This document describes the design of a sliding mode controller to control chaos in a shunted nonlinear resistive-capacitive-inductance Josephson-junction model (RCLSJ). The RCLSJ model is known to exhibit a chaotic attractor under certain conditions. The paper first reviews mathematical models of Josephson junctions, including the RCSJ and RCLSJ models. Simulation results show chaos emerging in the uncontrolled RCLSJ model above a critical current value. The paper then describes a two-step design process for the sliding mode controller: 1) constructing a suitable sliding surface, and 2) designing a control law to force the chaotic attractor onto the sliding surface, thereby stabilizing the system trajectory and eliminating
Magnetic Levitation through AC Excitationidescitation
A combination of AC excitation and series tuned
circuit can be used to levitate a ferromagnetic object by
magnetic levitation technique. The electromagnet forms the
inductive part of a resonating circuit. The circuit is tuned at a
frequency less than that of the exciting frequency. Therefore
when the distance between the object and the electromagnet
increases, there is fall in inductance of the lifting magnet,
the circuit approaches resonance and the coil current
increases. The magnetic force on the object increases and the
object moves to its desired position. Though the method is
simple, for slow change in coil current the levitated object
may move under influence of gravitational force and come to
rest position. Hence a new circuit with Z-source inverter with
shoot through is designed to bring the levitated object to its
desired position.
This document analyzes very fast transient overvoltages (VFTOs) in transformers in 400kV gas insulated substations (GIS) using wavelet transforms. It presents a model of a three-phase, two-winding transformer designed in MATLAB Simulink to simulate VFTOs generated by circuit breaker operations under open and closing conditions. Wavelet transform analysis is applied to the results to investigate suppression of overvoltage magnitudes and resonant frequency amplitudes. The analysis shows the proposed technique provides high accuracy in mitigating VFTOs using wavelet transforms.
Data and Power Flow in Circuits and the Origin of Electromagnetic InterferenceRob Holoboff
This document discusses electromagnetic modeling of circuits. It begins by noting that circuit analysis typically assumes lumped parameters and uses voltage/current models, which is sufficient for low frequencies but breaks down at RF/microwave frequencies. It then presents electromagnetic finite element analysis simulations that provide a more accurate picture of signal flow as electromagnetic field disturbances propagating through dielectrics like circuit traces, rather than as electron flow. This helps explain phenomena like electromagnetic interference that arise from field effects between components. The document aims to give engineers a more nuanced and complete understanding of power and signal flow beyond typical circuit models.
RF and Optical Realizations of Chaotic DynamicsEmeka Ikpeazu
This document discusses two systems that exhibit chaos: the Josephson junction and optical systems. It describes how the Josephson junction, a quantum device made of two superconductors separated by an insulator, can display chaotic behavior when coupled to an RLC circuit. It also explains how feedback in laser systems can induce optical chaos characterized by spectral broadening. The document emphasizes that while chaos is interesting, controlling and harnessing chaos in these systems could enable applications in areas like signal processing and communications.
TRANSFORMER WINDING DEFORMATION ANALYSIS USING SFRA TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
The sweep rate response analysis is wide used technique for establish veiled fault and circumstance observance of power electrical device. The action is administrated by provide a coffee voltage signal of changeable frequencies to the electrical device windings and measures each the input and output signals. These 2 signals provide the specified response of the magnitude relation is named the transfer operate of the electrical device from that each the magnitude and section may be obtained. Frequency response is modification as deliberate by SFRA techniques might indicate a state change within the electrical device, so causes of fault recognized and examination is needed for root cause analysis.
Effect of mesh grid structure in reducing hot carrier effect of nmos device s...ijcsa
This paper presents the critical effect of mesh grid that should be considered during process and device
simulation using modern TCAD tools in order to develop and optimize their accurate electrical
characteristics. Here, the computational modelling process of developing the NMOS device structure is
performed in Athena and Atlas. The effect of Mesh grid on net doping profile, n++, and LDD sheet
resistance that could link to unwanted “Hot Carrier Effect” were investigated by varying the device grid
resolution in both directions. It is found that y-grid give more profound effect in the doping concentration,
the junction depth formation and the value of threshold voltage during simulation. Optimized mesh grid is
obtained and tested for more accurate and faster simulation. Process parameter (such as oxide thicknesses
and Sheet resistance) as well as Device Parameter (such as linear gain “beta” and SPICE level 3 mobility
roll-off parameter “ Theta”) are extracted and investigated for further different applications.
The action potential signal of nerve and muscle is produced by voltage sensitive channels that include a specialized device to sense voltage. Gating currents of the voltage sensor are now known to depend on the back-and-forth movements of positively charged arginines through the hydrophobic plug of a voltage sensor domain. Transient movements of these permanently charged arginines, caused by the change of transmembrane potential, further drag the S4 segment and induce opening/closing of ion conduction pore by moving the S4-S5 linker. The ion conduction pore is a separate device from the voltage sensor, linked (in an unknown way) by the mechanical motion and electric field changes of the S4-S5 linker. This moving permanent charge induces capacitive current flow everywhere. Everything interacts with everything else in the voltage sensor so everything must interact with everything else in its mathematical model, as everything does in the whole protein. A PNP-steric model of arginines and a mechanical model for the S4 segment are combined using energy variational methods in which all movements of charge and mass satisfy conservation laws of current and mass. The resulting 1D continuum model is used to compute gating currents under a wide range of conditions, corresponding to experimental situations. Chemical-reaction-type models based on ordinary differential equations cannot capture such interactions with one set of parameters. Indeed, they may inadvertently violate conservation of current. Conservation of current is particularly important since small violations (<0.01%) quickly (<< 10-6 seconds) produce forces that destroy molecules. Our model reproduces signature properties of gating current: (1) equality of on and off charge in gating current (2) saturating voltage dependence in QV curve and (3) many (but not all) details of the shape of gating current as a function of voltage.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Magnetic Levitation through AC Excitationidescitation
A combination of AC excitation and series tuned
circuit can be used to levitate a ferromagnetic object by
magnetic levitation technique. The electromagnet forms the
inductive part of a resonating circuit. The circuit is tuned at a
frequency less than that of the exciting frequency. Therefore
when the distance between the object and the electromagnet
increases, there is fall in inductance of the lifting magnet,
the circuit approaches resonance and the coil current
increases. The magnetic force on the object increases and the
object moves to its desired position. Though the method is
simple, for slow change in coil current the levitated object
may move under influence of gravitational force and come to
rest position. Hence a new circuit with Z-source inverter with
shoot through is designed to bring the levitated object to its
desired position.
