The automatic three phase power system selector was designed and constructed. The device
automatically switches over to the alternative phase that has current when there is power outage or extremely
low current in the phase which the load is connected without the power being off. The selector links the load and
the other phases and relay switches allowing the usage of the remaining phases where there is outage on the
mains source without disturbing or interrupting the load. It maintains constant power supply to the load by
automatically activating the phases when the need arises. This safeguards the electronics system from being
damaged and burnout as a result of voltage instability, collapse, insistent outages which are paramount in
under developed and developing countries
Auto power supply control from 4 different sources using pic microcontrollerEdgefxkits & Solutions
This project is used to provide uninterrupted power supply to a load by selecting the supply source automatically from any available one out of 4 sources.
Auto power supply control from 4 different sources using pic microcontrollerEdgefxkits & Solutions
This project is used to provide uninterrupted power supply to a load by selecting the supply source automatically from any available one out of 4 sources.
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUE...Pradeep Avanigadda
The project is designed to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of any external supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in frequency and voltage.
There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydel, thermal, solar etc to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according to the rules of the grid. These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable limit of the grid it is mandatory that the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So it is preferable to have a system which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure.
The main feature of this power supply is, when no load is there it automatically switches off. It is a circuit which mainly act as a protector circuit and achieved through an arrangement of transistors and relay. Embedded system
requires a regulated power supply. This power supply circuit gives a variable regulated supply and switches off in no load condition.
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUENCYPradeep Avanigadda
This paper presents the development of a microcontroller based islanding detection for grid connected inverter with very simple under/over voltage and under/over frequency islanding detection algorithms.
The microcontroller monitors the under/over voltage and under/over frequency from utility grid and the processed value of voltage and frequency for turning ON/OFF the relay between a grid connected inverter and the utility grid.
The project would alternatively use a variable frequency generator using 555timer for changing the frequency while a standard variac shall be used to vary the input voltage for achieving the test conditions as stated above.
Power grid synchronization failure detection and recoveryeSAT Journals
Abstract As the power grid failure problems continue to persist in the country, need arises to make it more efficient and effective. This is a
demonstration devised to provide such kind of a system that could detect the failure in synchronous working of the power grid in
case any external supply source that is supplying to the grid is encountering any kind of abnormalities may be in current levels,
voltage levels, temperature and oil level. There are various generation units that usually supply power to the grids such as
thermal plants, solar plants, hydro-electric plants etc. All the generation units that connect to the grid have to obey the rules or
standards laid down for the operation of a grid. These rules involve maintaining of voltage variation, current variation, oil-level
variation and temperature variation within these specified limits. If there are any kind of abnormalities or deviations from the
acceptable limits laid down by the grid, it then gets crucial that the particular feeding source should get automatically
disconnected from the entire grid temporarily, this process is widely termed islanding. This would prevent large scale occurrences
of events of black outs. Hence it would be beneficial and wise if we could have a system that would be so efficient that it could
issue intimations about the potential variations in the arrangements and in addition provide the exact distance of the fault
location on a feeder line from the base grid and keep the particular source temporarily on a standby basis while this process takes
place. Variation of the system voltage should be around +-5% as per central electricity authority of India Regulations, 2010. This
paper is an approach on devising out a system that helps the grid resolve problems related to black out situations hence making it
a smart grid.
Keywords: - current variation, voltage variation, temperature variation, oil level detection, islanding, smart grid,
active method, passive method.
