreak, thus the more
vegetation in windbreak section, the less wind passes through. The high-density
windbreaks develop low pressure areas on the leeward side. This low pressure area
behind the windbreak pulls air coming over the windbreak downward, creating eddies
and reducing windbreak effectiveness and the length of the protected area. As density
decreases, the amount of air passing through the windbreak increases, moderating the low
pressure and turbulence, and increasing the length of the protected area.
Therefore, by adjusting windbreak density, different wind flow patterns and areas of
protection are established.
As general, the windbreak density of 40-60% percent provides the greatest area of
protection and provides excellent soil erosion control as well as an optimal distribution of
their dispersion outputs. On the other hand a density of 25-35% affects a larger area, but
may not provide sufficient control of soil erosion.
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Farmsteads and livestock areas that need of protection against the impacts of dry summer
winds and cold winter winds may require multiple-row windbreaks with high densities.
Such windbreaks provide greater wind speed reductions, but their protected areas are
smaller (2H-5H).
Multiple-leg windbreaks are recommended in areas with variable-direction prevailing
winds to increase the area of the protected zone (see figure below).
The number of rows, the distance between trees, and species composition are all factors
controlling windbreak density. The interaction of height and density determines the
degree of wind speed reduction, and ultimately the length of the protected area.
For a given height, the protected area usually increases as density increases. However, if
density is below 20%, the windbreak does not provide useful wind reduction. Similarly, if
density is above 80%, an excessive leeward turbulence may reduce windbreak
effectiveness.
The use of multiple-leg windbreaks
(Provides a larger protected area than a single windbreak)
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Windbreak Distribution Layout
Determination of the adopted design and the expected windbreak effectiveness, in light of
the outcome of all the data and rules for establishment, could lead to the initialization and
setup of the following steps:
1- Preparation of forest shelterbelt plantation site:
The preparation of the appropriate site is the optimal measure to improve the survival
percentage of the selected woody species of which the shelterbelt is composed.
In flat areas, the shelterbelt location is determined based on the direction and speed of the
prevailing and most damaging winds in the area, so that the road to be protected (for
example) lies within the boundaries of the protected zone. The protected zone area is
estimated based on the height of the main species, reached on its maturity stage, taking
into account the change in the topography of some of the sites along the road (sloping or
drifting sites …).
The extent of the protected area by shelterbelts is greatly affected by the site’s
environmental conditions and the type of soil. Less favorable climatic and soil
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conditions means less extensive area, and vice versa, because healthy tree growth
(increases the height) means an increase in the extent of the protected area.
2- Determination of the width windbreak and the number of its lines, and strips:
This is largely depends on the type of design, wind speed and land topography, where
the wind speed generally decreases with increasing the rows of the shelterbelt.
The windbreak width determines the number of rows of woody plants, which are usually
three, four, or five.
3- Determination of plant spacing: plant spacing is determined in the light of the
outcome of interaction between the type of design and the local environmental
conditions of the area, especially wind and topography (see diagrams 1, 2, 3-3, 4, 5).
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Controls and requirements of the windbreaks establishment
It is necessary, before proceeding with establishment of windbreaks, to take into account
their rules and provide the necessary requirements. Such requirements can be
summarized as follows:
Data on the area’s environmental conditions, especially its topographical and
climatic features, detailed information about wind dynamics, and the type and
speed of prevailing sand storms in the area (according to the local Wind Rose).
The area’s land use and classification scheme, priority of shelterbelt establishment
should be given more critical sites in coordination with the relevant authorities.
Data about the quantity and quality of water sources.
A consolidated list of plant species in the area or species composition across the
areas based on a study of the native and exotic plants in the area which proved to
be successful and suitable for cultivation in windbreaks in the light of their
general characteristics.
It is necessary to take into account the appropriate design, number of rows, and
appropriate spacing between rows and between the trees in each row.
When establishment the forest shelterbelts, taken into account their proper
distribution to achieve the functional purposes according to the prepared plan for
each type.
Proper choice and mixing of the species composition will determine the cross-
sectional shape of the windbreak (Diagram 6). The following are the best
windbreaks:
– Windbreaks of a pyramidal cross-section with inclined sides, which consist of
high to low trees and shrubs arranged in an odd number of more than two
rows.