This document analyzes very fast transient overvoltages (VFTOs) in transformers in 400kV gas insulated substations (GIS) using wavelet transforms. It presents a model of a three-phase, two-winding transformer designed in MATLAB Simulink to simulate VFTOs generated by circuit breaker operations under open and closing conditions. Wavelet transform analysis is applied to the results to investigate suppression of overvoltage magnitudes and resonant frequency amplitudes. The analysis shows the proposed technique provides high accuracy in mitigating VFTOs using wavelet transforms.
Data and Power Flow in Circuits and the Origin of Electromagnetic InterferenceRob Holoboff
This document discusses electromagnetic modeling of circuits. It begins by noting that circuit analysis typically assumes lumped parameters and uses voltage/current models, which is sufficient for low frequencies but breaks down at RF/microwave frequencies. It then presents electromagnetic finite element analysis simulations that provide a more accurate picture of signal flow as electromagnetic field disturbances propagating through dielectrics like circuit traces, rather than as electron flow. This helps explain phenomena like electromagnetic interference that arise from field effects between components. The document aims to give engineers a more nuanced and complete understanding of power and signal flow beyond typical circuit models.
RF and Optical Realizations of Chaotic DynamicsEmeka Ikpeazu
This document discusses two systems that exhibit chaos: the Josephson junction and optical systems. It describes how the Josephson junction, a quantum device made of two superconductors separated by an insulator, can display chaotic behavior when coupled to an RLC circuit. It also explains how feedback in laser systems can induce optical chaos characterized by spectral broadening. The document emphasizes that while chaos is interesting, controlling and harnessing chaos in these systems could enable applications in areas like signal processing and communications.
TRANSFORMER WINDING DEFORMATION ANALYSIS USING SFRA TECHNIQUEJournal For Research
The sweep rate response analysis is wide used technique for establish veiled fault and circumstance observance of power electrical device. The action is administrated by provide a coffee voltage signal of changeable frequencies to the electrical device windings and measures each the input and output signals. These 2 signals provide the specified response of the magnitude relation is named the transfer operate of the electrical device from that each the magnitude and section may be obtained. Frequency response is modification as deliberate by SFRA techniques might indicate a state change within the electrical device, so causes of fault recognized and examination is needed for root cause analysis.
Effect of mesh grid structure in reducing hot carrier effect of nmos device s...ijcsa
This paper presents the critical effect of mesh grid that should be considered during process and device
simulation using modern TCAD tools in order to develop and optimize their accurate electrical
characteristics. Here, the computational modelling process of developing the NMOS device structure is
performed in Athena and Atlas. The effect of Mesh grid on net doping profile, n++, and LDD sheet
resistance that could link to unwanted “Hot Carrier Effect” were investigated by varying the device grid
resolution in both directions. It is found that y-grid give more profound effect in the doping concentration,
the junction depth formation and the value of threshold voltage during simulation. Optimized mesh grid is
obtained and tested for more accurate and faster simulation. Process parameter (such as oxide thicknesses
and Sheet resistance) as well as Device Parameter (such as linear gain “beta” and SPICE level 3 mobility
roll-off parameter “ Theta”) are extracted and investigated for further different applications.
The action potential signal of nerve and muscle is produced by voltage sensitive channels that include a specialized device to sense voltage. Gating currents of the voltage sensor are now known to depend on the back-and-forth movements of positively charged arginines through the hydrophobic plug of a voltage sensor domain. Transient movements of these permanently charged arginines, caused by the change of transmembrane potential, further drag the S4 segment and induce opening/closing of ion conduction pore by moving the S4-S5 linker. The ion conduction pore is a separate device from the voltage sensor, linked (in an unknown way) by the mechanical motion and electric field changes of the S4-S5 linker. This moving permanent charge induces capacitive current flow everywhere. Everything interacts with everything else in the voltage sensor so everything must interact with everything else in its mathematical model, as everything does in the whole protein. A PNP-steric model of arginines and a mechanical model for the S4 segment are combined using energy variational methods in which all movements of charge and mass satisfy conservation laws of current and mass. The resulting 1D continuum model is used to compute gating currents under a wide range of conditions, corresponding to experimental situations. Chemical-reaction-type models based on ordinary differential equations cannot capture such interactions with one set of parameters. Indeed, they may inadvertently violate conservation of current. Conservation of current is particularly important since small violations (<0.01%) quickly (<< 10-6 seconds) produce forces that destroy molecules. Our model reproduces signature properties of gating current: (1) equality of on and off charge in gating current (2) saturating voltage dependence in QV curve and (3) many (but not all) details of the shape of gating current as a function of voltage.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transientEditor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transient response of shunt s...Editor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
The Effect of High Zeta Potentials on the Flow Hydrodynamics in Parallel-Plat...CSCJournals
This paper investigates the effect of the EDL at the solid-liquid interface on the liquid flow through a micro-channel formed by two parallel plates. The complete Poisson-Boltzmann equation (without the frequently used linear approximation) was solved analytically in order to determine the EDL field near the solid-liquid interface. The momentum equation was solved analytically taking into consideration the electrical body force resulting from the EDL field. Effects of the channel size and the strength of the zeta-potential on the electrostatic potential, the streaming potential, the velocity profile, the volume flow rate, and the apparent viscosity are presented and discussed. Results of the present analysis, which are based on the complete Poisson-Boltzmann equation, are compared with a simplified analysis that used a linear approximation of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation.
Bas et al. - 2015 - Coherent control of injection currents in high-quaDerek Bas
1) The document describes an experiment using two-color quantum interference to inject photocurrents in films of the topological insulator Bi2Se3.
2) High-quality Bi2Se3 films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, and diffraction.
3) Photocurrents were injected in the Bi2Se3 films using two ultrashort optical pulses at different frequencies, and the emitted terahertz radiation was measured. The injection current followed the expected dependences on the relative phase and irradiances of the optical pulses, confirming the third-order nonlinear optical mechanism.
This article discusses a radio-frequency based method for detecting high-frequency circulating bearing currents in electric machines. The method has previously been used to detect discharge bearing currents, which produce energy bursts that can be detected. The article shows that the method can also detect circulating bearing currents, which were previously thought to involve purely resistive currents without discharges. Detecting these currents provides additional insight into when current conduction begins in the bearings. The results contribute to understanding the electric characteristics of bearings and the applicability of radio-frequency detection to all types of inverter-induced bearing currents.