Fault analysis on three phase system by auto reclosing mechanismeSAT Journals
Abstract In any electrical system, due to overvoltage or over current line--ground fault, line to line fault, line-line-line fault and line-line-line-ground faults occur. The electrical substation is supply the power to the consumers means industries or domestic can have failures due to any of the fault which can be temporary or permanent. These faults lead to damage to the power system equipment. In this work, effort has made to design an reclosing mechanism in case of permanent or temporary fault. The TimerIc-555 has been used to give the time duration of fault. Circuit breaker is used for disconnecting the line at fault instant and connecting on clearance of fault. Reclosing mechanism resets the supply line after small interruption in the event of temporary fault or it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault. Keywords: Fault Analysis, Timer 555, Auto Reclosing Mechanism
Subtech:Automatic Changeover,ACCL, AMF Panel, Motor Starter etc.latesh sharma
Since 1995, we have established ourselves as a manufacturer and exporter of generator control devices, Water tank automation product and support components like AMF Panels, Automatic Changeovers up to 1000 kva, Timers, Automatic Motor Starter, Water Pump Controller, Power management system with Dual Source Prepaid Energy Meter & others electronic/electrical devices for automation of power which are better known for their compatibility, functionality and life-long services. We put great stress on quality of products & customer's satisfaction.
three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for p...Vikram Rawani
The project was aimed to prevent failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent in 3-phase power supply .
The purpose of our project was to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault.
Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset On Temporary Fault And Permanent TripEdgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about Three phase fault analysis. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
this ppt is helpful for baic fundamental knowledge of phase changing circuit in power system.which is diffrent and very useful in uninterrupted power supply in warld
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUE...Pradeep Avanigadda
The project is designed to develop a system to detect the synchronization failure of any external supply source to the power grid on sensing the abnormalities in frequency and voltage.
There are several power generation units connected to the grid such as hydel, thermal, solar etc to supply power to the load. These generating units need to supply power according to the rules of the grid. These rules involve maintaining a voltage variation within limits and also the frequency. If any deviation from the acceptable limit of the grid it is mandatory that the same feeder should automatically get disconnected from the grid which by effect is termed as islanding. This prevents in large scale brown out or black out of the grid power. So it is preferable to have a system which can warn the grid in advance so that alternate arrangements are kept on standby to avoid complete grid failure.
The main feature of this power supply is, when no load is there it automatically switches off. It is a circuit which mainly act as a protector circuit and achieved through an arrangement of transistors and relay. Embedded system
requires a regulated power supply. This power supply circuit gives a variable regulated supply and switches off in no load condition.
DETECTING POWER GRID SYNCHRONISATION FAILURE ON SENSING BAD VOLTAGE OR FREQUENCYPradeep Avanigadda
This paper presents the development of a microcontroller based islanding detection for grid connected inverter with very simple under/over voltage and under/over frequency islanding detection algorithms.
The microcontroller monitors the under/over voltage and under/over frequency from utility grid and the processed value of voltage and frequency for turning ON/OFF the relay between a grid connected inverter and the utility grid.
The project would alternatively use a variable frequency generator using 555timer for changing the frequency while a standard variac shall be used to vary the input voltage for achieving the test conditions as stated above.
Power grid synchronization failure detection and recoveryeSAT Journals
Abstract As the power grid failure problems continue to persist in the country, need arises to make it more efficient and effective. This is a
demonstration devised to provide such kind of a system that could detect the failure in synchronous working of the power grid in
case any external supply source that is supplying to the grid is encountering any kind of abnormalities may be in current levels,
voltage levels, temperature and oil level. There are various generation units that usually supply power to the grids such as
thermal plants, solar plants, hydro-electric plants etc. All the generation units that connect to the grid have to obey the rules or
standards laid down for the operation of a grid. These rules involve maintaining of voltage variation, current variation, oil-level
variation and temperature variation within these specified limits. If there are any kind of abnormalities or deviations from the
acceptable limits laid down by the grid, it then gets crucial that the particular feeding source should get automatically
disconnected from the entire grid temporarily, this process is widely termed islanding. This would prevent large scale occurrences
of events of black outs. Hence it would be beneficial and wise if we could have a system that would be so efficient that it could
issue intimations about the potential variations in the arrangements and in addition provide the exact distance of the fault
location on a feeder line from the base grid and keep the particular source temporarily on a standby basis while this process takes
place. Variation of the system voltage should be around +-5% as per central electricity authority of India Regulations, 2010. This
paper is an approach on devising out a system that helps the grid resolve problems related to black out situations hence making it
a smart grid.
Keywords: - current variation, voltage variation, temperature variation, oil level detection, islanding, smart grid,
active method, passive method.
