The document discusses various concepts and definitions of development. It provides definitions of development from Michael Todaro and Rubenstein. Todaro defines development as a multidimensional process involving the reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and social systems. Rubenstein defines development as a process of improving material conditions through the diffusion of knowledge and technology. The document also discusses measures of development such as the Human Development Index, Corruption Perceptions Index, GDP per capita, productivity, education levels, health indicators, inequality, and gender inequality. Rostow's stages of economic growth and two paths of development - self-sufficiency vs international trade - are also mentioned.
As part of its overall mission of promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, The Rockefeller Foundation developed the goal of advancing inclusive economies. The framing of this goal is deliberate: the word inclusive stresses the need to overcome disadvantage while the choice of economies versus growth suggests the need to consider all dimensions of economic life. This executive summary outlines efforts to develop a framework to better understand and measure the characteristics of an inclusive economy. It includes:
• The evolution of the concept of an inclusive economy
• Key lessons learned from an analysis of indicator initiatives
related to measuring an inclusive economy
• A recommended indicator framework composed of 5 broad
characteristics, 15 sub-categories, and 57 indicators
• Implications for future work
For more details, a full report is available at:
inclusiveeconomies.org
As part of its overall mission of promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, The Rockefeller Foundation developed the goal of advancing inclusive economies. The framing of this goal is deliberate: the word inclusive stresses the need to overcome disadvantage while the choice of economies versus growth suggests the need to consider all dimensions of economic life. This executive summary outlines efforts to develop a framework to better understand and measure the characteristics of an inclusive economy. It includes:
• The evolution of the concept of an inclusive economy
• Key lessons learned from an analysis of indicator initiatives
related to measuring an inclusive economy
• A recommended indicator framework composed of 5 broad
characteristics, 15 sub-categories, and 57 indicators
• Implications for future work
For more details, a full report is available at:
inclusiveeconomies.org
INDIAN ECONOMY- ECONOMIC GROWTH.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
ECONOMIC GROWTH VS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Economic growth||development||gjergj kol mihilliGjergjmihilli
Growth is usually calculated in real terms – i.e., inflation-adjusted terms – to eliminate the warp effect of inflation on the price of goods produced. Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure
Based on Erik Reinert, How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor (2007), London: Constable, Chapter 8: “Get the economic activities right”, or, the Lost Art of Creating Middle-Income Countries. Further discussion on how to make upper-middle income county out of middle-income trap. And how to synchronize different aspect on developmental policy in modern era.
INDIAN ECONOMY- ECONOMIC GROWTH.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
ECONOMIC GROWTH VS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH
INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Economic growth||development||gjergj kol mihilliGjergjmihilli
Growth is usually calculated in real terms – i.e., inflation-adjusted terms – to eliminate the warp effect of inflation on the price of goods produced. Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure
Based on Erik Reinert, How Rich Countries Got Rich ... and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor (2007), London: Constable, Chapter 8: “Get the economic activities right”, or, the Lost Art of Creating Middle-Income Countries. Further discussion on how to make upper-middle income county out of middle-income trap. And how to synchronize different aspect on developmental policy in modern era.
Beyond GDP: Measuring well-being and progress of NationsKübra Bayram
Everyone aspires to a good life. But what does a "good" (or better) life mean? In recent years, concerns have emerged that standard macro-economic statistics, such as GDP, which for a long time had been used as proxies to measure well-being, failed to give a true account of people’s current and future living conditions. The ongoing financial and economic crisis has reinforced this perception and it is now widely recognized that data on GDP provide only a partial perspective on the broad range of factors that matter to people’s lives.
This presentation give a person various information from the functions, the people who have lead it, achievements and lots of other information on the UNDP.
COMMERCIAL BANK OF ETHIOPIA
Wholesale Banking Division
Micro Business Banking Department
Proposal on empowering young entrepreneurs
under “KENA” program along with UNCDF
July, 2023
Introduction
The youth employment crisis is a global development priority. Over 10 million youth enter Africa’s labour market each year, yet only 3 Million formal jobs are available, making it an uphill battle for most youth to secure decent employment. According to GSMA 2020, there are about 1 billion people between 15 and 24 years of age in the world’s less developed regions. As they grow into adulthood, they will need support from many sources – including parents, trusted mentors, and social networks and a variety of financial and non-financial services.