High Impedance Fault Detection in Power Distribution Networks with Use of Cur...ijeei-iaes
In very distribution system, physical contact between conductors of a phase and substances around them like trees, walls of the buildings and surfaces below them, always in possible. These conditions known as High Impedance Faults (HIFs), can lead to death due to electricity congestion, burning or ignition via arc or heat of the substances. On the other hand, the whole energy produced by the power company doesn’t achieve by the arbitrary loads and a part of them is lost that this loss is harmful for the power supply companies. Current relaying in distribution systems is only capable of detecting short circuit conditions leads to flowing significant amount of generated electric power to the earth without achieving by the load. It is very difficult to detect HIFs by protection equipments. Because occurrence of them just leads to slight increase in the amount of load current. So it can be considered as a usual increase in the value of load current incorrectly. However various solutions for detecting high impedance faults have been proposed. Most of these approaches are complicated or difficult implementation. In this paper, a novel approach for detecting high impedance faults based on harmonic analysis of current in distribution systems has been presented. Various simulations in PSCAD envirounment have validated that proposed approach in simple in implementation and have great accuracy.
This document summarizes a study on wireless power transfer using induction technique. It describes how electrical power is converted to magnetic energy in a transmitter coil, generating a time-varying magnetic field. When a receiver coil is placed within this field, the magnetic energy is reverted back to electrical energy to power a load without the use of wires. The document outlines the circuit designs for the transmitter and receiver, and analyzes the relationship between current, magnetic flux, and power transfer through mathematical equations and simulation results. Experimental data shows different voltages induced in receiver coils with varying numbers of turns. The summary concludes that induction-based wireless power transfer over short distances is possible by controlling current harmonics to reduce power losses.
Residual Current Measurement using Helmholtz Coil Configuration with differen...IJECEIAES
For leakage current safety, Residual Current Device (RCD) has been well known. The purpose of this work is to make the employment of low price components to measure residual current feasible and the Residual Current Device (RCD) must to be taken into account because it is a well known device for leakage current safety. For this purpose, experiments employing the Helmholtz Coil Configuration were performed with the different current flow. Furthermore, the residual current was formulated and simulated through the software Easy Java Simulation (EJS). The results showed that it is possible to move the magnet into different angles using leakage current with linear gradient as low as 0.382 degree/mA. Finally, it was proposed a way to increase the sensitivity and to reduce the hysteresis phenomenon.
Lightning protection for overhead distribution linesGilberto Mejía
This document summarizes techniques for lightning protection of overhead power distribution lines. It discusses the types of lightning overvoltages that can occur on medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) networks from direct strikes and indirect strikes. Direct strikes can cause overvoltages over 2000kV, far exceeding insulation levels and causing flashovers. Indirect strikes have lower but still significant voltages and are more common. The document reviews methods to mitigate these overvoltages, including increasing insulation, using grounded shield wires, and installing surge arresters. Shield wires and arresters are most effective at reducing faults from direct strikes, while all methods help reduce faults from indirect strikes.
Spintronics refers commonly to phenomena in which
the spin of electrons in a solid state environment
plays the determining role. Spintronics devices are
based on a spin control of electronics, or on an
electrical and optical control of spin or magnetism.
This review provides a new promising science which
has been strongly addressed as Spintronics, the
contracted form of spin based electronics and
presents selected themes of semiconductor
Spintronics, introducing important concepts in spin
transport, spin injection, Silsbee-Johnson spincharge
coupling, and spin dependent tunneling. Most
semiconductor device systems are still theoretical
concepts, waiting for experimental demonstrations.
Assessment of Electric Field Distribution Inside 500/220 kV Open Distribution...IJAPEJOURNAL
The high level electric field intensity produced by high voltage (HV) equipments inside 500/220 kV substations is harmful for the human (staff) health. Therefore the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risk arising from electric fields produced inside these substations is still considered as a competitive topic for utility designers, world health organization (WHO) and biomedical field researchers. It is very important to have knowledge about levels distribution of electric field intensity within these high voltage substations as early stage in the process of substation design. This paper presents results of investigation 50Hz electric field intensity distribution inside 500/220 kV power transmission substations in Cairo, Egypt. This paper presents a method for assessment the distribution of 50HZ electric field intensity distribution inside this substation, this method of analysis is based on the charge simulation technique (CSM). This study will serve for planning service works or for inspection of equipment on HV power transmission substations.
Transient response of grounding systems under impulse lightning currentHimmelstern
This document summarizes research on modeling the transient response of grounding systems during lightning strikes. It develops a lumped parameter model using transmission line theory to represent the distributed parameters of grounding conductors. The model accounts for time-varying soil properties like resistivity and ionization around electrodes during high current injections. Simulation results show the model can accurately estimate voltages along the grounding system under different lightning impulse currents and validate analytical methods.
Ultrasonic transducers are a key element that governs the performances of both generating and receiving ultrasound in an ultrasonic measurement system. Electrical impedance is a parameter sensitive to the environment of the transducer; it contains information about the transducer but also on the medium in which it is immersed. Several practical applications exploit this property. For this study, the model is implemented with the VHDL-AMS behavioral language. The simulations approaches presented in this work are based on the electrical Redwood model and its parameters are deduced from the transducer electroacoustic characteristics.
The document discusses the concept of earthing in electric power system engineering. It defines earthing as connecting electrical equipment to the earth or ground for safety and proper system operation. There are two main types of earthing discussed: neutral or mains earthing, which connects the star point of power lines to ground; and equipment earthing, which grounds all non-current carrying metal parts. Solidly grounding the neutral point provides the best protection but causes high fault currents, while resistance or impedance earthing limits fault current but displaces voltages. The document recommends using chemical earthing rods for lower earth resistance and periodic inspection and testing of earthing systems to ensure safety.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
n electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
An electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
The main stake is to detect a defective component or likely to become it during manufacture or inservice inspections, while improving control productivity. In this context, we develop a simulation tool of EC fastened structures testing, integrated to the ANSYS platform, aimed at conceiving testing methods, optimizing and qualifying it. The finite element method has been chosen, it is suitable for this type of problem. Various configurations have been considered for the inspection of a target with a defect in different thicknesses. Due to the impossibility to detect a defect located at a distance much greater than the skin depth δ. Indeed, the eddy currents amplitude are less than 95% of the maximum amplitude beyond a depth greater than 3 δ. We are interested in the detection of defects located at depths higher to three times the skin depth.