Fault analysis on three phase system by auto reclosing mechanismeSAT Journals
Abstract In any electrical system, due to overvoltage or over current line--ground fault, line to line fault, line-line-line fault and line-line-line-ground faults occur. The electrical substation is supply the power to the consumers means industries or domestic can have failures due to any of the fault which can be temporary or permanent. These faults lead to damage to the power system equipment. In this work, effort has made to design an reclosing mechanism in case of permanent or temporary fault. The TimerIc-555 has been used to give the time duration of fault. Circuit breaker is used for disconnecting the line at fault instant and connecting on clearance of fault. Reclosing mechanism resets the supply line after small interruption in the event of temporary fault or it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault. Keywords: Fault Analysis, Timer 555, Auto Reclosing Mechanism
Subtech:Automatic Changeover,ACCL, AMF Panel, Motor Starter etc.latesh sharma
Since 1995, we have established ourselves as a manufacturer and exporter of generator control devices, Water tank automation product and support components like AMF Panels, Automatic Changeovers up to 1000 kva, Timers, Automatic Motor Starter, Water Pump Controller, Power management system with Dual Source Prepaid Energy Meter & others electronic/electrical devices for automation of power which are better known for their compatibility, functionality and life-long services. We put great stress on quality of products & customer's satisfaction.
three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for p...Vikram Rawani
The project was aimed to prevent failures due to some faults which can be temporary or permanent in 3-phase power supply .
The purpose of our project was to develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three phase supply system. The project output resets automatically after a brief interruption in the event temporary fault while it remains in tripped condition in case of permanent fault.
Three Phase Fault Analysis With Auto Reset On Temporary Fault And Permanent TripEdgefxkits & Solutions
This PPT explains about Three phase fault analysis. This is achieved by using star to delta conversions.
Edgefxkits.com has a wide range of electronic projects ideas that are primarily helpful for ECE, EEE and EIE students and the ideas can be applied for real life purposes as well.
http://www.edgefxkits.com/
Visit our page to get more ideas on popular electronic projects developed by professionals.
Edgefx provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
this ppt is helpful for baic fundamental knowledge of phase changing circuit in power system.which is diffrent and very useful in uninterrupted power supply in warld
Power instability in developing countries creates the need for automation of phase selection or alternative sources of power to back-up the utility supply.
Most industrial and commercial applications are dependent on power supply.
If the process of changeover of phase is manual, not only considerable time is wasted but also the device or machine may get damaged from human error during the changeover connections occurring massive losses.
Detection of Transmission Line Faults by Wavelet Based Transient ExtractionIDES Editor
In this paper, a novel technique is applied to detect
fault in the transmission line using wavelet transform. Three
phase currents are monitored at both ends of the transmission
line using global positioning system synchronizing clock.
Wavelet transform, which is very fast and sensitive to noise, is
used to extract transients in the line currents for fault
detection. Fault index is calculated based on the sum of local
and remote end detail coefficients and compared with
threshold value to detect the fault. Proposed technique is
tested for various faults and fault inception angles. Simulation
results are presented showing the selection of proper
threshold value for fault detection.
ppt of Three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and tri...Vikram Rawani
it's the final ppt which we have made for the project hope you will like it and make use most of it. it will definitely help you guys .
all the best (Y) :)
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Analysis of direct power control AC-DC converter under unbalance voltage supp...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an analysis of Direct Power Control (DPC) technique for the Three-Phase Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) AC-DC converter under unbalanced supply condition. Unbalance condition will cause the presence of unbalanced current and voltages thus produce the negative components on the grid voltage as well as severe performance degradation of a grid connected Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). The input structures for conventional DPC has been modified with a three simpler sequence networks instead of coupled by a detailed Three-Phase system method. The imbalance voltage can be resolved by separating from the individual elements of voltage and current into symmetrical components called Sequence Network. Consequently, the input power relatively improved during unbalanced condition almost 70% through the measurement of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) from the conventional Direct Power Control (DPC) in individual elements which is higher compared to separate components. Hence, several analyses are performed in order to analyze the steady state and dynamic performance of the converter, particularly during the load and DC voltage output reference variations.