Kena is a program designed by EYEA to understand, support and empower young entrepreneurs in their entrepreneurship journey. Kena aspires to capacitate young entrepreneurs on the required skills and make their business ideas/products ready for financing. Kena will address the existing entrepreneurship challenges in the academic context which has little to no contribution in preparing the young entrepreneurs to prepare the youth and realize their vision. To achieve this there is a need to prepare
contextualized training, coaching and mentoring programs. The program objective is to provide service packages that enhance trusts between entrepreneurs and financial institutions. Target groups of kena are young entrepreneurs from different areas like university students and others aged 18 to35. The priority sectors are Agriculture, Health, Tourism, Manufacturing, Education and ICT. The overall aim of Kena is prepare potential entrepreneurs’ business ideas investment ready and provide networking opportunities for accessing finance and related exposure at Zelela monthly policy advocacy and networking platform. Thus, this proposal aimed to arrange and work on the area of activities on young entrepreneurs of the association, based on shared objective CBE and UNCDF.
Company profile
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia is one of the oldest, the giant and the leading African commercial banks with an asset of more than 1.24 trillion Birr (as of December 31, 2022) which is 58% of the industry share, wide capital base and huge lending capacity. Furthermore, CBE combines a wide customer base with more than 38.1 million account holders, more than 8.8 million card holders, more than 7.7 million Mobile banking users, has deployed more than 3,120 ATM Machines, have more than 9,340 Point of sale terminals, more than 7.4 million CBE birr users, more than 36,507 agents, more than 1,879 branches networks, and more than 69,594 talented and committed employees clerical and non-clerical employees.
CBE is well known in playing a huge and catalytic role in in the country’s economic development and society’s wellbeing (prosperity). The bank has also played a great role in creating better environment for th
Factors that may be used to define the level of development of a country.(san...Santosh Sapkota
Over the past two decades and, particularly after the Social Summit in Copenhagen, development
practice increasingly has paid more attention to the underlying causes of poverty and social
exclusion. The World Bank, like other international agencies, has concluded that understanding
the socio-cultural, political, and institutional context is essential for developing actions that
induce and support changes leading to poverty reduction and more inclusive, accountable, and
cohesive societies and institutions.-World Bank
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Development- Definition
Michael Todaro's definition -- development
should be perceived as a
multidimensional process involving the
reorganization and reorientation of
entire economic and social systems
• Multidimensional
• Reorientate & Reogranize
• Economic & Social system
3. Breakdown
• multidimensional process – not just
economic
• reorganization and reorientation -- implies
that development is a dynamic process that is
continuous
• entire economic and social systems -- this
means that increased Women's rights in the
United States can be a form of development.
What about minority rights or LGBTQ? What
about democracy in a Third World nation?
4. Creative Destruction
In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Schumpeter
popularized and used the term to describe the process of
transformation that accompanies radical innovation.[2] In
Schumpeter's vision of capitalism, innovative entry by
entrepreneurs was the force that sustained long-term
economic growth, even as it destroyed the value of
established companies and laborers that enjoyed some
degree of monopoly power derived from previous
technological, organizational, regulatory, and economic
paradigms.
http://www.answers.com/topic/creative-destruction
In a Nutschell: http://bigthink.com/videos/creative-destruction-from-
genesis-to-picasso-to-apple-computers-2
6. Development
Rubenstein’s Definition:
A process of improvement in the material
conditions of people through diffusion of
knowledge and technology.
Note this only deals with economic
development – material goods
8. “Index City” – Or so many ways to divide the
world into “North” (developed) and “South”
(developing)
Human Development Index:
Ordinal Combination of
1. Economics -- Measure of GDP (Gross Domestic
Product)
2. Education -- Literacy Rate and Amount of
Education
3. Demographics – Life Expectancy (Health)
12. Variation on HDI
• Difference: Subtract from the HDI Ranking
the Per Capita GDP Ranking
– basically how well are you doing (HDI) versus
your economic potential (per capita income)
• Note how Africa Shows a different pattern
then simply HDI, also notice the North
American Variation
13. Red represents poor use of
Economic Potential Green above
average use Beige as neutral
14. Difference in Africa
HDI Measure
HDI Rank
minus Wealth
Rank
Algeria & Madagascar Reverse Patterns – Appears
Madagascar uses its limited wealth more wisely
20. Criticism (Blah Blah Blah – for those who want to know)
HDI for a sample of 150 countries shows a very high correlation with logarithm of GDP per capita.
The Human Development Index has been criticised on a number of grounds, including failure to include any
ecological considerations, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, not paying much attention
to development from a global perspective and based on grounds of measurement error of the underlying
statistics and formula changes by the UNDP which can lead to severe misclassifications of countries in the
categories of being a 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development country.[22] The index has also been
criticized as "redundant" and a "reinvention of the wheel", measuring aspects of development that have already
been exhaustively studied.[23][24] The index has further been criticised for having an inappropriate treatment of
income, lacking year-to-year comparability, and assessing development differently in different groups of
countries.[25]
Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of
data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI.[22] They identify
three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify
a country’s development status and find that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently
misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest
that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because
the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and
have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donators and the public at large which use the HDI.
