A non thermal processing, which primarily used for homogenisation of fat particles in liquid foods. Now emerged as a promising techniques having applications in food processing. This document will deliver the basics and applications of ultrasound in food
Presented by Dr. Adel Gabr, Associate Professor in Fats and Oils Department, National Research Center. during the specialty fats workshop. Organized by Malaysian Palm Oil Council - Egypt
on 2nd November 2015
Irradiation is a non-thermal food preservation technique used to lengthen and improve the shelf life of fresh or processed foods. Food irradiation is a non-chemical, energy-efficient method of preparing food that can aid in lowering the significant losses brought on by food deterioration or contamination by dangerous bacteria and other parasite life forms. A carefully regulated amount of ionising radiation, such as gamma rays released by radionuclides (such as cobalt-60 and caesium-137), X-rays, and high energy (10 MeV) electrons produced by machine sources, is used to irradiate food. Various effects, which include decreased storage losses, increased shelf life, and enhanced microbiological and parasitological safety of foods, can be obtained depending on the dose of radiation absorbed. Ionizing radiation could potentially be used in the food processing industry since it damages DNA molecules very effectively.
Irradiation doesn't make food radioactive and is safe. Irradiated products are evaluated for food safety based on their chemical, nutritional, microbiological, and toxicological characteristics. There are three dose levels in the radiation: low, medium, and high. Depending on the unique characteristics of the materials, different radiation dosages were applied to each of these constituents. The food industry has widely used irradiation treatments to prevent sprouting and germination, postpone senescence, and stop microbiological growth. Irradiation is being utilised to lengthen the shelf life of fresh-cut food, either alone or in conjunction with other traditional preservation techniques. Food products exposed to radiation are not rendered radioactive for two seasons. First off, cobalt-60 does not become radioactive when exposed to the gamma rays employed in food radiation. Second, food cannot become contaminated with radioactive radiation because it never comes into direct contact with the source. The FAO/WHO label for irradiated food uses the radura international symbol to recognise this fact.
A non thermal processing, which primarily used for homogenisation of fat particles in liquid foods. Now emerged as a promising techniques having applications in food processing. This document will deliver the basics and applications of ultrasound in food
Presented by Dr. Adel Gabr, Associate Professor in Fats and Oils Department, National Research Center. during the specialty fats workshop. Organized by Malaysian Palm Oil Council - Egypt
on 2nd November 2015
Irradiation is a non-thermal food preservation technique used to lengthen and improve the shelf life of fresh or processed foods. Food irradiation is a non-chemical, energy-efficient method of preparing food that can aid in lowering the significant losses brought on by food deterioration or contamination by dangerous bacteria and other parasite life forms. A carefully regulated amount of ionising radiation, such as gamma rays released by radionuclides (such as cobalt-60 and caesium-137), X-rays, and high energy (10 MeV) electrons produced by machine sources, is used to irradiate food. Various effects, which include decreased storage losses, increased shelf life, and enhanced microbiological and parasitological safety of foods, can be obtained depending on the dose of radiation absorbed. Ionizing radiation could potentially be used in the food processing industry since it damages DNA molecules very effectively.
Irradiation doesn't make food radioactive and is safe. Irradiated products are evaluated for food safety based on their chemical, nutritional, microbiological, and toxicological characteristics. There are three dose levels in the radiation: low, medium, and high. Depending on the unique characteristics of the materials, different radiation dosages were applied to each of these constituents. The food industry has widely used irradiation treatments to prevent sprouting and germination, postpone senescence, and stop microbiological growth. Irradiation is being utilised to lengthen the shelf life of fresh-cut food, either alone or in conjunction with other traditional preservation techniques. Food products exposed to radiation are not rendered radioactive for two seasons. First off, cobalt-60 does not become radioactive when exposed to the gamma rays employed in food radiation. Second, food cannot become contaminated with radioactive radiation because it never comes into direct contact with the source. The FAO/WHO label for irradiated food uses the radura international symbol to recognise this fact.
of all the ways we see animals are producing toxicity in humans, we can also observe the other aspect of this issue that such toxicity is arising all due to the human negligence. the only way to enjoy full nourishment from foods of animal origin is to STOP BEING NEGLECTING towards other species on earth.
Cold Plasma - A Novel Method of Food Preservationankit dayal
Cold Plasma Sterilization is an method of food preservation. This technology can help to attain newer height and can explore indefinite scope of food preservation for the benefit of people.