Development and Performance Evaluation of an Intelligent Electric Power Switc...YogeshIJTSRD
The research work deal with automatic control system to switch ON or add OFF predetermined energy source. The automatic system ON or add OFF consists of both AC and DC voltage sensor, uninterrupted DC power supply, relay switches, generator choke control, microcontroller and indicators. Popoola A. I | Akinpelu E. O | Ewetumo T "Development and Performance Evaluation of an Intelligent Electric Power Switching System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38483.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38483/development-and-performance-evaluation-of-an-intelligent-electric-power-switching-system/popoola-a-i
Interleaved Boost Converter Fed with PV for Induction Motor/Agricultural Appl...IAES-IJPEDS
In present Electricity market Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are gaining much importance. The most common Renewable Energy Sources are Photo voltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC) and wind energy systems, out of these three PV systems PV system can implemented in most of the locations. Due to the power cuts and power disturbances in Distribution systems agriculture application is concentrated on PV based Energy system. The use of PV system is increasing day by day in agriculture application, due to their ease of control and flexibility. PV Electrification schemes also involves various subsidies in government national and international donors. Especially in Agriculture field by use of PV one can achieve higher subsidy. The output of PV system is low voltage DC to have high efficiency. The motors used in agriculture field are Induction Motors (IM) fed from Three phase AC supply, to boost the PV output we need a high voltage gain boost converter along with PWM inverter to Induction motor drive. Out of various DC-DC converter configurations interleaved boost converter is gaining much attention, due to its reduction in size and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). In this work we are proposing a PV fed interleaved boost converter with PWM inverter for agriculture applications. The design process of interleaved boost converter is explain detail and compared with existing boost converter. A 10 KW Power rating is choosing for the Induction motor drive and design calculations are carried out. A MATLAB/SIMULINK based model is developed for boost and interleaved boost converter and simulation results are presented, finally a scaled down hardware circuit design for interleaved boost converter and results are presented.
Electric Springs has been testified recently to enhance voltage regulation in distribution systems using demand side management. In this paper, a 7-level Multilevel Inverter (MLI) with a resonant switched capacitor Converter based on sinusoidal PWM, is implemented to analyze the performance of an electric spring under voltage variations at PCC. By the proposed MLI based ES, voltage regulation of critical load voltage is studied for voltage sag and swell conditions. Remarkable features of the proposed topology are maintaining voltage balance in input capacitors and reduction of power components. Simulations have been done in MATLAB/Simulink on distribution system with DGs equipped with MLI based ES under line voltage anomalies. Tested results are analyzed with THD% in critical load voltage.
Control of inverters to support bidirectional power flow in grid connected sy...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Simulation Analysis of Ac/Dc Adapter Under Zero No-Load Power Consumption usi...IJPEDS-IAES
The burst-mode control is generally used to regulate the output voltage of the ac/dc adapter under light or no-load condition. Although the burst-mode control reduces the switching loss, the control-IC and the feedback circuit at the output side still consume a large amount of power. In order to further reduce the power consumption at no-load condition, a zero no-load power (ZNP) ac/dc adapter for electronic equipment with an embedded battery is proposed in this paper. When the proposed adapter is load connected, the operation is same as that of the conventional adapter. At no-load condition, the adapter is totally turned off. As a result the adapter can reduce the no- load power consumption to less than 1mW. Simulation of a 65 W adapter is presented in order to verify its validity
1.compensation of reactive power using d statcom in grid interfaced pv systemEditorJST
This paper displays the upgrade of voltage droops, Harmonic mutilation and low power figure utilizing Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM) with LCL Passive Filter in Distribution Framework. At whatever point there is an entrance of photovoltaic cell energy to the low voltage appropriated matrix, there happen the issue of confuse in voltage and recurrence in the system, maybe brought on by non-direct loads, creating music. The model depends on the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) guideline. The D-STATCOM infuses a current into the framework to alleviate the voltage lists. LCL Passive Filter Was then added to D-STATCOM to enhance symphonies bending and low power figure. The reproductions were performed utilizing MATLAB SIMULINK.