A Review on Diagnosis of High-Impedance FaultsIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of techniques for diagnosing high-impedance faults (HIFs) in power systems. It begins by defining HIFs and describing their characteristics, such as low current magnitude, intermittent arcing, asymmetry, and nonlinearity. It then discusses various modeling methods that have been used to simulate HIFs, including single variable resistor models and models incorporating nonlinear resistors and diodes. The document reviews traditional HIF detection methods and their limitations, as well as newer methods using techniques like Fourier transforms, wavelet transforms, and state estimation. It compares the performance of these approaches and concludes by recommending future work in HIF detection, classification and localization.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new sliding mode controller to control a buck converter for maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic applications. A block diagram of the proposed system is presented, including a buck converter, sliding mode controller, and battery. The theoretical background of photovoltaic modeling, sliding mode control surfaces, and buck converters is then explained. Simulation results showed that the sliding mode controller was able to track and achieve maximum power under varying temperature and irradiance conditions. The conclusion discusses potential improvements like adding a real-time clock to automate the system and notes applications for powering remote areas.
This document numerically analyzes the wave function of atoms under the combined effects of an optical lattice trapping potential and a harmonic oscillator potential, as used in Bose-Einstein condensation experiments. It employs the Crank-Nicolson scheme to solve the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The results show that the wave function distribution responds to parameters like the trapping frequencies ratio, optical lattice intensity, chemical potential, and energy. Careful adjustment of the time step and grid spacing is needed to satisfy conservation of norms and energy as required by the physical system. Distributions of the overlapping potentials for different q-factors are presented.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Modeling of solar array and analyze the current transient response of shunt s...Editor Jacotech
Spacecraft bus voltage is regulated by power
conditioning unit using switching shunt voltage regulator having
solar array cells as the primary source of power. This source
switches between the bus loads and the shunt switch for fine
control of spacecraft bus voltage. The effect of solar array cell
capacitance [5][6] along with inductance and resistance of the
interface wires between solar cells and power conditioning
unit[1], generates damped sinusoidal currents superimposed on
the short circuit current of solar cell when shunted through
switch. The peak current stress on the shunt switch is to be
considered in the selection of shunt switch in power conditioning
unit. The analysis of current transients of shunt switch in PCU
considering actual spacecraft interface wire length by
illumination of solar panel (combination of series and parallel
solar cells) is difficult with hardware simulation. Software
simulation by modeling solar cell is carried out for a single string
(one parallel) in Pspice [6]. Since in spacecrafts number of
parallels and interface cable length are variable parameters the
analysis of current transients of shunt switch is carried out by
modeling solar array with the help of solar cell model[6] for the
actual spacecraft condition.
The Effect of High Zeta Potentials on the Flow Hydrodynamics in Parallel-Plat...CSCJournals
This paper investigates the effect of the EDL at the solid-liquid interface on the liquid flow through a micro-channel formed by two parallel plates. The complete Poisson-Boltzmann equation (without the frequently used linear approximation) was solved analytically in order to determine the EDL field near the solid-liquid interface. The momentum equation was solved analytically taking into consideration the electrical body force resulting from the EDL field. Effects of the channel size and the strength of the zeta-potential on the electrostatic potential, the streaming potential, the velocity profile, the volume flow rate, and the apparent viscosity are presented and discussed. Results of the present analysis, which are based on the complete Poisson-Boltzmann equation, are compared with a simplified analysis that used a linear approximation of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation.
Bas et al. - 2015 - Coherent control of injection currents in high-quaDerek Bas
1) The document describes an experiment using two-color quantum interference to inject photocurrents in films of the topological insulator Bi2Se3.
2) High-quality Bi2Se3 films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized using reflection high-energy electron diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, and diffraction.
3) Photocurrents were injected in the Bi2Se3 films using two ultrashort optical pulses at different frequencies, and the emitted terahertz radiation was measured. The injection current followed the expected dependences on the relative phase and irradiances of the optical pulses, confirming the third-order nonlinear optical mechanism.
This article discusses a radio-frequency based method for detecting high-frequency circulating bearing currents in electric machines. The method has previously been used to detect discharge bearing currents, which produce energy bursts that can be detected. The article shows that the method can also detect circulating bearing currents, which were previously thought to involve purely resistive currents without discharges. Detecting these currents provides additional insight into when current conduction begins in the bearings. The results contribute to understanding the electric characteristics of bearings and the applicability of radio-frequency detection to all types of inverter-induced bearing currents.
High Impedance Fault Detection in Power Distribution Networks with Use of Cur...ijeei-iaes
In very distribution system, physical contact between conductors of a phase and substances around them like trees, walls of the buildings and surfaces below them, always in possible. These conditions known as High Impedance Faults (HIFs), can lead to death due to electricity congestion, burning or ignition via arc or heat of the substances. On the other hand, the whole energy produced by the power company doesn’t achieve by the arbitrary loads and a part of them is lost that this loss is harmful for the power supply companies. Current relaying in distribution systems is only capable of detecting short circuit conditions leads to flowing significant amount of generated electric power to the earth without achieving by the load. It is very difficult to detect HIFs by protection equipments. Because occurrence of them just leads to slight increase in the amount of load current. So it can be considered as a usual increase in the value of load current incorrectly. However various solutions for detecting high impedance faults have been proposed. Most of these approaches are complicated or difficult implementation. In this paper, a novel approach for detecting high impedance faults based on harmonic analysis of current in distribution systems has been presented. Various simulations in PSCAD envirounment have validated that proposed approach in simple in implementation and have great accuracy.
This document summarizes a study on wireless power transfer using induction technique. It describes how electrical power is converted to magnetic energy in a transmitter coil, generating a time-varying magnetic field. When a receiver coil is placed within this field, the magnetic energy is reverted back to electrical energy to power a load without the use of wires. The document outlines the circuit designs for the transmitter and receiver, and analyzes the relationship between current, magnetic flux, and power transfer through mathematical equations and simulation results. Experimental data shows different voltages induced in receiver coils with varying numbers of turns. The summary concludes that induction-based wireless power transfer over short distances is possible by controlling current harmonics to reduce power losses.
