A module covering the development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus including the development of MRSA or methicillin resistant staph aureus.
How Not to Get Eaten: More than 75 Incredible Animal Defenses (Wonders of Wil...Lucky Gods
Don't Be Dinner! How Not to Get Eaten: Incredible Animal Defenses (Wonders of Wildlife)
Ever wondered how creatures in the wild avoid becoming someone else's lunch? This amazing book dives into the wacky, weird, and truly incredible strategies animals use to stay off the menu!
Explore over 75 fascinating examples of animal defenses, like:
Chameleons that vanish before your eyes
Skunks who unleash a smelly surprise
Puffy fish that inflate into spiky balloons
Mimic octopuses that transform into other creatures
And so much more!
Packed with stunning photos, fun facts, and engaging activities, this book is your passport to the secret world of animal survival. Discover:
How camouflage, mimicry, and chemical warfare protect animals ️
The amazing adaptations that help creatures blend in or fight back
The science behind these incredible defenses
How these strategies inspire human inventions and technology
Whether you're a curious kid, an animal lover, or just fascinated by the natural world, this book will amaze and entertain you! ✨
22 Popular Beliefs that are Completely UntruePayScale, Inc.
Oysters aren't aphrodisiacs. You don't need to wait 30 minutes before swimming. Bulls hate red...that's bs. Bad data can fool you into believing myths are actually facts. PayScale, the modern compensation company, has debunked 22 popular myths, providing you with data you can rely on.
My Personality Essay - PHDessay.com. My Personality Essay — What is a describe your personality essay? The .... Personality and Psychology in Life Essay Example | Topics and Well .... My favourite personality essay creativesavantz.com. What Personality? - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. 003 Personality Essay Help Essays Psychology Writing Service Uk .... Wonderful Example Of Personality Profile Essay ~ Thatsnotus. ᐉ How to Describe Your Personality Through Essay With Examples ☑️ My .... personality essay - GCSE Psychology - Marked by Teachers.com. Stunning How To Describe A Person Personality In Essay ~ Thatsnotus.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
ATP Blog11 - Soil Theory.
You may want to print the various FULVIC - Humic Acid Report and other educational documents that we have and give it them to your doctor.
Your doctor may very well be grateful that you did......
How Not to Get Eaten: More than 75 Incredible Animal Defenses (Wonders of Wil...Lucky Gods
Don't Be Dinner! How Not to Get Eaten: Incredible Animal Defenses (Wonders of Wildlife)
Ever wondered how creatures in the wild avoid becoming someone else's lunch? This amazing book dives into the wacky, weird, and truly incredible strategies animals use to stay off the menu!
Explore over 75 fascinating examples of animal defenses, like:
Chameleons that vanish before your eyes
Skunks who unleash a smelly surprise
Puffy fish that inflate into spiky balloons
Mimic octopuses that transform into other creatures
And so much more!
Packed with stunning photos, fun facts, and engaging activities, this book is your passport to the secret world of animal survival. Discover:
How camouflage, mimicry, and chemical warfare protect animals ️
The amazing adaptations that help creatures blend in or fight back
The science behind these incredible defenses
How these strategies inspire human inventions and technology
Whether you're a curious kid, an animal lover, or just fascinated by the natural world, this book will amaze and entertain you! ✨
22 Popular Beliefs that are Completely UntruePayScale, Inc.
Oysters aren't aphrodisiacs. You don't need to wait 30 minutes before swimming. Bulls hate red...that's bs. Bad data can fool you into believing myths are actually facts. PayScale, the modern compensation company, has debunked 22 popular myths, providing you with data you can rely on.
My Personality Essay - PHDessay.com. My Personality Essay — What is a describe your personality essay? The .... Personality and Psychology in Life Essay Example | Topics and Well .... My favourite personality essay creativesavantz.com. What Personality? - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. 003 Personality Essay Help Essays Psychology Writing Service Uk .... Wonderful Example Of Personality Profile Essay ~ Thatsnotus. ᐉ How to Describe Your Personality Through Essay With Examples ☑️ My .... personality essay - GCSE Psychology - Marked by Teachers.com. Stunning How To Describe A Person Personality In Essay ~ Thatsnotus.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
ATP Blog11 - Soil Theory.
