The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is every object around us and it is used to connect these objects to the Internet to verify Machine to Machine (M2M) communication. The smart house system is the most important application of IoT technology; it is increase the quality of life and decrease the efforts. There were many problems that faced the existing smart house networking systems, including the high cost of implementation and upgrading, high power consumption, and supported limited features. Therefore, this paper presents the design and implementation of smart house network system (SHNS) using Raspberry Pi and Arduino platforms as network infrastructure with ZigBee technology as wireless communication. SHNS consists of two main parts: the main station part and the wireless house nodes part. The local wireless communication between the house nodes and the main station is done through ZigBee technology with low power and low data rate. The mode of operation of these house nodes can be configured dynamically by the end user and determined multicast or broadcast operation according to the user requirements. The implementation and upgrading of SHNS are costless, flexible and required less power comparing with other reviewed systems.
Smart home technology is emerging rapidly as an exciting new paradigm. A wide range of aspects that
includes security, energy saving, ventilation, smart kitchen is covered in this paper. All of the above is executed with
the help of smart devices such as remote control, security alarms, sensors etc. In this paper we present the above
mentioned technologies and tools that can be integrated in smart home systems which can provide security energy
saving and other such smart systems.
Energy Management with Disaster Intimation and Control using IoTIJEACS
In the area of digitization and automation, the life of
human being is getting simpler as almost everything is
automated. Nowadays humans have made internet an integral
part of their everyday life without which they are helpless.
Internet of things (IoT) gives a platform which allows different
devices to inter-connect, sense and control the things remotely
across a network infrastructure without any limitation to the
coverage area. In our proposed work, we stress on Wireless-
Home-Automation-System (WHAS) using IoT, it is a system uses
computers or smart phone to control basic home functions and
features automatically through internet from anywhere around
the world, an automated home is sometimes called a smart home.
The proposed system is able to monitor the entire things
connected to the internet and also to be maintaining the status of
individual devices for further action. We have built the home
automation with several devices and sensors, here sensor help to
monitor the device status and intimate the authorized person to
take particular action.
Smart home technology is emerging rapidly as an exciting new paradigm. A wide range of aspects that
includes security, energy saving, ventilation, smart kitchen is covered in this paper. All of the above is executed with
the help of smart devices such as remote control, security alarms, sensors etc. In this paper we present the above
mentioned technologies and tools that can be integrated in smart home systems which can provide security energy
saving and other such smart systems.
Energy Management with Disaster Intimation and Control using IoTIJEACS
In the area of digitization and automation, the life of
human being is getting simpler as almost everything is
automated. Nowadays humans have made internet an integral
part of their everyday life without which they are helpless.
Internet of things (IoT) gives a platform which allows different
devices to inter-connect, sense and control the things remotely
across a network infrastructure without any limitation to the
coverage area. In our proposed work, we stress on Wireless-
Home-Automation-System (WHAS) using IoT, it is a system uses
computers or smart phone to control basic home functions and
features automatically through internet from anywhere around
the world, an automated home is sometimes called a smart home.
The proposed system is able to monitor the entire things
connected to the internet and also to be maintaining the status of
individual devices for further action. We have built the home
automation with several devices and sensors, here sensor help to
monitor the device status and intimate the authorized person to
take particular action.
Development of wireless and intelligent home automation systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The Intelligent Home Automation System (IHAS) is usually a cell phone web-based application that enables end users in order to keep track of in addition to manage home/office appliance using their mobile system. The main objective of this system is developed to facilitate home users, especially domestic electrical appliances with simple controls. In addition, it can save the cost of electricity for lighting can be controlled to suit the user. Generally, most home appliances controlled from a distance using a remote control. Has created a system for controlling home lighting from a certain distance, which replaces the remote control using mobile smartphone. To make the smartphone to function as a remote control, an application was developed using Android technology. App Inventor software used for designing applications intended. Hardware microcontroller Arduino UNO R3 which is used to connect the smartphone to the electrical equipment. The system has been tested by developing a mini model and take into account the situation in the domestic home. The test is based on the level of control for wirelessly using Bluetooth and the distance between the lamp and the smartphone. The results of this test, the system can be used on equipment or other home appliances for the purpose of controlling or adjustment. In addition, the security system was also highlighted in a typical system, using the global system for mobile (GSM), it can be warned and notified to the consumer where there is a gas leak or the presence of a person in the vicinity of the residence.