Power quality is one big issue in power system and a big challenge for power engineers today. Electrical consumers (or otherwise load devices) expect electrical power received power should be of first-class. Bad quality in electrical power directs to fuse blowing, machine overheating, increase in distribution losses, damage to sensitive load devices and many more. DSTATCOM is one of the FACTS controllers designed to improve the quality in electrical power and thus improving the performance of distribution system. This paper presents a multilevel DSTATCOM topology to enhance power quality in power distribution system delivering high-quality power to the customer load devices. Diode-clamped structure is employed for multi-level DSTATCOM structure. ‘PQ’ based control strategy generates reference signal which is further processed through level-shifted multi-carrier PWM strategy for the generation of gate pulses to multi-level DSTATCOM structure. Simulation work of proposed system is developed and the result analysis is presented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Performance of multi-level DSTATCOM topology is verified with fixed and variable loads.
A new closed loop AC to DC ĈUK converter is presented in this paper. The conventional ĈUK AC to DC converter has no feedback circuit. Thereby, the output voltage of the converter changes while changing the load. The proposed closed loop converter can regulate voltage with the variation of load over a wide range. Moreover, the power factor and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the supply side current found quite satisfactory from this closed loop ĈUK converter. The converter operates in four steps with a different combination of voltage polarities and switching states. The feedback path consists of a voltage control loop and a current control loop. The closed loop ĈUK converter in this study is compared with the open loop version. Additionally, the comparison is made with the conventional converter of the same topology. The effectiveness in terms of power factor and THD of the proposed converter is verified using simulation results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents the improved single phase AC-DC super lift Luo converter for enhancing quality of power by mitigating the issues. The proposed converter is used for output voltage control, power factor improvement and reduced source current harmonics at supply side. The main intention of this work is to design appropriate closed loop controllers for this AC-DC super lift Luo converter to achieve unity power factor in the source end. The designed control system comprises of two control loops, voltage control in outer loop and the current controller is devised in the inner loop. Fuzzy controller is used for current controller whereas PI controller as voltage controller. In the MATLAB/SIMULINK platform, simulation of the proposed AC-DC super lift Luo converter is done. It is clear from the simulation results that PI integrated fuzzy controller for voltage and control is proven to be better than classical PI with hysteresis controllers. The proposed system is able to achieve high input power factor along with supply current harmonic distortions of less than 5%.
IMPLEMENTATION OF FUZZY CONTROLLED PHOTO VOLTAIC FED DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER...Wireilla
Power Quality(PQ) has become an area of concern in the electrical distribution system. Dynamic Voltage Restorer(DVR) restores load voltage to a nominal balanced sinusoidal voltage, when the source voltage has harmonic distortions, sag, swell and unbalances. In this paper a Photo Voltaic(PV) fed DVR is proposed to mitigate PQ problems. The PV system can supply the maximum power to the load at a particular operating point known as Maximum Power Point (MPP), at which the entire PV system operates with maximum efficiency. A Fuzzy Controller based MPPT is implemented to generate the optimal voltage from the photovoltaic system by modulating the duty cycle applied to the boost converter. The DVR is implemented using a Fuzzy Logic Controller based voltage source inverter with Photovoltaic system. The test system has been simulated and the efficacy of the proposed PV based Fuzzy controlled DVR is compared with Proportional Integral (PI) controlled DVR.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
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Design and Construction of Automatic Three Phase Power System Selector
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 7, Issue 6 Ver. I (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 11-14
www.iosrjournals
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07611114 www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
Design and Construction of Automatic Three Phase Power
System Selector
F. U. Nweke and R. C. Iwu
Industrial Physics Department Ebonyi State Universiy, Abakaliki Nigeria
Abstract: The automatic three phase power system selector was designed and constructed. The device
automatically switches over to the alternative phase that has current when there is power outage or extremely
low current in the phase which the load is connected without the power being off. The selector links the load and
the other phases and relay switches allowing the usage of the remaining phases where there is outage on the
mains source without disturbing or interrupting the load. It maintains constant power supply to the load by
automatically activating the phases when the need arises. This safeguards the electronics system from being
damaged and burnout as a result of voltage instability, collapse, insistent outages which are paramount in
under developed and developing countries.