This is the first part in a series of slide shows on food safety risk assessment. Risk assessment is one of the three elements in the Risk Analysis Framework, and this presentation gives an introduction to the topic.
The ppt deals with hazards of plastic bags and paper bags. It has a case study attached which reveals the health issues associated with paper-based packaging materials.
Cold pasteurization or else irradiation is a controversial food preservation method.Here presenter discusses about myths, benefits and drawbacks of this method.
of all the ways we see animals are producing toxicity in humans, we can also observe the other aspect of this issue that such toxicity is arising all due to the human negligence. the only way to enjoy full nourishment from foods of animal origin is to STOP BEING NEGLECTING towards other species on earth.
Cold Plasma - A Novel Method of Food Preservationankit dayal
Cold Plasma Sterilization is an method of food preservation. This technology can help to attain newer height and can explore indefinite scope of food preservation for the benefit of people.
This is the first part in a series of slide shows on food safety risk assessment. Risk assessment is one of the three elements in the Risk Analysis Framework, and this presentation gives an introduction to the topic.
The ppt deals with hazards of plastic bags and paper bags. It has a case study attached which reveals the health issues associated with paper-based packaging materials.
Cold pasteurization or else irradiation is a controversial food preservation method.Here presenter discusses about myths, benefits and drawbacks of this method.
This lecture exposes students to food irradiation, the source of radiation, discusses whether it is save to consume irradiated foods and the effects of irradiation to food quality.
Material Design is Google's new vision for how software looks. Here is a brief introductory guide to visual, motion and interactive design. With the use of material design, there is a hope to build products that give users a great experience.
RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY PRACTICES EXPERIENCED IN HANDLING OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCE D...IAEME Publication
The presence and effect of ionizing radiation is detected and measured only with the help of radiological instruments as radiation is non sensory. The radioactive half-life of the radionuclide bears significance in assorting the radiation protection measures. The efficiency and resolution of the radiation detection instrument is influential in detection of the contamination present on the surface of the equipment and other materials lying on the floors and walls of the buildings emitting alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) radiations, neutron and gamma leaking out of reactor systems. Thus they play a vital role in choosing the appropriate instruments to put into use for detection. The efficiency of the instrument stands prompt to detect the presence of contamination and the resolution helps identify the radionuclide which produces that contamination. The radiological instruments which would consist of ion chamber, proportional counter, Geiger Muller tube, plastic scintillator etc., need to be calibrated with a known radioactive source of appropriate strength of activity depending upon the range of the instrument finalized. Preservation of radioactive source of any strength of activity and handling of the same require the strict compliance to the radiation protection procedures. In a nuclear power plant, where there is the routine use of radiological instruments, larger equipment and radiological testing are a regular concern, the preservation of radioactive sources and strict vigil of the handling the same is pivotal. The paper brings out the practical experiences of handling of radioactive source of strength of various ranges for various activities carried out at the project stage of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR).
RADIATION PROTECTION: ROLE OF DESIGN IN 500 MWE PROTOTYPE FAST BREEDER REACTO...IAEME Publication
The ionizing radiation exposure to the occupational worker and radioactive release to the environment are very low in fast breeder reactors compared to the permissible limits prescribed by the regulatory authority. Radiation protection procedures have been developed with a view to minimise the occupational risk for the working environment and controlling the release of radioactivity to the external environment too. The threshold value of release of radioactivity to the environment and the general public will be of lesser magnitude compared to the occupational exposure that is permitted by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) for a plant worker. The paper brings out the details of sources of radio activity in PFBR during operation phase, zoning and shielding concepts, dosimetry and the radiation protection procedures that will be followed in PFBR.
2015-2016 Mechanical/Civil Undergraduate Senior Design
Water Treatment by Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Ultraviolet Radiation
NEED:
1. ADD DETAIL TO DISCUSSION
2. ADD TABLE FOR BUDGET SECTION
3. NAMES ON PAGES
4. Environmental Section
5. Add the solid works model
6. Cover page
7. Add decision matrices
Submitted by
Christopher Bitikofer
Sarah Ridha
Brandyn Krieger
Terran Engle
Project Mentor
Chikashi Sato, Ph.D
Draft 2 Submitted: 11/6/2015
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Discussion 3
Detailed Engineering Specifications: 4
System Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) 5
Management 7
Budget 8
Appendices 9
Capability Statements 9
Gantt Chart 10
References 11
Introduction
Access to clean drinking water in underdeveloped areas of the world is a growing problem due to global increases in both population and pollution. Current methods of water treatment are impractical to apply in many parts of the world, as these technologies are expensive, require large facilities staffed by a litany of professionals, and the production/disposal of treatment chemicals that often have negative environmental impacts. The need to develop a method of water treatment that is less expensive, operates without the use of chemical treatments, and has relatively low electrical power usage is of profound importance. One of the most viable and promising optionsoptions is to make use both cavitation and ultraviolet light (UV). The purpose of this project is to develop a system for researching the combined effects of these two forms of water purification.