IoT based Environmental Monitoring and Control SystemIJMREMJournal
IoT plays a major role in collecting the information from the sensing unit enclosing our environment due to
alterations in the climate which led to the significance of environmental monitoring. This Paper presents a
development of real time environmental monitoring and control system by utilizing Node MCU, DHT11 sensor,
ACS712 current sensor, Thing Speak (Open IoT analytics service) and Blynk application. The main task of
monitoring parameters (Humidity, temperature and power consumption) with real time sensors is done by Thing
Speak continuously which has API (Application programming Interface) for gathering sensed data and enabling
users to observe the monitored data in graphs for an interval of every 15 seconds.
This project is also designed to control home devices sitting at any place in the world by utilizing power
efficiently through Blynk application which is used to read data from sensors located in home environment using
smart phone and to turn on/off heating and cooling appliances automatically with respect to room temperature
values.
Smart home control system (SHCS) can be integrated into an existing home appliances to reduce the need for human intervention, increase security and energy efficiency. However, it is still an open problem due to difficulties such as network distance, signal interference, not user friendly, increased cost and power consumption. This paper reviews various topics on smart home technologies including control system, smart home network, smart home appliance and sensor technologies for smart home. In this research, the proposed prototype of home automation allows users to remotely switch on or off any household appliances based on Internet of Things (IoT) with the enhancement of solar charger. This prototype uses four types of sensors i.e. PIR sensor, temperature sensor, ultrasonic sensor and smoke gas sensor for automatic environmental control and intrusion detection. The hardware, software, and test field design will be discussed in this paper.
UBIQUITOUS SMART HOME SYSTEM USING ANDROID APPLICATIONIJCNCJournal
This paper presents a flexible standalone, low cost smart home system, which is based on the Android app communicating with the micro-web server providing more than the switching functionalities. The Arduino Ethernet is used to eliminate the use of a personal computer (PC) keeping the cost of the overall system to a inimum while voice activation is incorporated for switching functionalities. Devices such as light switches, power plugs, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, current sensors, intrusion detection sensors, smoke/gas sensors and sirens have been integrated in the system to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed smart home system. The smart home app is tested and it is able successfully perform the smart home operations such as switching functionalities, automatic environmental control and intrusion detection, in the later case where an email is generated and the siren goes on.
Abstract: Android based E-home is an application of embedded system which integrates Android operating system, Arduino controller and GSM for the implementation of Smart Home. Any Android device can act as a transmitting device. The user can control any appliance through an user friendly mobile application built in Android platform. A unique code for controlling each appliance installed with the system is assigned in the program and it is transmitted from the Android phone to the CPU installed in receiver, through the application, as Text messages. The GSM receiver in the CPU receives the text messages from the transmitting device and transfers it to the controller. The Controller decodes the message based on the decoding algorithm stated in the program and based on the command from the user; the controller sends signals to the switching circuitry. The Switching circuitry is the device which is in direct contact with the home appliances through wires and it controls the devices connected to it. Thus, by controlling the Switching circuitry, it is possible to control the various devices. Backward communication is also enabled when an event occurs in the mechanical switch. In this case, the GSM shield acts as a transmitter and sends a message to the user. Thus, ‘Android based E-Home’ provides a cost efficient, long range solution for the implementation of a smart home using less complex circuits and also provides an user friendly environment through the android app. There is no need for an extra hardware as the Android smart phone itself acts as a transmitter which in turn contributes to the cost efficiency, ease of access and efficient operation of the system.
Android Operated Application Based Smart Eye for Home Automation System Using...IJMTST Journal
` In recent years, the number of network enabled digital devices and services at homes has been increasing
fast. With the rapid increase of the Internet, the owners have been requesting remote control and monitoring
of these in-home appliances. This application leads to networking these appliances to form a kind of home
automation system. In this paper, an Android based home automation system that allows multiple users to
control the appliances by an Android application developed as well as using a web server is created. The
system used has three hardware components: raspberry pi a local connected device to transfer signals to
home appliances, a Web server to store customer records and support services to the other components, and
a smart mobile phone smart device running Android application developed. Distributed cloud platforms
systems and services of Google are used to support messaging between the components. The prototype
implementation of the proposed system is evaluated based on the criteria considered after the requirement
analysis for an adequate home automation system. The aim of this paper is to define the research of home
automation systems using android application, to provide home automation system using android
application operation also by creating a web server connected to ARM 7 board and Raspberry Pi 2.