– Windbreaks of a parallelogrammic cross-section which consist of an even
number of more than two rows.
Provision of all the technical resources such as agricultural machinery, heavy
equipment, tools, and other resources required for shelterbelt establishment.
Assignment of tasks to specialists, depending on their nature, taking into account
that the number of staff should match the volume of work.
Continued maintenance (especially during the first 3-4 years) to help improve
their growth and survival percentage to achieve the desired protection.
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Preparation of wall charts showing windbreak or shelterbelt data including their
designs, species composition, plant and row spacing, stripe width, and prevailing
wind direction.
Select the plant species for shelterbelts composition In order for shelterbelts to be
more effective in achieving their purpose, their constituent tree and shrub species should
be properly chosen, taking into consideration their genetic features, site conditions, type
of soil, the level and quality of groundwater, sufficiency and quality of irrigation water,
the purpose for which they are planted and their characteristics, in addition to the impact
of social and economic factors. For example, thorny species are planted near urban areas
and animal paths, while fodder species can be a good choice in areas where fodder is in
short supply (provided that they are properly managed), or species with good wood… etc.
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Key features of the species selected for shelterbelts:
1- Strong, free from and resistant to pathogenic micro-organisms and insects.
2- Resistant and adaptive to the area’s environmental conditions (climatic: high
temperatures, drought, wind, humidity, severe sunlight; soil: poor soil and salinity
… etc.)
3- Flexible, resistant to wind, with straight stems, uniform crowns, and large
developed root systems with deep extensions to resist wind pressure.
4- Fast-growing species that yield good timber.
5- Among the species that are not harmful to animals and, at the same time, resistant
to animal damage.
Overall, based on the considerations of the local conditions of the targeted area, some
species can be recommended for cultivation in the shelterbelts protecting roads, farms,
and fields. Such species are characterized by their ability to tolerate conditions of very
low soil moisture and their highly developed root systems.
It is preferred to use a mix of species, provided that the main species is not planted in the
first row facing the prevailing winds. It also is advisable to select species tolerant to
conditions of areas with high groundwater level and salinity, and salty irrigation water, in
which case an irrigation water drainage system must be installed.
To ensure windbreak effectiveness, scheduling of their maintenance and care should be
started directly after their establishment. This includes irrigation, hoeing, replanting
(immediately after the survival percentage is calculated), and caring to give the
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windbreak the desired shape as needed and within the action plan (by approving the
pruning and thinning of the species that require such operations). The preferred species
here are the ones which do not require spending a lot of effort and money on such
operations. This is in addition to the need to protect their maintenance and conservation
operations against the impacts of fire, cutting, and grazing, by using fences or guards and
educating local communities about their importance and benefits, as well as securing
prevention and control operations when necessary.
The local experience of Forest Shelterbelts The protective forest shelterbelts have been
established in the United Arab Emirates, especially in sandy areas, in order to minimize
the effects of wind and sand storms, stabilize sand dunes and stop their drifting towards
cities, protect farms and external roads, combat desertification, and create a healthy and
more productive environment. Abu Dhabi Emirate has made great strides in the
cultivation of shelterbelts and windbreaks which cover an area more than 250000
hectares.
These areas can be classified as follows:
1- Shelterbelts protecting urban areas.
2- Windbreaks protecting fields and farms.
3- Shelterbelts and windbreaks protecting pastures.
4- Windbreaks protecting gardens, parks, nurseries, and orchards.
5- Windbreaks along main roads.
Shelterbelts are mostly planted at distances of 7×7 m in order to facilitate the various
servicing machinery and maintenance operations. However, shelterbelts around towns
and fields are planted at shorter distances to ensure highest effectiveness. Their success
depends on proper establishment and maintenance, especially during the first years after
cultivation.
The main reasons leading to the shelterbelts deterioration
The deterioration and slow growth of plants in certain locations can be attributed to a
number of reasons and practices, in addition to the harsh environmental conditions of the
area, the most important of which are summarized as follows:
(a) Natural reasons: Harsh environmental conditions (Climatic and location: Poor
soils; the level of salty groundwater, particularly in coastal areas; and the low quality
and quantity of the well’s water for irrigation).