Cavitation occurs when the static pressure of water drops below vapor pressure. Small microbubbles form and slowly collapse in an energetic manner. As cavitation bubbles collapse, temperatures within the bubble can reach upwards of 5000 degrees Kelvin. Due to pyrolytic decomposition that takes place within the collapsing bubbles, the OH radicals and shock waves arecan be generated at the gas–liquid interface (A. Agarwal et al, 2011). These radicals degrade contaminants suspended within the water that would otherwise resist ultraviolet degradation. This makes cavitation a promising method of water treatment.
Ultra violet light is capable of killing bacteria and living contaminants in water. Short wavelength UV light, in the range of 10 nm to 400 nm, kills cells by interacting with their structures and disrupting DNA (NIOSH, 2008). UV light is capable of killing up to 99.99% of bacteria in clear water. This system of water purification is both cost effective and nontoxicchemical free but it cannot break down particle contaminants that bacteria tend to live in. However in combination with a particle filtration system, or in our case a cavitation system, UV reactors are simple to maintain, cost effective and chemical free.
The concise purpose of this team’s senior design project will be to develop a fluid flow test apparatus to demonstrate the degree of effectiveness of the combination of UV radi.
Our goal is to provide the utmost satisfactory services to our customers and we are committed to providing our best services with excellence and accuracy to all of our customers. We have a team of professionals serving the needs of the computer industry for over 10+ years and we stand ready to serve you today!
Fischer X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) measuring devices are continuously optimized to achieve higher precision in shorter
measurement times. That is why we have developed our new digital pulse processor DPP+ completely in-house.
The DPP+ is one of the central elements of an X-ray fluorescence spectromete.
لمبات تضيف تحديا جديدا إلى تقنيات تطهير و معالجة مياه الشرب بتكنولوجيا توزيع التدفق وSpektron إنها أنظمة
عالية الكفاءة, فهى تناسب محطات معالجة المياه القائمة بغض النظر عن حالة الأنابيب/المواسير المحلية EcoRay UV
أو جودة المياه حيث أن مفاعلات هذا النظام لديها القدرة على التعامل مع جودة المياه المنخفضة حتى 70% بنفاذية الأشعة فوق البنفسجية فى تطبيقات إمدادات المياه و الإستخدامات الصناعية و محطات المياه الضخمة بإنتاجية تتعدى 1000 متر مكعب/ الساعة للوحدة المجهزة بأنظمة إزالة خالية من المواد الكيميائية و تقنيات مراقبة و تحكم لكفاءة تشغيلية عالية بأقل تكلفة
http://rheoserve.com/index.html#portfolio
The bucket centrifuge is an essential equipment used in the laboratory for spinning of samples such as blood and urine. Imported bucket centrifuge can be expensive, the need for improvisation or fabricate locally made ones using available resources that are less expensive became necessary. This bucket centrifuge was locally fabricated in the department of Medical laboratory science in Ebonyi State University- Abakaliki to enable the students have an understanding of Biomedical engineering and bridge the gap between theory and practicals involved in their professional practice.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
This technology is aimed at the packaging industry. It uses shear thickening fluid to absorb impact forces and vibrations. Can be used in B2B logistics and is scalable to pallets for aeroplane delivery and shipping containers. Amazon's delivery vehicles are also very suitable for the application of this technology.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. Introduction
Food irradiation is a relatively new revolutionary process with essentially
the same objectives as those of the traditional methods of food preservation
i.e., extending shelf-life and reducing the incidence of food-borne disease.
All food irradiators must expose the product to the radiation source
effectively; the radiation may be either from 60Co or machine - generated.
Many factors influence the design of a food irradiator and the choice of the
radiation source.