The design of a smart home controller based on ADALINETELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a prototype of an improved smart home controller that implements a neural network-based algorithm for enabling the controller to make decisions and act based on the current condition. Unlike previous approaches, this design also utilizes the use of IoT (internet of thing) technology and neural network based-algorithm for developing the controller. Since a smart home is equipped with various sensors, actuators, smart appliances, and mobile terminals, all of these devices need to be connected to the Internet to be able to communicate and provide services for its occupants. The construction of the proposed controller is carried out through several procedures, i.e. the implementation of the ADALINE (adaptive liniear) as the neural network method, the design of the smart home controller prototype, and the validation process using mean average percentage error (MAPE) calculation. This prototype integrates functionalities of several household appliances into one application controlled by a smartphone. ADALINE is applied as an algorithm to predict output when the controller is in automatic mode. Although the obtained accuracy value is still not satisfactory, the value is bound to change when testing on more data. The work published in this paper may encourage the implementation of smart technology in more households in Indonesia.
Development of wireless and intelligent home automation systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The Intelligent Home Automation System (IHAS) is usually a cell phone web-based application that enables end users in order to keep track of in addition to manage home/office appliance using their mobile system. The main objective of this system is developed to facilitate home users, especially domestic electrical appliances with simple controls. In addition, it can save the cost of electricity for lighting can be controlled to suit the user. Generally, most home appliances controlled from a distance using a remote control. Has created a system for controlling home lighting from a certain distance, which replaces the remote control using mobile smartphone. To make the smartphone to function as a remote control, an application was developed using Android technology. App Inventor software used for designing applications intended. Hardware microcontroller Arduino UNO R3 which is used to connect the smartphone to the electrical equipment. The system has been tested by developing a mini model and take into account the situation in the domestic home. The test is based on the level of control for wirelessly using Bluetooth and the distance between the lamp and the smartphone. The results of this test, the system can be used on equipment or other home appliances for the purpose of controlling or adjustment. In addition, the security system was also highlighted in a typical system, using the global system for mobile (GSM), it can be warned and notified to the consumer where there is a gas leak or the presence of a person in the vicinity of the residence.
IoT based Environmental Monitoring and Control SystemIJMREMJournal
IoT plays a major role in collecting the information from the sensing unit enclosing our environment due to
alterations in the climate which led to the significance of environmental monitoring. This Paper presents a
development of real time environmental monitoring and control system by utilizing Node MCU, DHT11 sensor,
ACS712 current sensor, Thing Speak (Open IoT analytics service) and Blynk application. The main task of
monitoring parameters (Humidity, temperature and power consumption) with real time sensors is done by Thing
Speak continuously which has API (Application programming Interface) for gathering sensed data and enabling
users to observe the monitored data in graphs for an interval of every 15 seconds.
This project is also designed to control home devices sitting at any place in the world by utilizing power
efficiently through Blynk application which is used to read data from sensors located in home environment using
smart phone and to turn on/off heating and cooling appliances automatically with respect to room temperature
values.
Smart home control system (SHCS) can be integrated into an existing home appliances to reduce the need for human intervention, increase security and energy efficiency. However, it is still an open problem due to difficulties such as network distance, signal interference, not user friendly, increased cost and power consumption. This paper reviews various topics on smart home technologies including control system, smart home network, smart home appliance and sensor technologies for smart home. In this research, the proposed prototype of home automation allows users to remotely switch on or off any household appliances based on Internet of Things (IoT) with the enhancement of solar charger. This prototype uses four types of sensors i.e. PIR sensor, temperature sensor, ultrasonic sensor and smoke gas sensor for automatic environmental control and intrusion detection. The hardware, software, and test field design will be discussed in this paper.
UBIQUITOUS SMART HOME SYSTEM USING ANDROID APPLICATIONIJCNCJournal
This paper presents a flexible standalone, low cost smart home system, which is based on the Android app communicating with the micro-web server providing more than the switching functionalities. The Arduino Ethernet is used to eliminate the use of a personal computer (PC) keeping the cost of the overall system to a inimum while voice activation is incorporated for switching functionalities. Devices such as light switches, power plugs, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, current sensors, intrusion detection sensors, smoke/gas sensors and sirens have been integrated in the system to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed smart home system. The smart home app is tested and it is able successfully perform the smart home operations such as switching functionalities, automatic environmental control and intrusion detection, in the later case where an email is generated and the siren goes on.
Abstract: Android based E-home is an application of embedded system which integrates Android operating system, Arduino controller and GSM for the implementation of Smart Home. Any Android device can act as a transmitting device. The user can control any appliance through an user friendly mobile application built in Android platform. A unique code for controlling each appliance installed with the system is assigned in the program and it is transmitted from the Android phone to the CPU installed in receiver, through the application, as Text messages. The GSM receiver in the CPU receives the text messages from the transmitting device and transfers it to the controller. The Controller decodes the message based on the decoding algorithm stated in the program and based on the command from the user; the controller sends signals to the switching circuitry. The Switching circuitry is the device which is in direct contact with the home appliances through wires and it controls the devices connected to it. Thus, by controlling the Switching circuitry, it is possible to control the various devices. Backward communication is also enabled when an event occurs in the mechanical switch. In this case, the GSM shield acts as a transmitter and sends a message to the user. Thus, ‘Android based E-Home’ provides a cost efficient, long range solution for the implementation of a smart home using less complex circuits and also provides an user friendly environment through the android app. There is no need for an extra hardware as the Android smart phone itself acts as a transmitter which in turn contributes to the cost efficiency, ease of access and efficient operation of the system.