You may want to print the various FULVIC - Humic Acid Report and other educational documents that we have and give it them to your doctor.
Your doctor may very well be grateful that you did......
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Development of resistant Staphylococcus aureus over time
1. Development of antibiotic resistant
Staphylococcus aureus over time
Attacks and Defenses Course
University of Vermont College of Medicine
January 2011
Timothy Plante, MS-IV
2. About
This is a presentation that I made my senior year in medical
school for an infectious disease course at the University of
Vermont College of Medicine. It was picked up by BoingBoing.net
and was viewed by quite a few folks on the internet.
3. About
This is a presentation that I made my senior year in medical
school for an infectious disease course at the University of
Vermont College of Medicine. It was picked up by BoingBoing.net
and was viewed by quite a few folks on the internet.
I had a lot of fun making this. Enjoy!
4. Once upon a time there was a bacterium. All of his bacteria friends
thought he was pretty good looking.
5. Once upon a time there was a bacterium. All of his bacteria friends
thought he was pretty good looking.
6. They would comment on how nice his gold color was.
Once upon a time there was a bacterium. All of his bacteria friends
thought he was pretty good looking.
7. Once upon a time there was a bacterium. All of his bacteria friends
thought he was pretty good looking.
And because of that, he was named staph aureus as auro is the
Latin word for gold.
They would comment on how nice his gold color was.
9. Here he is in his towel returning from the Gram Stain water park!
His peptidoglycan layer got darkly stained.
10. Look! He’s all purple! That’s why he’s called gram positive.
Here he is in his towel returning from the Gram Stain water park!
His peptidoglycan layer got darkly stained.
11. Staph aureus likes to live on your body
with his friends. The best way is in
clusters!
Skin!
In your
nares!
39. But for other staph aureus bacteria, this wasn’t much of a problem
because they didn’t run into penicillium when they were hanging
out in the skin or nares. They had a pretty fun life!
40. Sometimes they had a little too much fun and would cause infections
Like crusty superficial
infections of the skin in
kids called impetigo
41. Sometimes they would hang out in food and release cytolytic toxins that
make people sick.
Food
42. Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
43. hyaluronidase
Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
44. hyaluronidase
Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
45. hyaluronidase
Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
46. hyaluronidase
Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
47. hyaluronidase
Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
48. hyaluronidase
Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
49. Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
50. Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
51. Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
52. Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
53. Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
54. Or would sneak into places where they shouldn’t by breaking down a
component of collagen and the extracellular matrix, hyaluronic acid, with
hyaluronidase!
55. He was very good at hide and seek whenever red
blood cells were around.
57. And with just a little staphylokinase, the clot would break up!
58. And then just for fun, he’d blow up the red blood cells.
59. And then just for fun, he’d blow up the red blood cells.
60. And then just for fun, he’d blow up the red blood cells.
61. And then just for fun, he’d blow up the red blood cells.
62. Researchers one day would find that he and his friends strep
pyogenes and strep agalactidae did this so well on a blood
agar plate that they would be able to be identified by their
complete hemolysis, a pattern we call beta hemolysis!
63. Beta’s the best!
Researchers one day would find that he and his friends strep
pyogenes and strep agalactidae did this so well on a blood
agar plate that they would be able to be identified by their
complete hemolysis, a pattern we call beta hemolysis!
64. Every once and a while a white blood
cell would try to pick on him
74. T
S
S
When he was feeling really
mean, he’d release a
superantigen toxin
T
S
S
75. When he was feeling really
mean, he’d release a
superantigen toxin
Like TSS-1 and cause toxic
shock syndrome!
76. When he was feeling really
mean, he’d release a
superantigen toxin
Like TSS-1 and cause toxic
shock syndrome!
All of the lymphocytes would
cause inflammation even
though TSS-1 isn’t the antigen
they’re supposed to react to!
77. When he was feeling really
mean, he’d release a
superantigen toxin
Like TSS-1 and cause toxic
shock syndrome!
All of the lymphocytes would
cause inflammation even
though TSS-1 isn’t the antigen
they’re supposed to react to!