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(b) humanitarian reasons:
1- Lack of an effective water drainage system, particularly in areas with a high level
of salty groundwater, in addition to the contribution of an excess of water
irrigation along the sides and in the median of the highways in increasing the level
of salty groundwater. This case increases the area of marshes which may, in some
areas, reach vegetative sites, destroying them completely and irreversibly (that is
why proper planning for planting of such sites should be preceded by a study of
their characteristics).
2- Irregularity of irrigation networks means poor distribution of water over planted
areas, which leads to the emergence of significant water waste in some locations
and water recession in other locations (moisture deficit). Both situations have a
major impact on slowing the growth of plants and dying them. This is in addition
to the impact of irregular water supply.
3- Improper choice of the site or appropriate design.
4- Failure to choice the tolerant species that can resist conditions of the site, or the
wrong method of initial planting either because of failure to identify its priorities
or expediting the process to completion at the expense of quality and survival
percentage, thereby increasing the costs of replanting (replacement of dead
seedlings or dwarfed trees, after several years, with new seedlings).
5- A mismatch between the manpower, their skill level and the work size, that
assigned to each site and to various agricultural operations. This leads to the
adoption of worker transfers, which makes workers unavailable for conducting
periodic maintenance operations in a timely manner, causing obstruction of plant
growth and weakening their resistance.
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Encountered obstacles to the development of agricultural operations
The agricultural operations in all parts of the world, even successful ones, are faced with
many problems and obstacles.
The most serious local problems facing agricultural operations, besides the impacts of
harsh environmental and soil conditions, are as follows:
1- The quantity and quality of irrigation water: Plant water requirement are generally
affected by the following factors:
(a) Quality and productivity of the water source.
(b) Irrigation network design.
(c) Land topography.
(d) Irrigation season.
(e) Lack of detailed studies on the calculation of water consumption based on plant
needs and soil type.
2- The high groundwater level in some areas and its impact on increasing the area of
marshes, and the need for a modern drainage system to solve this problem.
Interaction between all of the above factors, in addition to others related to the lack of
organic content and the main nutrient minerals in the soil (nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium), as well as the secondary … with the problems of soil salinization and
solidification, the inaccurate selection of the appropriate seedlings for planting as a result
for several reasons that are not the subject of study here; all these factors obstruct the
growth of species and make them vulnerable to pathogens and pests, which,
unfortunately, leads to the extensive use of various pesticides.
In order to eliminate or reduce the impact of these problems on the cultivation process,
the Municipality has undertook to adopt many research projects and activities and create
opportunities for cooperation with several regional and international research centers and
organizations.
In spite of the many impediments that faced the UAE’s pioneering experience in the
establishment of various forest stands, shelterbelts and windbreaks in and around cities,
along the sides of external roads, and around fields and farms under the harsh conditions
of the local environment (in addition to public gardens and parks); the sure indicator of
success is its contribution to reviving these sites and providing them with new
environmental components more suited to human life and activity as well as the lives of
the various living organisms, and the creation of appropriate conditions for many of the
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subsequent activities. In addition, shelterbelts and windbreaks have the potential to be a
source of many raw materials for technological and medicinal uses, and fodder, as well as
a source of timber in the future if they are well managed as one of the most important
renewable sources.
Development and improvement of greening operations
Despite all the achievements, the Municipality aspires to achieve further excellent
performance through the adoption and application of scientific steps and standard
measures in all agricultural operations. To achieve this goal, attention should be paid to
the following measures:
1- Reshaping the green areas in Abu Dhabi city, based on new strategic plans, programs
and aesthetic standards.
2- Studying forest stands areas across the emirate of Abu Dhabi, through the following:
(a) Classification of forest plantations according to the priorities associated with
environmental importance and economic feasibility.
(b) Application of the proper rules for the establishment of the various forest stands,
shelterbelts, and windbreaks.
3- Extending afforestation plans beyond Abu Dhabi Island.
4- Development of plans and programs to promote the role of parks and various forest
plantations in conserving the environment.
Therefore, this study was conducted to highlight the importance of these shelterbelts and
windbreaks, their designs, rules for establishment, and the measures necessary for their
rehabilitation.
Median landscaping
Measures for the rehabilitation of road median landscape
1- Removal of all the trees and shrubs planted on the approaches to turns and U-
turns for a distance not less than 500-600 m. Subject to availability of the
appropriate conditions, such approaches can be planted with the adaptive or native
groundcover that can tolerate external road conditions.