Android Operated Application Based Smart Eye for Home Automation System Using...IJMTST Journal
` In recent years, the number of network enabled digital devices and services at homes has been increasing
fast. With the rapid increase of the Internet, the owners have been requesting remote control and monitoring
of these in-home appliances. This application leads to networking these appliances to form a kind of home
automation system. In this paper, an Android based home automation system that allows multiple users to
control the appliances by an Android application developed as well as using a web server is created. The
system used has three hardware components: raspberry pi a local connected device to transfer signals to
home appliances, a Web server to store customer records and support services to the other components, and
a smart mobile phone smart device running Android application developed. Distributed cloud platforms
systems and services of Google are used to support messaging between the components. The prototype
implementation of the proposed system is evaluated based on the criteria considered after the requirement
analysis for an adequate home automation system. The aim of this paper is to define the research of home
automation systems using android application, to provide home automation system using android
application operation also by creating a web server connected to ARM 7 board and Raspberry Pi 2.
The design of a smart home controller based on ADALINETELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper proposes a prototype of an improved smart home controller that implements a neural network-based algorithm for enabling the controller to make decisions and act based on the current condition. Unlike previous approaches, this design also utilizes the use of IoT (internet of thing) technology and neural network based-algorithm for developing the controller. Since a smart home is equipped with various sensors, actuators, smart appliances, and mobile terminals, all of these devices need to be connected to the Internet to be able to communicate and provide services for its occupants. The construction of the proposed controller is carried out through several procedures, i.e. the implementation of the ADALINE (adaptive liniear) as the neural network method, the design of the smart home controller prototype, and the validation process using mean average percentage error (MAPE) calculation. This prototype integrates functionalities of several household appliances into one application controlled by a smartphone. ADALINE is applied as an algorithm to predict output when the controller is in automatic mode. Although the obtained accuracy value is still not satisfactory, the value is bound to change when testing on more data. The work published in this paper may encourage the implementation of smart technology in more households in Indonesia.
Smart home system is very popular in current days that give many kind of application that make all simple and easy to control. In modern day, home machines are using wireless equipment and can be retrieved by internet that will make populations life easier and organized. It based Home Computerization System is designed to assist the people with physical debilities and elderly to provide support as well as to control the electrical usages and monitor the room infection using mobile application. The design is using surrounded controller board and the home appliances are physically associated to output ports of this board via relays. The Home Automation is a wireless home computerization system that is supposed to be executed in existing home environments, without any variations in the infrastructure. Arun Kumar. N | Sathiyabama. T "Smart Security System (IOT)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29337.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/29337/smart-security-system-iot/arun-kumar-n
HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM VIA INTERNET USING ANDROID PHONE IJRISE Journal
This paper presents a low cost, flexible and standalone home devices control and monitoring system using an embedded arduino micro-web server, with real IP connectivity for accessing and controlling devices and appliances remotely using Android based Smart phone app running on android platform. The proposed system does not require a dedicated server PC with respect to similar systems and offers a novel communication protocol to monitor and control the home environment. Devices such as light switches, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, current sensors, smoke/gas sensors and sirens have been integrated in the system to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed smart home system.
IOT Based Smart Home System TechnologiesIJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The IoT allows objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems. It results improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. On the other hand, IoT systems could also be responsible for performing actions, not just sensing the things. Intelligent Shopping systems, for example could monitor specific users purchasing habits in a store by tracking their specific mobile phones. Other applications that the Internet of Things can provide enabling extended home security features and home automation. This paper relates smart home or home automation which induce technology for home atmosphere which is usage to provide ease and protection to its occupants.
Technology is a never ending process. To be able to design a product using the current technology that will be beneficial to the lives of others is a huge contribution to the community. This paper presents the design and implementation of a low cost but yet flexible and secure cell phone based home automation system. The design is based on a stand alone BT board and the home appliances are connected to the input/ output ports of this board via relays. The communication between the cell phone and the BT board is wireless. This system is designed to be low cost and scalable allowing variety of devices to be controlled with minimum changes to its core. Password protection is being used to only allow authorised users from accessing the appliances at home.