The major considerations include the uniformity of the distribution of the
absorbed dose in the given product, efficient utilization of the radiation
energy, and cost - effectiveness based on minimizing the combined capital
and operating costs
3. Larger in size are pilot irradiators capable of conducting research, but they are mainly for
irradiating large quantities of products for feeding tests, shipping studies, and commercial
feasibility studies. Two examples of these are the Hawaii Development Irradiator built with
the support of the then U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in Honolulu in 1967, with
an initial loading of 200 kCi of Co-60. Large quantities of papayas were irradiated, made
into puree, and shipped to a U.S. laboratory in Illinois for animal feeding studies on safety.
Another irradiator was the U.S. Marine Fisheries Irradiator, also built with AEC support in
the mid-1960s at Gloucester, MA, for irradiation study of marine species. Two pilot electron
accelerators were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy in the late 1980s under the
program called Agriculture Demonstration Irradiators.
One was installed at the Plant Industry Division of the Florida Department of agriculture and
Consumer Services in Gainesville and another at Iowa State University in Ames. Both of
these were made in France. The one in Ames, Iowa, can operate in both electron beam mode
and x-ray mode. In 2001, Texas A & M University installed a pilot e-beam facility for
research and development.
Commercial Co-60 irradiators with initial loading of 500 kCi to several million curies have
been built around the world, mainly for sterilizing disposable medical supplies and some
cosmetics. Most electron accelerators have also been installed for industrial uses, such as the
cable and plastic industry
4. IRRADIATOR SELECTION CRITERIA
For the efficient operation of the irradiation facility, it is critical that the
requirements of the intended applications are clearly understood before the facility is
designed and built. When listing the requirements, it is essential that not only the
present needs are considered but also the future ones (but realistic) are included.
selection process is : –
Type of product to be irradiated (size, density, homogeneity),
Seasonality of product (some food products may be seasonal),
Dose and dose uniformity requirements for the intended product(s) and process,
Throughput requirement, product density can affect throughput.
Is the irradiator part of a manufacturing or other process, or a service facility, and
Is this a single or a multi purpose facility.
5. Besides these technical criteria, there are others that should also be
considered during the selection process.
These include: –
Capital and operating cost of the total facility,
Utility requirements such as electrical power and water supply, and
Technical expertise available in the region, including human resources.
Depending on the national regulations of the country, it would be necessary
to obtain a license to construct and operate the facility. Several departments
or ministries could be involved depending on the product to be processed,
such as atomic energy authority, health ministry, food ministry, industry
ministry, etc.
6. Types of Irradiators
Panoramic dry source storage irradiators
Underwater irradiators, in which both the source and the product being
irradiated are under water.
Panoramic wet source storage irradiators.
Electron beam irradiation facilities, in which irradiation is performed in an
area that is potentially accessible to personnel, but that is kept inaccessible
during the irradiation process.
X ray irradiation facilities, in which irradiation is performed in an area
that is potentially accessible to personnel, but that is kept inaccessible
during the irradiation process.
7. The irradiation treatment can be conducted in either a batch or continuous
mode. The batch method is simpler to design, easier to operate and is
more flexible.
The continuous operation is more suitable for large volumes. It may
involve a single-pass or a multiple pattern, the design of which allows a
more uniform exposure of the food and a more efficient use of the
source.
Mobile irradiators are also available. These are compact units which are best
suited for certain foods where season, location, transport and interval
between harvest and processing, may be limiting factors, e.g., sea foods.
The design should allow easy changing from one product to another without
any product receiving doses outside the allowable limits.
8. Whatever type of irradiator is used, its operation must be reliable and must
consistently provide a product that meets the design specifications.
Controls and monitors must be provided that will stop the processing if the
processing parameters are outside the design limits.
Safety issues related to the product are a major concern when the process is
designed to reduce the number of pathogenic organisms.
All products must be processed within the required limits to ensure microbial
safety. Safety systems to protect operating personnel from hazards caused by
radiation must also be provided.
These include appropriate shielding, radiation cell entry control and radiation
monitoring systems. The design of the irradiator should also minimize the risk
from other industrial hazards.
9. Design Requirement
Wiring
Source return
Fire protection
Access control
Source rack
Radiation monitors
Water handling system
Shielding
Foundations
10.
11. Cobalt Irradiators
The 60 Co source elements are usually in the form of cylindrical pencils.
A number of source pencils may be installed into individual modules to simplify the
handling of the source.
The modules are then distributed in a rack to form the desired source array. For
panoramic irradiators with sources stored in a water - filled pool, the source handling is
usually performed underwater.
Source elements, source modules and a typical rectangular source rack.