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2- Removal of trees planted adjacent to the vehicular lane because of their negative
impact on its safety (water seepage, root system growth).
3- Some dense rows need thinning, deteriorating shrubs need removing, and good
ones need transferring to other required nearby locations.
4- Pruning lower branches of the entire median trees, at a minimum height of 1 – 1.5
m from the surface level of flattened soil.
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5- Pruning upper branches of the trees and thinning the lateral growth of their
crowns so they do not extend beyond the edges of the median at a distance not
less than 0.5 m from both sides.
6- Planting the remaining areas on the windward side of the road, where burial and
flattening operations have been conducted according to the rules.
7- Rehabilitation the water drainage into aggregated pathways to prevent any
damage to the lands adjacent to windbreaks or shelterbelts.
8- In a location of low water quality and quantity, depending on its importance, we
can avoid planting in the medians and merely plant the windbreak on the
windward according the rules and proper steps of their cultivation.
9- Nominate a specialized and qualified member from the Public Parks Department
to work as a permanent liaison member on the committee of the road construction,
with a view to developing designs for landscaping operations which take into
account the restrictions related to safety of the road and its various structures, in
addition to the effect of the future outlook for different land uses.
10-Reconsideration, according to general field inventory, the assessment of
windbreak plantations along road sides (which, in turn, requires an assessment of
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certain low-level sites by the relevant entity) and medians, based on all the data
that have been identified in this study.
Consequences of failure to take measures for the maintenance of medians
Higher probability of traffic accidents in turns and U-turns due to lack of the necessary
distance for proper visibility of the other side of the road.
1- Higher probability of traffic accidents resulting from the accumulation of sand
along the interior part of the road adjacent to the median because of failure to trim
the bottom branches of the trees, thus providing the right conditions for the
creation of a low-pressure area on the windward side and leading to the deposition
and accumulation of sand, impediment of vehicle movement, and accidents.
2- In some external sites and within western cities, vehicles are forced to use the
right side of the road as a result of failure to trim and prune lateral branches of
tree crowns in the medians. This situation, besides causing traffic hazards,
constitutes an added load on that side of the road, which increases and multiplies
maintenance expenses and shortens the road's life span.
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3- Some sites on the windward side, where earth filling has previously been
performed, constitute an additional source of sand that can accumulate on the
inner side of the road, especially medians with unmaintained vegetation.
General recommendations and suggestions
In conclusion, we believe that it is necessary to work in collaboration with the relevant
authorities to achieve the following:
Studying the environmental and biotic importance of windbreaks and shelterbelts
in the protection of main roads and cities
When recognizing the need to establish a windbreak or shelterbelt in a certain
area, controls and requirements should be taken into full account to ensure its
success and to achieve the desired goals.
Revival and enhancement of the growth of natural vegetation in the area,
especially the sites located near to the road intended to be protected, while
focusing on the windward side.
The establishment of a specialized central nursery should be considered early for
growing the required tolerant forest species, as well as native drought-resistant
plant species, to be used in afforestation and sand dune stabilization.
Serious steps should be taken towards undertaking an environmental impact
assessment and preparing scientific and applied plans to limit the increase in the
area of Sabkha as a result of the lack of irrigation water drainage systems along
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windbreaks. An integrated plan should be developed, targeting mainly the
development of a modern and sophisticated network for water drainage in the
most critical areas.
Given the importance of shelterbelts and windbreaks, we believe that it is
necessary to develop a systematic program to manage them properly in a way that
leads to their nourishment and achieve their goals.
Future vision
Forest shelterbelts are generally mega-projects whose by-products can be of high value,
in addition to their priceless vital and moral influence, if properly utilized. As I have
already mentioned, they attract a large workforce, besides being tourist attractions. All
these and other important elements point to the possibility of achieving part of the self-
financing of such vegetation covers. To enhance the returns, we believe that it is
necessary to think of and encourage the cultivation of native and tolerant forest species
that have proved successful under the local conditions and that can provide fodder such
as Zizphus sp., Acacia sp. and Salvadora persica. Added to that is the possibility of
exploiting the lands of shelterbelts for the cultivation of herbaceous perennial and
herbaceous annuals and biennials species of medicinal and fodder value that are tolerant
to environmental conditions. A study could be performed in the near future of the
possibility of developing an integrated program to exploit the secondary outputs of
shelterbelts and the possibility of investing their resources in future expansion operations.