The project is designed to operate electrical loads using relays interfaced to a microcontroller through remotely operated commands to it by touch screen based user friendly GUI on any smart phone with Android applications. 8 Channel Android Bluetooth Projects is great for controlling your devices over Bluetooth link without any RF design knowledge. This module is designed to plug in to your design seamlessly. Individual relay can be controlled by simple commands. [9]
The project is designed to operate relay/electrical loads using an Android application device. The
system operates electrical loads depending on the data transmitted from the Android application device. Operating conventional wall switches is difficult for elderly or physically handicapped people. This proposed system solves the problem by integrating house hold appliances to a control unit that can be operated by an Android smart-phone/Tablet etc.
Remote operation is achieved by any smart-phone/Tablet etc., with Android OS, upon a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based touch screen operation, interfaced to the microcontroller of 8051 family. The program on the microcontroller serially communicates with Bluetooth device to generate respective output based on the input data (sent from Android application device) to operate a set of relays through a relay driver IC. The loads are interfaced to the control unit through the relays. The system can be used in existing domestic area for either operating the loads through conventional switches.[10]
LOW COST DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR HAS USING MULTIFUNCTIONAL WI-FIIJCNCJournal
Smart home technology nowadays became more popular and wide spread world around. The
communication network's appropriate coverage, flexibility and low cost made the Wi-Fi technology one of
the strongest choices in this field. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a simple, flexible and low
cost design of controlling home appliances and connecting other hardware using Wi-Fi network. The
ability of exploiting this design and implementation in different environment and possibility of integration
with other modern technology are considered the main benefit of the proposed design. The proposed
system provides connecting and controlling all available devices inside home using many sensors and
actuators. The monitoring process achieved by appropriate installed software on regular user computer or
handheld device.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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manner. Teymourzadeh et al. (2013) proposed a system to control home appliances using PIC16F887 with
GSM [4]. AT commands send through GSM network to monitor the home appliances. High coverage area
and high security are the advantages of this system but the disadvantages are the cost of SMS and it does not
support the current state of the appliances unless the user asked for it.
Figure 1. The number of using smart house systems [3]
Bharanialankar and ManikandaBabu (2014) proposed a system to control the device in the form of
SMS by using GSM network provided with an AVR PIC microcontroller [5]. The user enters commands
which send via SMS to GSM module that is connected to the AVR. It receives the commands and uses it to
communicate with the modem and control the appliances. However, the disadvantage of this system is the
cost of GSM network.
Jivani (2014) presented the system module to monitor the home appliances based on GSM
technology via SMS services [6]. The Adriano board microcontroller is used o interface the devices through
GSM modem. It uses the "App Inventor" visual programming platform to create an Android application to
user interface design. The user sends commands via SMS messages from the android application to control
the appliances remotely. The disadvantages of this system are the reliability and cost of SMS and the
impossibility to update the user interface according to the requirement.
Rao and Uma (2015) presented home automation using a smartphone and Raspberry Pi [7]. It is
designed to help the user and elderly people to control home devices through their own smartphone and make
their life more independent. They can control any appliances connected to Raspberry Pi. It focuses on control
the door sensor, light switch, and webcam surveillance.
Azni et al. (2016) presented a wireless home automation system using Wi-Fi [8]. The end user can
control and monitor the home devices by using a web server or android application. It uses
Restful Application Programming Interface (API) framework and other functions to use Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) request to control the General-purpose input/output (GPIO) of Raspberry PI. This system
used to turn on/off the electrical appliances of home wirelessly through a Wi-Fi connection.
Jabbar et al. (2016) proposed a smart home system focuses on the utilization of the IBoard Adriano
microcontroller and the XBee with the interface through Android smartphone application [9]. The IBoard is a
different Adriano board which have many features like Ethernet port, XBee socket interface, Micro SD
socket and an ATMEGA32. Moreover, it works as web server connects the system to the network through
Ethernet by the router and it allows a user to control the house appliances through an Android application.
Android platform access by IP address and it consists of on/off button for switches and status declaration in
addition to the automatic button for electronic work.
Yi et al. (2016) proposed a system of controlling the house using ZigBee [10]. It used LM3S8962
32-bit processor as a master controller of the system and to transmit and receive data over TCP/IP protocol
through gateway interface. The ZigBee coordinator connected to the master controller and ZigBee routers
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connected to the home devices and used the STC89C52 processor as the main processor in the terminal home
node.
Sayuti et al. (2017) presented a smart home and an ambient assisted living (SHAAL) system based
on the internet of things [11]. This system consists of two parts: the network part and the application part.