Keyword: Phase selector, Power system, Power system phase, Power instability, Voltage collapse, Power
outages, relay and switches, comparator
I. Introduction
In Nigeria today, the problems of power outage across phases is rampant thus leading to some sensitive
equipment and appliances being kept without usage. Sometimes these equipments get damage or burnt as a
result of insistent power outage resulting from the failure of one phase or the other. The power generation and
supply in the country so insufficient to the demand by the consumers. The power lines are frequently overloaded
resulting to a trip by the action of switch gears or the load shading processes undertaken by the distribution
authorities known as Electricity Distribution Company, EDC (1, 2).
Power supply in Nigeria and in most developing and under-developing countries of the world is
nothing to write home about. This has an adverse effect on the consumers of the electricity and the equipments
that are operated from the main sources of supply. Electricity plays a major role in economic development of
any nation but the supply keeps dwindling and sometimes not enough in Nigeria. The increase in urbanization,
development and offshoot of industries and companies keeps adding to the power instability and collapse (1, 2)
Majority of industries in Nigeria suffer a lot of economic lost and revenue due to power instability and
failure. Most of the time, the voltage supplied by the power companies is very low to power the engine. The
power plants are subjected to usage of diesel engine to power them. This requires a lot of money keep the engine
running. Also power instability and failure results to voltage surge and it results to equipment/engine failure or
damage. Sometimes the impact of power disturbances and interruption on plant’s equipment and processes
caused by voltage sag may require a complete restart of engine with hours of interrupted production. This causes
substantial economic loss to the industry (3, 4). Machines that are automated have suffered a lot of setback due
to power instability and failure. Even quarter seconds voltage sag is sufficient to bring the modern machines to a
screeching halt, resulting in hours of interrupted production and irrecoverable scrap (4). The cost and the
depreciation associated with breakdown of equipment vary from one application to the other, and in some cases,
the user has to spend huge amount of money to avoid voltage instability or collapse thereby embarking on
alternative power supply. Hence, the depreciation caused by this instability reduces efficiency of organization
and leads to great frustration (4).
II. Power System Phase Donations
The following phases are used in alternating current power transmission and distribution and are donated as:
(i) First phase , which is referred to as red phase
(ii) Second phase, which is referred to as yellow phase
(iii) Third phase, which is referred to as blue phase (2, 5)
Theoretical discussion
Electricity plays a major role in economic development of any nation. In most developing and
underdeveloped countries, the supply of electricity for industries, commercial and domestic use is highly
unstable. This gives rise to frequent use of alternative sources of power supply to meet up with the energy
demand. The introduction of these alternative powers brings forth the challenges of smoothly and timely
between the mains supply and the alternative sources whenever there is a failure on the mains source. Hence,
2. Design and Construction of Automatic Three Phase Power System Selector
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07611114 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
there is need to reduce drudgery from switching between the two sources on the human side. The automatic
three phase power selector automatically switches over to the alternative phases when there is power outage
without the power being off. The automatic phase selector is a device that links the load and the other phases
and relay switches allowing the usage of the remaining phases where there is outage on the mains source
without disturbing or interrupting the load. The device maintains constant power supply to the load by
automatically activating the phases when the need arises.
III. The Design Topology
The block diagram of the designed and constructed automatic three phase selector is shown in fig 1.
Figure 1: The block diagram of the designed and constructed automatic three phase power selector
The Power Supply Unit
Almost all the electronics equipment makes use of the direct current, dc voltage from either a battery
cell or from alternating current, ac power line converted to direct current in the processes known as rectification.