Future efforts to make the experience of growing shelterbelts a success, and the
dissemination of its outcomes and applications all over the country, will breathe life in
our land and enhance fertility and biodiversity, in addition to being a unique experience
in the region.
The final outcomes mean more suitability of our local environmental conditions,
enrichment of soil fertility, and activate its benefits on behalf of human
welfare and progress
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Conclusion
Windbreaks and shelterbelts are biological assets, essential to all urban installations
(cities, factories, streets, fields and pastures … and many others) vital for meeting the
requirements of humans and his various activities. All windbreaks and shelterbelts,
whatever their types and designs, need regular maintenance from the first day of their
establishment. Such maintenance generally includes:
Regular care and maintenance, and proper pruning according to the type of
design.
Integrated Pest control to combat diseases that can infect the windbreak.
Immediate replanting (patching) where necessary.
Correct use of chemical materials at the sites and fields near the windbreak, to
support its effectiveness for many years.
References
– Al-Mashhadani A.S.1998. "Forests protect the fields". Environmental page, Al-
khaleej J., No.7121, UAE.
– Al-Mashhadani A.S.2000. An interview "Scientific aspects in forest
shelterbelts planting". Al-Asimma Magazine, No.53, Page 86-91, Abu Dhabi
Municipality, UAE.
– Al-Mashhadani A.S.2000."Establishing Forest Shelterbelts enrich the
Environment". Environmental page, Al- khaleej J., No.7646, UAE.
– Al-Mashhadani A.S.2001."The optimum way to protect the stands in our
environment". Al-Asimma Magazine, No.65-2001, page36, Abu Dhabi
Municipality, UAE.
– Al-Mashhadani A.S.2005 .“ The Forest-Shelterbelts … Its Construction &
Importance” Al-Murshid Magazine, No.27, Abu Dhabi Municipality, UAE.
– Belov S.V. 1983.Silviculture,M.”Forest Industry”, USSR.
– Kuhns, M. 1998. “Windbreak benefits and design” Cooperative Extension
Work, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah, USA.
– Mattees G.Y. and et al. 1984.Guide of Agro-forestry amelioration, M. “Forest
Industry” , USSR.
– Novaseltseva A.I. and N.A.Smernov, 1983. Guide of Forest Nursery, M.
”Forest Industry”, USSR.
– Novaseltseva A.I. and A.R. Rodin, 1984. Guide of Forest Cultivation, M.
”Forest Industry”, USSR.
– Redeco G.I., A.R.Rodin and Treshavski I.V.1985. Forest Cultivation,
Textbook, M., USSR.
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Appendix: A list of the most important plant species that can be cultivated on the
sides of external roads in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi
No. Scientific Name Family Name Arabic Name
*1
Acacia Arabica
Acacia nilotica
Mimosaceae )(القرط العربي السٌظ
*2 Acacia cyanophylla Mimosaceae ًىفيال سيا
3 Acacia decurens Mimosaceae األخضر السٌظ
4 Acacia farnesiana Mimosaceae )(الفتٌة الحلى السٌظ
*5 Acacia syal Mimosaceae الطلح
*6 Acacia tortilis Mimosaceae )(السور الشائل السٌظ
7
Achras zapota
Manilkara zapotilla
Sapotaceae )(السبىتا الجينى
*8 Atriplex litiformis Chenopodiaceae اتربلنس
9 bougainvillea spp. Nyctaginaceae جهٌوية
*11 Calligonum comosum Polygonaceae األرطا
*11 Casuarina equistifolia Casuarinaceae ٌالنازواريا
12 Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae زفر ياسويي
*13 Conocarpus lancifolius Combretaceae )اليابسة (قرم الدهس
14 Dodonea viscosa Sapindaceae ديدوًيا
51 Hibiscus rosa sinensis Malvaceae هبسنس
16
Jatropha
integerrima
Euphorbiaceae جاتروفا
17 Nerium oleander Apocyonaceae دفلة
*18 Parkinsonia acutifolia Caesalpiniaceae القدس شىك