The network part used ZigBee technology and different types of sensors to develop this system. The server of
this network operated on the third generation (3G) to connect to the gateway and cloud network. The
performance delay of this system is less than other systems however the cost of implemented and tested was
more than other systems.
Gunawan et al. (2017) proposed a prototype of a smart home control system (SHCS) [12]. This
system used four type of sensors to integrated with the home environment. It allowed the users to switch on
and off any home devices remotely through the internet of things. It used Arduino Mega, Ethernet shield, and
APC220 wireless in the actual design of hardware. The home devices are integrated successfully with control
system through relay boards. The overall performance of this system was developed as a prototype.
Gunawan et al. (2018) presented an enhance performance of a smart home system and evaluated the
performance of the previous systems [13]. The presented system also used internet of things technology and
different type of sensors to integrated with the home environment. A solar charger added to this system
which increases the whole performance including hardware and software. The results of this system are
tested in a real environment and improve the performance compared with the previous systems.
Therefore, there are many challenges that face the smart house networking system, including the
high cost of implementation and upgrading, high power consumption, and supported limited features such as
the limitation of access only single room and fixed the configuration of a system. Some of the current system
as explained in the previous section using license bands like GSM and others using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, all of
its required high-power consumption, limited in the range of transmitting, static configuration and upgrading,
and required a separated web server for gateway node and data storage. This paper presents a wireless house
network system based on IoT technology and combined the gateway node and web server in single Raspberry
Pi unit. This system is used ZigBee communication to transmit and receive data between each node in-house
and main station and real time communication to connect between the remote user and main station.
2. PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The architecture design of the smart house network system (SHNS) is adopted ZigBee technology to
connect the devices of house, the ZigBee wireless technology protocol is chosen because it is low power
M2M wireless network, unlicensed, low cost and can communicate in a different type of topology including
mesh topology [14]. It consists of two main parts: the low cost, small size Raspberry Pi microprocessor is
used as the main station part and combined the gateway node, database server and webserver on it instead of
using any type of PC server.
The second part is the wireless house nodes which consist of three different nodes, Room1 and
Room2 nodes are used to monitor and control the environment, the healthcare node is used to monitor the
body temperature of the patient remotely. Room1 and Room2 nodes consist of Arduino, Arduino XBee
Shield, XBee module and number of sensors. Healthcare node consists of XBee module and temperature
sensor which are wearable by the patient to measure the heating dynamically from any location. The local
and remote user can access this system using any web browser. The remote user can access the system by
assigning a public IP address to the Raspberry Pi. Figure 2 shows the architectural design of the SHNS.
ZigBee standard defines three different types of devices: Coordinator device, Router device and End
device. Coordinator device has the capability to act the controlling of personal area network and establish the
connection of network. Router device has the capability to transmit and receive messages, and route these
messages if necessary to extend the coverage area. Finally, End device has fewest features and can connect
either to Coordinator device or to Router device. Each ZigBee network must have only one Coordinator
device and unlimited number Router devices and End devices [15]. There are different types of XBee module
and in SHNS XBee Pro S2 Module is used and it operates in two types of operation: transparent operation
mode (AT operation mode) and application programming interface operation mode (API operation mode).
AT mode is the default operation mode in XBee module and it considers a serial line replacement between
the modules, all incoming UART data from DI pin is waited for RF immediately sending [16]. API mode is
the advantage mode and a frame based mode. When XBee module running this mode all incoming and
outcoming data are comprised of frames. These frames provided the address, payload data, AT command and
other fields of configuration. This mode has the ability of multicast and broadcast transmission and can
receive status frame about each sending frame also it contained a checksum for integration data [16].
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Figure 2. The architectural design of the SHNS
ZigBee considers the lowermost data rate and provide low power consumption with increase battery
life compared with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Table 1 shows the comparison among ZigBee, Bluetooth and
Wi-Fi [17].
Table 1. Comparison between Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and ZigBee [17]
Features Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.1 ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4
Application Wireless LAN Cable Replacement Control and Monitor
Frequency Bands 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz
Data Rate 1 to 11 Mbps 1 to 3 Mbps 20 to 250 Kbps
Range (Meters) 1 – 100 1 – 10 1 – 75 and more
Battery Life (Days) 0.1 – 5 1 – 7 100 – 7000
Nodes Per Network 30 7 65,000
Topology Tree Tree Star, Tree, Cluster Tree and Mesh
Bandwidth 2 – 100 Mbps 1 Mbps 20 – 250 Kbps
Memory 100 KB 100 KB 32 – 60 KB
3. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGN OF SHNS
3.1. Design of Wireless House Nodes
The wireless house nodes are chosen as a prototype of necessary required sensor and actuator nodes
in each house. The Room1 and Room2 nodes are used to environment monitoring of temperature, humidity,
gas and smoke detection, and remote control of any appliances in these rooms through Internet using a
number of sensors and relays. Health care node is a special dynamic health care node which holds to the
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patient and can monitor his temperature remotely through the Internet or locally through local house network.