Residual Current Measurement using Helmholtz Coil Configuration with differen...IJECEIAES
For leakage current safety, Residual Current Device (RCD) has been well known. The purpose of this work is to make the employment of low price components to measure residual current feasible and the Residual Current Device (RCD) must to be taken into account because it is a well known device for leakage current safety. For this purpose, experiments employing the Helmholtz Coil Configuration were performed with the different current flow. Furthermore, the residual current was formulated and simulated through the software Easy Java Simulation (EJS). The results showed that it is possible to move the magnet into different angles using leakage current with linear gradient as low as 0.382 degree/mA. Finally, it was proposed a way to increase the sensitivity and to reduce the hysteresis phenomenon.
Lightning protection for overhead distribution linesGilberto Mejía
This document summarizes techniques for lightning protection of overhead power distribution lines. It discusses the types of lightning overvoltages that can occur on medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) networks from direct strikes and indirect strikes. Direct strikes can cause overvoltages over 2000kV, far exceeding insulation levels and causing flashovers. Indirect strikes have lower but still significant voltages and are more common. The document reviews methods to mitigate these overvoltages, including increasing insulation, using grounded shield wires, and installing surge arresters. Shield wires and arresters are most effective at reducing faults from direct strikes, while all methods help reduce faults from indirect strikes.
Spintronics refers commonly to phenomena in which
the spin of electrons in a solid state environment
plays the determining role. Spintronics devices are
based on a spin control of electronics, or on an
electrical and optical control of spin or magnetism.
This review provides a new promising science which
has been strongly addressed as Spintronics, the
contracted form of spin based electronics and
presents selected themes of semiconductor
Spintronics, introducing important concepts in spin
transport, spin injection, Silsbee-Johnson spincharge
coupling, and spin dependent tunneling. Most
semiconductor device systems are still theoretical
concepts, waiting for experimental demonstrations.
Assessment of Electric Field Distribution Inside 500/220 kV Open Distribution...IJAPEJOURNAL
The high level electric field intensity produced by high voltage (HV) equipments inside 500/220 kV substations is harmful for the human (staff) health. Therefore the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risk arising from electric fields produced inside these substations is still considered as a competitive topic for utility designers, world health organization (WHO) and biomedical field researchers. It is very important to have knowledge about levels distribution of electric field intensity within these high voltage substations as early stage in the process of substation design. This paper presents results of investigation 50Hz electric field intensity distribution inside 500/220 kV power transmission substations in Cairo, Egypt. This paper presents a method for assessment the distribution of 50HZ electric field intensity distribution inside this substation, this method of analysis is based on the charge simulation technique (CSM). This study will serve for planning service works or for inspection of equipment on HV power transmission substations.
Transient response of grounding systems under impulse lightning currentHimmelstern
This document summarizes research on modeling the transient response of grounding systems during lightning strikes. It develops a lumped parameter model using transmission line theory to represent the distributed parameters of grounding conductors. The model accounts for time-varying soil properties like resistivity and ionization around electrodes during high current injections. Simulation results show the model can accurately estimate voltages along the grounding system under different lightning impulse currents and validate analytical methods.
Ultrasonic transducers are a key element that governs the performances of both generating and receiving ultrasound in an ultrasonic measurement system. Electrical impedance is a parameter sensitive to the environment of the transducer; it contains information about the transducer but also on the medium in which it is immersed. Several practical applications exploit this property. For this study, the model is implemented with the VHDL-AMS behavioral language. The simulations approaches presented in this work are based on the electrical Redwood model and its parameters are deduced from the transducer electroacoustic characteristics.
The document discusses the concept of earthing in electric power system engineering. It defines earthing as connecting electrical equipment to the earth or ground for safety and proper system operation. There are two main types of earthing discussed: neutral or mains earthing, which connects the star point of power lines to ground; and equipment earthing, which grounds all non-current carrying metal parts. Solidly grounding the neutral point provides the best protection but causes high fault currents, while resistance or impedance earthing limits fault current but displaces voltages. The document recommends using chemical earthing rods for lower earth resistance and periodic inspection and testing of earthing systems to ensure safety.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
n electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
An electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
The main stake is to detect a defective component or likely to become it during manufacture or inservice inspections, while improving control productivity. In this context, we develop a simulation tool of EC fastened structures testing, integrated to the ANSYS platform, aimed at conceiving testing methods, optimizing and qualifying it. The finite element method has been chosen, it is suitable for this type of problem. Various configurations have been considered for the inspection of a target with a defect in different thicknesses. Due to the impossibility to detect a defect located at a distance much greater than the skin depth δ. Indeed, the eddy currents amplitude are less than 95% of the maximum amplitude beyond a depth greater than 3 δ. We are interested in the detection of defects located at depths higher to three times the skin depth.
A Review on Diagnosis of High-Impedance FaultsIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of techniques for diagnosing high-impedance faults (HIFs) in power systems. It begins by defining HIFs and describing their characteristics, such as low current magnitude, intermittent arcing, asymmetry, and nonlinearity. It then discusses various modeling methods that have been used to simulate HIFs, including single variable resistor models and models incorporating nonlinear resistors and diodes. The document reviews traditional HIF detection methods and their limitations, as well as newer methods using techniques like Fourier transforms, wavelet transforms, and state estimation. It compares the performance of these approaches and concludes by recommending future work in HIF detection, classification and localization.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new sliding mode controller to control a buck converter for maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic applications. A block diagram of the proposed system is presented, including a buck converter, sliding mode controller, and battery. The theoretical background of photovoltaic modeling, sliding mode control surfaces, and buck converters is then explained. Simulation results showed that the sliding mode controller was able to track and achieve maximum power under varying temperature and irradiance conditions. The conclusion discusses potential improvements like adding a real-time clock to automate the system and notes applications for powering remote areas.
This document numerically analyzes the wave function of atoms under the combined effects of an optical lattice trapping potential and a harmonic oscillator potential, as used in Bose-Einstein condensation experiments. It employs the Crank-Nicolson scheme to solve the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The results show that the wave function distribution responds to parameters like the trapping frequencies ratio, optical lattice intensity, chemical potential, and energy. Careful adjustment of the time step and grid spacing is needed to satisfy conservation of norms and energy as required by the physical system. Distributions of the overlapping potentials for different q-factors are presented.