The size of the source rack should be sufficient to allow the addition of source pencils
without requiring the return of source pencils until the end of their working life.
Generally, a source rack is designed to allow the addition of new source pencils without
removing sources for approximately 20 years.
12. Schematic illustration of a typical source rack composed of source modules, source
pencils, inner capsules and cobalt slugs.
13. In many 60Co irradiator designs, the product is moved in parallel
rows on both sides of a vertical rectangular source rack. The product
may move at a controlled speed or may spend specified time
increments in different static locations (shuffle dwell).
The drive mechanism for moving the product may be pneumatic,
hydraulic or electric.
The product can be loaded into individual metal containers (totes)
and transported on conveyors, or it can be loaded into hanging
containers (carriers) for transport past the source.
14. Generally, the narrower the dimensions of the product in the direction
perpendicular to the source rack, the more uniform the dose is, and the
more rows of product, the better the efficiency. However, the distance from
the source to the product and the amount and location of metal in the
containers, conveyors and supporting structure also affect the throughput
and the dose uniformity.
For larger product volumes, such as entire pallet loads, it may be difficult to
obtain the required dose uniformity, especially for higher density products.
A different source and product geometry may be used to allow the product
to be irradiated from four sides to improve dose uniformity.
The product passes the source in four rows, two on each side of the source,
and passes the source at two levels. The product extends past the ends of
the source in both the vertical and the horizontal direction to minimize
radiation loss and to obtain high radiation utilization.
15. As the source emits radiation in all directions and the rate of emission cannot
be controlled, it is essential to control product movement past the source in the
most efficient way possible, to make best use of the radiations.
Another aim is to achieve the lowest possible dose uniformity ratio. For this
reason, containerized products may follow a complex path around the source,
often two or more product units in depth, the units being turned to effect two-
sided irradiation. An example of product progress around a source in fig.
The dose rates provided by isotope sources are generally low, so that
irradiation may take around 1 h to complete. Therefore, product movement is
often sequential with a finite time allowed in each position without movement,
to allow absorption of sufficient radiation.
16.
17.
18. Electron Beam Irradiators
The main designs of electron irradiator available are the Dynamitron, which will
produce electron energies up to 4.5 MeV, or linear accelerators for higher
energies.
In either case, the resulting beam diameter is only a few millimeters or
centimeters. To allow an even dose distribution in the product, it is necessary to
scan the beam using a scanning magnet, which creates an alternating magnetic
field (analogous to the horizontal scan of a television tube) which moves the beam
back and forwards at 100–200 Hz.
An even, fan-shaped field of emitted electrons is created, through which the food
is conveyed. A simplified diagram of an electron beam machine.
For electron beam irradiators, the product is usually transported at a controlled
speed past a scanned beam of electrons. Because the electrons are stopped by a
short depth of product, the irradiation zone is usually small and the dose is
delivered in a very short time.
19. the low penetration of electrons requires that this technology is limited either to
surface treatment of food or to foods of limited thickness (8 cm max., with two-
sided irradiation).
When electrons strike a target, they produce X-rays which can be utilized to give
greater penetration depth, but which suffer from the disadvantage of a low
conversion efficiency. The efficiency of conversion depends on the energy of the
electrons and the atomic number of the target material. In practice, therefore, X-rays
are produced by firing high-energy electrons at a heavy metal target plate, as shown
schematically in Fig. 5.8.
Even with 10 MeV electrons and a tungsten (atomic number 74) plate, the efficiency
of conversion is only 32%, hence cooling water must be applied to the converter
plate.
Both electrons and X-rays deliver much higher dose rates than isotope sources, so
that processing is complete in a matter of seconds. Also the beams may be directed,
so that the complex transport of packages around the source is not required.
20.
21.
22. Special features:
There may be specific requirements for some processes that could be incorporated in some of
these designs.
Irradiation of products in frozen or chilled condition: This is generally accomplished by
the use of insulated containers.
Incremental dose delivery: For a continuous mode of operation, this feature allows
irradiating products with different dose requirements together. Products requiring less dose
exit the irradiation room after less number of revolutions, while other products continue to
go around the source for more dose.
Low absorbed-dose applications: Because of mechanical speed limitations, various
techniques may be used to reduce the absorbed-dose rates for such processes. These
techniques include using only a portion of the source (e.g. raising one of several source
racks to the irradiation position), using attenuators, and irradiating at greater distances
from the source (which may be a separate loop)