Room1 and Room2 consist of Arduino Uno microcontroller with an open-source hardware and software
platform and it can sense and control the environment through digital I/O pins and analog input pins [18].
XBee Pro Series2 is connect to each house node Room1 and Room2 and it considers a wireless data
communication, based on IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee standard devices offered from Digi. [19]. It is low cost,
low power, low data rate, and operates in 2.4 GHz frequency band.
The XBee Pro S2 comes with 20 pins function and configure as ADC or I/O line [19] [20]. Arduino
XBee shield is an add-on board used to enable Arduino board to connect wirelessly to another board using
XBee module. It is connected vertically on the top of Arduino and then XBee connects on the top of it [21].
DHT22 humidity and temperature sensor [22] and MQ-2 gas and smoke detection sensor [23] are the sensors
that used in Room1 and Room2 nodes also an electrical switch relay [24] used in these nodes. The Healthcare
node consist of only XBee Pro Series2 and LM35 temperature sensor [25]. The selection of these
components faciltate the proof of concepts of adopting Zigbee technology and other components could be
added without the loss of generality.
3.2. Design of Main Station
One of the hardware component that can be used as a server in IoT technology is Raspberry Pi.
Which is a small size board computer, low cost, flexible, has an Extended GPIO port and can use for
different purposes [26]. It considers the main station of the SHNS and included the gateway node, database
server, webserver and user interfaces as shown in Figure 3. The XBee module that connected to Raspberry Pi
is configured as coordinator and operated in API mode. The gateway node considers the communication
layer between house nodes and main station. It has the ability of writing to and reading from the database and
it is responsible to select the mode of operation and determined the house nodes that will be used to send and
receive data between XBee modules in the dynamic configuration. The gateway node programmed using
Python programming language with number of packages including MySQL-python package, XBee 2.1.0
package and PySerial 2.7 package. MySQL database is used to store the configuration table, control table and
data tables of system. Apache web server with PHP programming language is used at the server side of
SHNS. The End user can access the system interfaces through any PC or tablet or any device that has an
Internet access.
Figure 3. The detailed framework of the SHNS
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3.3. Design of User Interface
The aim of designing the SHNS is to enable accessing from local and remote end user to house
network and can select the required configuration to monitor its environments and control the appliances. So,
four main web pages are designed that can verify the required purposes. The Setting page is constructed to
manage the configuration of selecting the operation of house nodes. The Display page is constructed to
display a real-time chart of selected house node. Chart of monitoring patient temperature in healthcare node
and the humidity and temperature in Room1, Room1 nodes, all of information can be displayed from this
page. The Data analysis page is constructed to access all the saved data in determined duration or in all time.
Moreover, this page gives the ability to delete data when reaching special count. The Controlling page is
constructed to control the state of each device connected to each house node. The designing of the user
interface is done using HTML, CSS, PHP, and JavaScript for charting the data.
4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The software implementation of Room1 and Room2 nodes is programmed using an open source
Arduino IDE software. The software implementation of this node is responsible for many processes of
receive data from XBee module through serial port and analysis it, collect data from DHT22 using its library
and MQ-2 sensors, and then transmit these data to XBee module through serial port which transmits this data
through ZigBee to XBee coordinator connected to the main station.
The last wireless house node is the healthcare node which has a dynamic moving capability for the
patient. The implementation of this node is done through setting the first I/O pin of XBee module to ADC=1.
This enables the connection of an LM35 temperature sensor to this pin, the real-time temperature of patient
body sends periodically every 15 minutes and then XBee go to sleep mode. This cycle of sleeping 15 minutes
and waking 5 minutes increasing the battery life for years. The reading and processing of the sampling data
are done in the receiving process in the main station using Python programming language.
According to the last studies using modern methods, the normal temperature of human body is 37.0-
degree C. This standard has a wide range of consideration and differs from person to person, the age of the
person, type of measurement, the activity level of the person and in different time of day. Therefore, the
range from 36.1-degree C to 37.3-degree C consider the accepted range and perfectly normal.
In general, and depending on the experiences, the average normal reading of body temperature is
different according to the type of measurement, an armpit temperature is 0.7-degree C to 1.2-degree C higher
than hand temperature and 0.3-degree C to 0.6-degree C lower than an oral temperature.