Similar to Design of sliding mode controller for chaotic Josephson-junction (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
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Design of sliding mode controller for chaotic Josephson-junction
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2023, pp. 3540~3548
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp3540-3548 3540
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Design of sliding mode controller for chaotic
Josephson-junction
Bassam A. Harb1,2
, Ahmad M. Harb3
1
Department of Networks and Communications Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
2
Communications Engineering Department, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
3
School Natural Resources Engineering and Management, German-Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received May 22, 2022
Revised Sep 3, 2022
Accepted Oct 1, 2022
It is known that a shunted nonlinear resistive-capacitive-inductance
Josephson-junction (RCLSJ) model has a chaotic attractor. This attractor is
created as a result of Hopf bifurcation that occurs when a certain direct
current (DC) applied to one of the junction terminals. This chaotic attractor
prevents the system from reaching the phase-locked state and hence degrade
the performance of the junction. This paper aims at controlling and taming
this chaotic attractor induced in this model and pulling the system to the
phase-locked state. To achieve this task, a sliding mode controller is
proposed. The design procedures involve two steps. In the first one, we
construct a suitable sliding surface so that the dynamic of the system follows
the sliding manifolds in order to meet design specifications. Secondly, a
control law is created to force the chaotic attractor to slide on the sliding
surface and hence stabilizes system trajectory. The RCLSJ model under
consideration is simulated with and without the designed controller. Results
demonstrate the validity of the designed controller in taming the induced
chaos and stabilizing the system under investigation.
Keywords:
Chaos theory
Chaotic attractor
Josephson-junction
Nonlinear slide mode controller
Phase-locked state
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Bassam A. Harb
Department of Networks and Communications Engineering, Al Ain University
Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Email: bassam.harb@aau.ac.ae
1. INTRODUCTION
Josephson-junction (JJ) is a strongly nonlinear device used in many applications that required low
power consumption such as the construction of quantum bits and microwave photonics [1], [2]. It consists of
two superconductors that are weakly coupled by an insulator. When the insulator (metal) becomes thin and
without applying any voltage across the junction, a super current flow from one superconductor to the other
and produces what is known in literature as Josephson effect. Because of this phenomenon, scientists used
Josephson-junction in superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) to measure very low magnetic
fields [3]. Moreover, Josephson junction can switch at a very high rate when operating at zero absolute
temperature. Additionally, Josephson junctions are used in sensitive instruments such as microwave
detectors, superconducting qubits and magnetometers [4]. Figure 1 represents a schematic diagram of a JJ.
The main equations that model the dynamic of the junction supercurrent and voltage are:
𝐼(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜃(𝑡) (1)
𝑑𝜃(𝑡)/𝑑𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑒𝑣(𝑡)/ℎ (2)
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Design of sliding mode controller for chaotic Josephson-junction (Bassam A. Harb)
3541
Here Ic is known as the junction critical current (the maximum current the junction can have with no
dissipation, (𝑡) = 1
(𝑡) − 2
(𝑡) is the phase difference between the two sides, e is the electronic charge,
h is Planck’s constant. Without any external voltage, is constant and a super current proportional to the
phase difference flows through the junction and this phenomenon is known as the DC-Josephson effect. On
the other hand, when the external applied voltage is constant, (t) oscillates and generate a sinusoidal super
current across the junction (AC-Josephson effect), with a fundamental frequency proportional to the external
voltage. Many models of Josephson-junction were investigated in literature such as shunted linear resistive
models (RSJ), shunted linear resistive-capacitive models (RCSJ), and shunted nonlinear resistive-capacitive-
inductance models (RCLSJ). It is worth mentioning that different models of Josephson-junction generate
chaotic signals in different ways. For example, in shunted linear RCSJ, one can generate chaos by injecting
an external periodic current into the junction. Meanwhile, in the shunted RCLSJ, chaos is induced by a
constant current. As one of many nonlinear systems, chaos can be induced in Josephson-junction for certain
circuit’s parameters and hence affects its operation. One of the most widely investigated Josephson-junction
system is the radio frequency (RF) current driven junction where many researchers have studied the induced
chaotic behavior and its effects on the dynamic of the system [5]. The nonlinear equation that describes the
dynamic of the Josephson-junction describes other well-known physical systems such as phased-locked loops
and the forced pendulum.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a JJ
Many researchers studied the chaotic behavior of Josephson junction theoretically and
experimentally [6]–[10]. Dana et al. [11] showed that chaotic Josephson junction can be utilized to generate a
chaotic carrier to build secure communication systems. Nayak and Kuriakose [12] studied the chaotic
behavior of mutually coupled Josephson-junctions. In [13], spatiotemporal chaotic behaviors were identified
which are induced due to the diffusive coupling between the array junctions. Even though chaos in
Josephson-junction can be useful in certain applications, most of the time it is undesirable and affect the
operation of the system and in this case, one should eliminate this chaotic behavior to prevent the degradation
in system performance. Recent studies have been directed to control and eliminate chaotic behavior in
Josephson-junction as well as other nonlinear systems [14]–[16]. In recent years, Roohi et al. [17] proposed a
switching sliding mode controller to suppress chaos in fractional order power system with external
disturbances. Abadi and Balochian [18] designed a sliding mode controller based on fuzzy supervisor to
eliminate chaotic oscillations that affect the stabilization of a power system. Harb et al. [19] proposed a
nonlinear sliding mode controller to eliminate chaos in a third order phase locked loop so that the loop pulls-
in. Khooshehmehri et al. [20] proposed a nonlinear robust adaptive controller to synchronize two Josephson-
junction models with slightly different parameters by using the slave-master technique which can be used in
THz wave generators.
One of the pioneer research in controlling chaos is the work by Ott et al. [21]. In their research, they
developed the OGY method, named for Ott, Gebogy and York, to suppress chaos by stabilizing unstable
periodic orbit embedded in the chaotic attractor. Later, Hunt [22] developed an occasional proportional
feedback method (OPF) to eliminate chaos in diode resonator. The method considers to be a modification of
the OGY method where unstable high periodic orbits as well as low periodic orbits are stabilized. This
technique is very fast and it is used in many applications. Recently, Harb and Harb [14] proposed a nonlinear
controller based on backstepping technique to eliminate chaos in Josephson-junction and other nonlinear
systems. In this research paper, we propose a sliding mode nonlinear controller to control chaos in shunted
nonlinear RCLSJ Josephson-junction. The designed process starts by constructing a suitable sliding surface
so that the dynamic of the system follows the sliding manifolds in order to meet our design specifications.
Secondly, we design a control law to force the chaotic attractor to the sliding surface and hence stabilizes
system trajectory.