78. When he was feeling really
mean, he’d release a
superantigen toxin
And people would get fever,
low blood pressure, and a
blanching rash that looked like
a sunburn!
Like TSS-1 and cause toxic
shock syndrome!
All of the lymphocytes would
cause inflammation even
though TSS-1 isn’t the antigen
they’re supposed to react to!
79. But all in all, as long as he stayed
away from the Penicillum fungus,
there wasn’t too much to worry
about!
80. Until one day when he was
innocently hanging out in a joint
having a bit of fun…
81. Until one day when he was
innocently hanging out in a joint
having a bit of fun…
When he started feeling funny.
88. Penicillin!
How could this be?
It seems someone figured out
how to extract the active
compound from the penicillum
fungus and make it to a drug!
O COOH
R
89. So now staph aureus was dying left and right! Anytime
they got out of control, they were taken down with
some penicillin.
113. A virus that infects bacteria, a bacteriophage!
114. A virus that infects bacteria, a bacteriophage!
And it’s injecting its genome.
115. A virus that infects bacteria, a bacteriophage!
And it’s injecting its genome.
Along with the beta-
lactamase gene from the
resistant staph aureus!
129. membrane
O
COOH
It’s clavulanate, a beta lactamase inhibitor!
It destroys the beta lactamase with its
suicide beta lactam ring. It does not
trigger increased production of beta
lactamase!
130. membrane
O
COOH
It destroys the beta lactamase with its
suicide beta lactam ring. It does not
trigger increased production of beta
lactamase!
COOH
And now a penicillin analogue like
amoxicillin can come in and do its job.
It’s clavulanate, a beta lactamase inhibitor!
131. membrane
O
COOH
It destroys the beta lactamase with its
suicide beta lactam ring. It does not
trigger increased production of beta
lactamase!
COOH
And now a penicillin analogue like
amoxicillin can come in and do its job.
It’s clavulanate, a beta lactamase inhibitor!
132. O
COOH
It destroys the beta lactamase with its
suicide beta lactam ring. It does not
trigger increased production of beta
lactamase!
COOH
And now a penicillin analogue like
amoxicillin can come in and do its job.
It’s clavulanate, a beta lactamase inhibitor!
133. But as long as there are no beta-lactamase inhibitors, they’ll still be
resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, right?
134. Wrong.
But as long as there are no beta-lactamase inhibitors, they’ll still be
resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, right?
136. membrane
O COOH
What’s this? It looks like penicillin
except with a funny new side chain.
It’s a synthetic penicillin, methicillin (we
learned about its cousin nafcillin in
class).
137. membrane
O COOH
What’s this? It looks like penicillin
except with a funny new side chain.
It’s a synthetic penicillin, methicillin (we
learned about its cousin nafcillin in
class).
138. membrane
O COOH
What’s this? It looks like penicillin
except with a funny new side chain.
It’s a synthetic penicillin, methicillin (we
learned about its cousin nafcillin in
class).
139. membrane
O COOH
What’s this? It looks like penicillin
except with a funny new side chain.
And now the beta lactamase can’t
reach the beta lactam ring to do its
job.
It’s a synthetic penicillin, methicillin (we
learned about its cousin nafcillin in
class).
140. membrane
O COOH
What’s this? It looks like penicillin
except with a funny new side chain.
It’s a synthetic penicillin, methicillin (we
learned about its cousin nafcillin in
class).
And now the beta lactamase can’t
reach the beta lactam ring to do its
job.
141. O COOH
What’s this? It looks like penicillin
except with a funny new side chain.
It’s a synthetic penicillin, methicillin (we
learned about its cousin nafcillin in
class).
And now the beta lactamase can’t
reach the beta lactam ring to do its
job.
143. membrane
O COOH
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
144. membrane
O COOH
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
It has one more carbon. Look, a six-
carbon ring!
145. membrane
O COOH
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
Along with its hydrogen atoms.
It has one more carbon. Look, a six-
carbon ring!
HH
146. membrane
O COOH
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
It has one more carbon. Look, a six-
carbon ring!
HH
Along with its hydrogen atoms.