According to the experimented results that are obtained, the reading of this node must be calibrated
by adding an offset value to obtain an approximately equal result to the standard medical value of
temperature reading. Table 2 and Table 3 shows the reading of body temperature without calibration and with
calibration and compare with the standard reading.
Table 2. The Reading of Body Temperature without Calibration
Test1 Test2
Standard
reading
Experimental
reading
accuracy
Standard
reading
Experimental
reading
accuracy
P1 36.6 35.05 4.23 36.7 35.4 3.5
P2 36.8 35.52 3.47 36.6 35.5 3.005
P3 37.3 36.43 2.33 36.8 35.2 4.34
P4 36.9 35.62 3.46 37.4 36.7 1.87
Table 3. The Reading of Body Temperature with Calibration
Test1 Test2
Standard
reading
Experimental
reading
accuracy
Standard
reading
Experimental
reading
accuracy
P1 37.3 36.95 0.938 36.7 36.4 0.817
P2 36.8 36.4 1.086 37.2 36.85 0.94
P3 37.21 36.81 1.07 37.6 37.13 1.25
P4 37.1 36.9 0.539 36.9 36.6 0.813
The most common evaluation metric to compare the resulting value with the standard medical value
as stated in [27], is the accuracy which has an equation as follows:
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Accuracy =
experimental value – standard value
standard value
x 100%
Where: Experimental value is the reading result from healthcare node.
Standard value is the reading from the thermometer Medical.
The hardware implementations of Room1 node and healthcare node are shown in Figure 4.
The hardware implementation of the main station is shown in Figure 5 which consist of Raspberry Pi and
XBee module as coordinator that are connected to Raspberry Pi through XBee adapter. Raspberry Pi is
connected to the Internet through Ethernet port or wirelessly through Wi-Fi.
The software implementation of the main station node is done using many programming languages.
The processes and algorithms of transmitting and receive frames are implemented using Python
programming language. Python is an object-oriented, open source, portable and consider a high-level
language with ritch libraries. The collecting data from these operations is saved in MySQL database. MySQL
is free, high performance, and have many other features. To access the data, there is a need for a server side
and scripting languages. The Apache web server and PHP scripting language are used to access and modify
the collected data.
The designing of the user interface is done using HTML, CSS, PHP, and JavaScript for charting the
data. Figure 6 shows the chart of the patient body temperature measured from the healthcare node. An
authorized user can access the SHNS to control and monitoring the environment of the house and select the
required configuration from any web browser. Figure 7 shows the real-time chart of selected house node.
Figure 4. The hardware implementation of room1and healthcare nodes
Figure 5. Hardware implementation of the main station node
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Figure 6. Temperature reading from healthcare node
Figure 7. Temperature data of room1 node
5. CONCLUSION
A prototype of the SHNS is designed and implemented successfully. The SHNS users can select the
required operation of house nodes through dynamic user configuration. The overall system is portable, low
cost and low power consumption, because using of small size Raspberry Pi as a web server and gateway node
eliminated the needed of separated PC server and minimize the cost significantly. The SHNS supported
healthcare part to any patient in-house through easy manner and contactless method and that is considered an
application of IoT technology. In addition, the data storage and analytic is done locally (i.e., provides fog
computing without the need of cloud platform). There are many suggestions can be done in future including
extend the work to support smart cities and smart building to connected all the required things to Internet and
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verify the concept of IoT in the constructed application. In doing so, the big data analytic will be a major
concern; however, fog computing could assist in minimizing the traffic from/to cloud environment.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Mohammed Issam Younis obtained his Doctorate in Computer Engineering from Universiti
Sains Malaysia in 2011. He had done the M.Sc. and B.Sc. in Computer Engineering from
University of Baghdad in 2001 and 1997 respectively. His research interests are: Distributed
System, Information Security and Cryptography, Parallel Processing, Algorithms, Computer
Networking, Software Engineering, RFID, and IoT. He has various publications as books, thesis,
journals, Invited IEEE Tutorials. He is associated with various committee like: Iraqi Union of
Engineers, Cisco Networking Academy, Software Engineering Research Groups, AIDL
Research Groups. He honored by different awards, medals, patents, and grants. Assoc. Prof. Dr.
Younis is currently a faculty member and Cisco Instructor at the Computer Engineering
Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad.
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Taif Fadhil Hussein received the M.Sc. and B.Sc. in Computer Engineering from the University
of Baghdad in 2017 and 2012 respectively. She is associated with various committee like: Iraqi
Union of Engineers, and Cisco Networking Academy. Her research interests involve: wireless
network, software engineering, computer networks, RFID development, computer architecture
distributed computing, and IoT.