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2023: 3540-3548
3542
The organization of the paper is as: in section 2, we derive the nonlinear ordinary differential
equation for different models of Josephson-junction with emphasis on the RCLSJ model. Section 3 includes
both analysis and simulation of the uncontrolled model. Section 4 includes the steps for designing the sliding
mode nonlinear controller. Finally, a summary for paper conclusions is presented in section 5.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Derivation of mathematical models
In this paper, we start with the RCSJ model shown in Figure 2 where represents the phase
difference across the junction, the resistor R and capacitor C are the junction resistance and junction
capacitance, respectively [10], as shown in Figure 2. In general, the external current (Iext) consists of the DC
and AC currents, whereas, V represents the external voltage across the junction. Due to the external voltage,
the I-V characteristics depicted by Figure 3 shows a hysteresis at an external critical current, Ic, at a given
temperature T0 K [10] as shown in Figure 3. Rn represents the junction resistance in the normal state and Rsg
is the sub-gap resistance. Using the model depicted in Figure 2 and applying Kirchhoff’s laws, we obtain the
(3) and (4):
𝐶. 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑡 + 𝑉/𝑅 + 𝐼𝐶. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝐼𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐼𝑂 + 𝐼1 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡) (3)
ℎ
2𝜋𝑒
. 𝑑𝜃/𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉 (4)
Substitute (4) into (3) to get:
𝑑2
𝜃/𝑑𝑡2
+ 𝛽𝑑𝜃/𝑑𝑡 + 𝛺0
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡) (5)
where =1/RC, is the damping factor; o=(2eIc/hC)1/2
represents the plasma frequency, A0=2eI0/hc and
A1=2eI1/hC.
Previous results showed that when the external current was purely DC, no chaotic solution was
observed [11], but when an AC external current was injected, chaotic motion was induced at certain critical
value, Ic. This chaotic motion is induced because of the hysteresis in the I-V characteristics of the junction at
I=Ic. Later Whan et al. [10], as shown in Figure 3 modified. the RCSJ model by replacing R by a nonlinear
resistance R(V) and proposed the new mode RCSLJ model as shown in Figure 4 [10] as shown in Figure 4
where R(V) is given by:
𝑹(𝑽) = |
𝑹𝒏 𝒊𝒇 | 𝑽 | > 𝑽𝒈
𝑹𝒔𝒈 𝒊𝒇 | 𝑽 | ≤ 𝑽𝒈
(6)
where, 𝑉
𝑔 is gap junction voltage.
Figure 2. RCSJ model Figure 3. Hysteresis behavior of the I-V characteristics
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Design of sliding mode controller for chaotic Josephson-junction (Bassam A. Harb)
3543
Applying Kirchhoff laws for the new model, the (7)-(9) are obtained [19]:
𝐶
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
+
𝑉
𝑅(𝑉)
+ 𝐼𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜃) + 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼0 + 𝐼1 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡) (7)
ℎ
2𝜋𝑒
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑉 (8)
𝐿
𝑑𝐼𝑠
𝑑𝑡
+ 𝐼𝑠𝑅𝑠 = 𝑉 (9)
the (7)-(9) can be written in a dimensionless form as:
𝛽𝐶𝜃
..
+ 𝑔(𝑣)𝜃
.
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠 = 𝑖𝑜 + 𝑖1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(
𝜔
𝜔𝑜
𝜏) (10)
𝜃
.
= 𝑣 (11)
𝛽𝐿𝑖
.
𝑠 + 𝑖𝑠 = 𝑣 (12)
where τ=ωo t; 𝑣 =
𝑉
𝐼𝑐𝑅𝑠
; o=2eIc.Rs/h; c=2eIc.Rs2
C/h; l=2eIc.L/h; g(v)=Rs/R(v) as shown in Figure 5
[10] as shown in Figure 5; is=Is/Ic; io=Io/Ic; i1=I1/Ic and is the frequency of the external AC current.
Figure 4. RCLSJ model Figure 5. Approximate junction characteristics
The system equations can be represented in the state apace representation by substituting 𝑥1 = 𝜃,
𝑥2 = 𝑣, and 𝑥3 = 𝑖𝑠 into (8)-(10) to get:
𝑥
.
1 = 𝑥2 (13)
𝑥
.
2 =
1
𝛽𝑐
[𝑖𝑜 + 𝑖1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(
𝜔
𝜔𝑜
𝜏) − 𝑔(𝑥2)𝑥2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥1) − 𝑥3] (14)
𝑥
.
3 =
1
𝛽𝐿
[𝑥2 − 𝑥3] (15)
where 𝑔(𝑥2) = {
0.061 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥2| ≤ 2.9
0.366 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥2| > 2.9
.
2.2. Simulation of the uncontrolled system
The uncontrolled system for the RCLSJ model was simulated in previous studies as shown below
[11], [14]. The result is depicted by Figure 6 where chaotic solution is observed due to Hopf bifurcation at
the control parameter i0=1.72. As a result of this bifurcation, a periodic solution and a limit cycle are formed.
Increasing the bifurcation parameter further, the system approaches a chaotic state as a result of periodic
doubling. This chaotic state will prevent the system from reaching the phase-locked state and the system
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2023: 3540-3548
3544
enters the out-of-lock state. To eliminate this chaotic state, a chaos controller is developed to retain the
normal operation of the system under consideration. Figure 6 shows both, state space and time history of the
chaotic oscillation. To eliminate this chaotic attractor and regain the normal operation of the system, i.e.,
phase-locked state, a sliding mode nonlinear controller is designed as shown in the following section.
Figure 6. Chaotic solution at the control parameter io=1.72
2.3. Sliding mode nonlinear controller design
Sliding mode control (SMC) is a well-known method in control theory used for controlling
nonlinear systems since it is very robust and simple to implement. It is based on the variable structure control
which was utilized by many scientists [23], [24]. SMC is a robust nonlinear control that utilizes a high
frequency switching control law to change the dynamics of a nonlinear system in a certain manner. Such
control law forces the system trajectory to follow a known sliding surface and stays there. Many researchers
used such a controller, for example; Qiao and Zhang [25], Yan et al. [26], Nguyen et al. [27], Haddad and
Akkar [28]. The controller provides a feature that when the system slides on the surface, the system is
insensitive to plant parameter variation and external disturbances such that the controller performance is
determined by the design of the sliding manifolds [29]. Such advantage made the sliding mode controller
attractive for the control of many nonlinear systems and hence has gained researchers interest [30]–[32]. As
an example, Utkin [33] introduced the discrete-time sliding mode (DSMC) to implement sliding mode
controller in discrete time systems. Su et al. [34] used the DSMC for disturbance rejection and chattering
attenuation. Moreover, Li and Wikander [35] used the DSMC in the compensation of unknown friction in
positioning systems. In what follows, the design of sliding mode controller is presented in two steps. Firstly,
the sliding surface is designed where the sliding motion meets specified design parameters. Secondly, we
select a control law to force system trajectory to reach the designed sliding surface. Rewrite the (13)-(15) and
adding the control signal u to get:
𝑥
.