147. membrane
O COOH
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
It has one more carbon. Look, a six-
carbon ring!
HH
Along with its hydrogen atoms.
148. membrane
O COOH
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
It has one more carbon. Look, a six-
carbon ring!
The beta lactamase no longer fits. The cephalosporin
will chop up the wall just like penicillin!
HH
Along with its hydrogen atoms.
149. membrane
O COOH
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
It has one more carbon. Look, a six-
carbon ring!
The beta lactamase no longer fits. The cephalosporin
will chop up the wall just like penicillin!
HH
Along with its hydrogen atoms.
150. membrane
O COOH
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
It has one more carbon. Look, a six-
carbon ring!
The beta lactamase no longer fits. The cephalosporin
will chop up the wall just like penicillin!
Along with its hydrogen atoms.
151. membrane
O COOH
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
It has one more carbon. Look, a six-
carbon ring!
The beta lactamase no longer fits. The cephalosporin
will chop up the wall just like penicillin!
Along with its hydrogen atoms.
152. O COOH
The beta lactamase no longer fits. The cephalosporin
will chop up the wall just like penicillin!
Look! A celphalosporin! It’s a new drug with
the structure of a penicillin except...
It has one more carbon. Look, a six-
carbon ring!
Along with its hydrogen atoms.
153. Over time some staph aureus bacteria have developed new things
like the beta lactamases
that will chop up
synthetic penicillins
like methicillin or
nafcillin
O COO
154. Over time some staph aureus bacteria have developed new things
like the beta lactamases
that will chop up
synthetic penicillins
like methicillin or
nafcillin
or the cephalosporins.
O COO
O COO
155. So researchers will add more
modifications to make the bacterial
weaponry no longer work.
O COO
O COO
156. And bacteria will again come up
with ways to chop up these drugs.
And so on.
O COO
O COO
157. After a long enough time, one particular staph aureus underwent a
very strange mutation.
158. After a long enough time, one particular staph aureus underwent a
very strange mutation.
159. After a long enough time, one particular staph aureus underwent a
very strange mutation.
160. Let’s take a closer look…
After a long enough time, one particular staph aureus underwent a
very strange mutation.
161. membrane
It looks like the transpeptidase, also known as the
penicillin binding protein, has changed!
162. membrane
It looks like the transpeptidase, also known as the
penicillin binding protein, has changed!
O
O COOH
Now cephalosporins and synthetic penicillins like
methicillin have nothing to attack.
163. membrane
It looks like the transpeptidase, also known as the
penicillin binding protein, has changed!
O
O COOH
Now cephalosporins and synthetic penicillins like
methicillin have nothing to attack.
And because of that, it’s a methicillin
resistant staph aureus or MRSA.
164. If we were to look at his DNA, we’d find that he
has something called the MecA gene.
DNA
MecA
It means that all of his offspring will also have
this gene.
165. If we were to look at his DNA, we’d find that he
has something called the MecA gene.
It means that all of his offspring will also have
this gene.
166. If we were to look at his DNA, we’d find that he
has something called the MecA gene.
It means that all of his offspring will also have
this gene.
167. If we were to look at his DNA, we’d find that he
has something called the MecA gene.
It means that all of his offspring will also have
this gene.
168. But the MecA gene slows him down!
He’ll be outgrown every time by plain-old methicillin
susceptible staph aureus (MSSA).
169. But the MecA gene slows him down!
He’ll be outgrown every time by plain-old methicillin
susceptible staph aureus (MSSA).
170. But the MecA gene slows him down!
He’ll be outgrown every time by plain-old methicillin
susceptible staph aureus (MSSA).
185. Now a good amount of the population in the community is
colonized with this new, competitive MRSA, known as community-
acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA).
186. Now a good amount of the population in the community is
colonized with this new, competitive MRSA, known as community-
acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA).
There are a few classes of other antibiotics out there which work
on other bacterial targets to beat HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA.
Resistance against these drugs is slowly but surely emerging.
187. One thing’s for sure, Staph aureus and Catalase will be around for a long, long time.
188. The end.
One thing’s for sure, Staph aureus and Catalase will be around for a long, long time.