In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and
high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human
Development Report Office responded[26] to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine[27] which discusses the Wolff
et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the
methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by
Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever
formula or data revisions take place.
Each year, UN member states are listed and ranked according to the computed HDI. If high, the rank in the list can
be easily used as a means of national aggrandizement; alternatively, if low, it can be used to highlight national
insufficiencies. Using the HDI as an absolute index of social welfare, some authors have used panel HDI data to
measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.[28]
Ratan Lal Basu criticises the HDI concept from a completely different angle. According to him the Amartya Sen-
Mahbub ul Haq concept of HDI considers that provision of material amenities alone would bring about Human
Development, but Basu opines that Human Development in the true sense should embrace both material and
moral development. According to him human development based on HDI alone, is similar to dairy farm economics
23. Rank and Changing Score
Where do you think the US fits on this scale?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index
24. 9.2 Standard of Living: Economic
Indicators
Gross Domestic Product per captia
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) = all
goods and services produced in a country
in one year measured usually in US $
• GDP per capita = GDP/ total population
• All kinds of problems with these measures
not the least being every fluctuating
exchange rates between foreign
currencies and US $
27. But how well is wealth shared:
GINI Coefficient
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.
GINI?type=shaded&view=map&year=2013
28. Economic Structure:
Development and Job Type
• Less Developed more primary employment
– Agriculture, logging, primary resource extraction
• More Developed more secondary employment
– Manufacturing – think China today
• Most Developed more tertiary & quarternary
– More Tertiary Service jobs (as well as Quarternary
Information based jobs – also referred to as IT or
Information Technology
29. As development occurs employment type migrates from
primary to secondary to tertiary (and today to quarternary jobs)
30. Productivity
• How much input (labor, capital, raw
materials)
• Vs output
• Example labor productivity in China is
lower than in the US to make a car, but
labor costs in China are much lower
• Developed countries can only continue to
compete by increasing productivity
31. Secondary – Manufacturing Value added per worker: note huge
productivity difference of developed countries
36. Maps to check out
Note which continent is lowest & where are
China and India
• Years of schooling
• Expected years of schooling
• Pupil/Teacher ratio
• Literacy Rates
41. Health Care Expenditures
But who is
healthier – show of
hands
Diagnosis: Healthier in Europe : By most
standards, Western Europeans are in better
medical shape than Americans. And costs
are sharply lower. But bureaucracies and
under-the-table payments mar the system.
http://articles.latimes.com/1992-12-30/news/mn-2582_1_health-care-system/2
42. 9.4 Unequal and Uneven
Development
• Inequality adjusted HDI (IHDI)
– Basically how well are things shared inside a
country
– For USA and world – review earlier slides
• Widening Inequality in Developed World
44. 9.5 Gender Based Measures
• Gender Inequality Index (GII)
– Compares reproductive health, empowerment, education,
employment… across genders
45. Not in your book
• Gender Empowerment Measurement
(GEM)
• Definition and calculation: The GEM
was designed to measure "whether
women and men are able to actively
participate in economic and political life
and take part in decision-making" (UNDP,
1995, p. 73)(Klasen 257).
46.
47. Look over all of the maps
• Are there any surprises here?
• For example look at how High School
Graduation and Labor Force
Participation has a strong cultural
feature -- Hint compare Libya to India
or China
• Again look at Africa, China and India
across all maps
51. 9.6 Two Paths of Development
For a more complete
discussion of this area see
the additional Power Point
we used in class Chap 9 --
Development -- How to &
Rostow's 5 Stages
52. Key Concepts
• Self-sufficiency erects barriers to trade – all
equally well-off/poorly-off – equality by design
• International trade path allocates scarce
resources to few activities – some get rich
before others – division of wealth by design
http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/
mapping-chinas-income-inequality/279637/
53. Bolivia And Trade
• The economy of Bolivia is the 95th
largest in the world
• Lower Middle Income country.
• Human Development Index 0.663
ranked 108th (medium human
development).
• The Bolivian economy has had a
historic pattern of a single-commodity
focus. From silver to tin to coca
Tin Mining
55. • Social movement
• Helps 3rd world producers
• Creates better trade
(income/employment) conditions
• Higher payment directly to
producers
• Promotes sustainability
• Environmental
• Economic
• Cultural
56. Vikings for Fair Trade is a club to promote Fair Trade and inform
people about the issues surrounding it.
Organization Contact
The mission of Vikings of Fair Trade is: To promote Fair Trade as a
movement and a product on Western's campus…
http://asclubs.wwu.edu/show_profile/48177-vikings-for-fair-trade
57. Many times referred to as the
North-South divide – almost
all developed countries are in
the Northern Hemisphere
9.10 Millenial
Goals