1 = 𝑥2 (16)
𝑥
.
2 =
1
𝛽𝑐
[𝑖𝑜 + 𝑖1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(
𝜔
𝜔𝑜
𝜏) − 𝑔(𝑥2)𝑥2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥1) − 𝑥3] + 𝑢 (17)
𝑥
.
3 =
1
𝛽𝐿
[𝑥2 − 𝑥3] (18)
where 𝑔(𝑥2) = {
0.061 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥2| ≤ 2.9
0.366 𝑖𝑓 |𝑥2| > 2.9
.
To design the control signal u, the following two steps are taken:
− Step 1: The main task here is to design a sliding surface and stabilizes the system under consideration
such that it yields the desired performance. Let S, the switching surface, be defined as:
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Design of sliding mode controller for chaotic Josephson-junction (Bassam A. Harb)
3545
𝑠 = 𝐾(𝑥1 − 𝑥1𝑟𝑒𝑓) + (𝑥2 − 𝑥2𝑟𝑒𝑓) + (𝑥3 − 𝑥3𝑟𝑒𝑓) (19)
where K is a tuning parameter.
− Step 2: Now, the sliding-reachability condition is defined as (20):
𝑠̇ = −𝐾𝑐𝑠 − 𝐾𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑠) (20)
where Kc and Kd are positive constant design parameters. Now, we construct the control law to force the
system trajectories on the sliding surface. To find the control law u, we differentiate the sliding surface
given by (19) and equate this with the sliding reachability condition given by (20) and use the result in
(16)-(18). By doing so, we solve for u to get (21).
𝑢 = −𝐾𝑐𝑠 − 𝐾𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑠) − 𝐾𝑥2 − (1/𝛽𝑐)(𝑖𝑜 + 𝑖1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝑐1𝑥2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥1 − 𝑥3)
− (1/𝛽𝑙)(𝑥2 − 𝑥3) (21)
Then, the control signal u defined by (21) is substituted into (17), and by integrated the resulted system,
we obtain the results shown in Figures 7 and 8. So, for Kd<−K, the designed controller signal u in (21)
can drive the uncontrolled system given by (13)-(15) to reach the sliding mode surface S=0. To ensure the
stability of the solution, we consider the Lyapunov function V=½ s2
which isa positive definite function
on Rn
. Differentiating V along the equivalent dynamics (20), we get (22):
𝑣̇ = 𝑠 𝑠̇ = −𝐾𝑐𝑠2
− 𝐾𝑑 𝑠𝑔𝑛( 𝑠)𝑠 (22)
Which is a negative definite function on Rn
, thus the solution of the system is globally stable according to
Lyapanov stability theory. Note that both Kc and Kd are positive.
Figure 7. Time history of the state variable x2 of the
controlled system
Figure 8. Time history of the state variable x2 after
delaying the controller for 100 sec
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The system dynamics described by (16)-(18) and with the control law given by (21) is simulated
using MATLAB and the results are depicted in Figures 7, 8, and 9. Time history of the state variable x2 of the
controlled system is shown in Figure 7 while Figure 8 shows the time history of the state variable x2 after
delaying the controller for 100 sec. By comparing Figures 6 and 7, it is clear that the designed controller
eliminates the chaotic solution and drives the system to the phase-locked state by utilizing one control signal.
Note that the control law depends on the parameters Kc, Kd, and the tuning parameter K. This dependency
gives the designer the flexibility to design a controller to meet a desired transient performance. Figures 9(a)
and 9(b) show the time history and state space of the system with and without the controller. The results
demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed sliding mode controller.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
x 10
-3
Time
x2
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2023: 3540-3548
3546
(a)
(b)
Figure 9. Time history and phase plane for the two cases (with and without controller) (a) state space plot and
(b) phase plane plot
4. CONCLUSION
In previous studies, we have showed that shunted nonlinear RCLSJ Josephson-junction revealed a
Hopf bifurcation for certain external injected current. This type of bifurcation drives the system to a chaotic
state that prevent the system from approaching the phase-lock state and hence degrade the performance of the
junction. In this case, taming this behavior becomes a must. In this paper, a sliding mode controller has been
designed eliminate this chaotic behavior. Firstly, a sliding surface was designed. Secondly, a control signal
was designed to force the trajectory of the system to slide on the sliding surface and stay there. Results of the
simulations demonstrates the effectiveness of the designed controller in taming the chaotic solution and
pulling the system to the phase-lock state. As future work, this method can be applied to different type of
Josephson junction as well as other nonlinear chaotic systems.
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9. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 3, June 2023: 3540-3548
3548
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Bassam A. Harb (SM’08) received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from the University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA, in 1994. He joined the
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan, in 1995,
where he is now a Full Professor. Currently, he is the dean of research and graduate studies at
Al Ain University of Science and Technology in UAE. He has published many papers in the
area of nonlinear analysis of phase locked loops. His research interests include signal
processing, communication theory and systems, chaos-based communication systems, and
nonlinear circuit. Prof. Harb is a senior member of the IEEE and a member of Jordan
Engineering Association (JEA). He can be contacted at email: bassam.harb@aau.ac.ae.
Ahmad M. Harb (M'98-SM'06) receive his Ph.D. degree from Virginia Tech.,
Virginia, USA, in 1996. Currently, he is a Professor at German Jordanian University (GJU).
Dr. Harb is IEEE senior member. Dr. Harb was the dean of Natural Resources Engineering at
German Jordanian University (2011-2013). Dr. Harb is the founder and Editor-in-Chief for the
International Journal of Modern Nonlinear Theory and Application, IJMNTA. Dr. Harb has
published more than 110 journal articles and conference proceedings. His research interests
include power system, renewable energy, smart power grid, power electronics, modern
nonlinear theory (bifurcation & chaos). He can be contacted at email:
ahmad.harb@gju.edu.jo.