Most power supply is designed to convert high voltage ac mains electricity to a suitable lower voltage supply for
electronics circuit and other devices with the use rectifier circuit. The ac power supply is stepped down with a
step down transformer before the rectification using a diode. (6,7,8,9)
Design Calculations of the power supply Unit
In this design, 220Vac is stepped down to 18Vac.
The transformer input voltage,
The transformer output voltage,
The transformer current in primary winding,
The transformer current in secondary winding,
Using the expression
Where
Therefore, the current of the transformer secondary current,
The rectifier circuit is a bridge rectifier circuit, which uses four IN4001 diode. The bridge rectifier
circuit is a full wave rectifier circuit that converts alternating current to direct current since almost all user
electronic garget uses direct current. The design calculation is thus
The maximum instantaneous voltage between the terminals of the rectifier circuit is thus:
This is desired circuit voltage which is expected to swing from .
From circuit of fig 2, d. c output voltage,
Where and
In full wave bridge rectifier,
Therefore
3. Design and Construction of Automatic Three Phase Power System Selector
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07611114 www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
Also
Then, the peak inverse voltage is given as
Note, the output of the rectified circuit is smoothened to remove alternating current ripples by using filter
circuit, by connecting a capacitor across the output of rectifier circuit (10).The purpose is to get a pure direct
current necessary to power our electronics garget. The designed bridge rectifier circuit is shown in figure 2.
Figure 2: The Bridge rectified circuit
Comparator Unit
This unit compares two voltage signals and determines which one is greater. The result of the
comparison is indicated by the output voltage. If the output op-amp voltage is saturated in the positive direction;
the non-inverting input (+) is greater or more positive than the inverting input. If the op-amp voltage is near the
negative supply voltage (i.e. 0 volts), or ground potential, it means the inverting input has a greater voltage
applied to it than the non-inverting input (6,7,8, 11).
The Relay Switch
These are used for switching operations. This has contact points which form the normally open and
normally closed switches. It also has energizing coil through which the switching contacts can be pulled
together or drawn apart to effect the open and close operations. If current enters through the coil of the relay, the
metal core becomes magnetized and attracts a strip of metal which closes the contacts that forms the open
switch and the switch then become open. If the energizing voltage demagnetizes the metal coil, the metal strip is
released to open the terminal and closes the terminal again (6,7,8).
Working principles of the designed automatic three phase selector
If the phase selector is connected to the main power supply say, red phase R; it is stepped down by
transformer X1 to deliver 12 V, 300mA, which is ratified by diode D1 and filtered by capacitor C1 to produce the
operating voltage for the operating amplifier IC1. The voltage at the inverting pin 2 of Op-amp IC1 is taken from
the voltage divider circuit of resistor R1 and the preset resistor VR1 is used to set the reference voltage according
to the requirement.
The reference voltage at non-inverting pin 3 is fixed to 5.1 V through zener diode ZD1. The voltage at
the inverting pin 2 of IC1 remains high (i.e. more than reference voltage of 5.1 V) in as much as the voltage in
Red phase is in the range of 200-230 volt and its output pin also remains high. As a result, transistor T1 does not
conduct; relay RL1 remains de-energized and red phase, R supplies power to the load L1 via normally closed
contact of relay RL1. Moreover, as soon as phase R voltage goes below 200V, the voltage at inverting pin 2 of
IC1 goes below reference voltage of 5.1 V, and its output goes low. Then because of this, transistor T1 conducts
and relay RL1 energizes and load L1 is disconnected from phase R and connected to yellow phase, Y through
relay RL2. Similarly, the automatic phase changing of the remaining two phases, through yellow phase and blue
phase, B works accordingly. The designed circuit and the truth table for the three phase power selector are
shown in figure 3 and table 1 respectively.
4. Design and Construction of Automatic Three Phase Power System Selector
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07611114 www.iosrjournals.org 14 | Page
Figure 3: The circuit diagram of the designed three phase power selector
Input Red Phase, R Input Yellow Phase, Y Input Blue Phase, B Output Voltage
0 0 0 No Supply
1 0 0 Phase R
0 1 0 Phase Y
0 0 1 Phase B
0 1 1 Phase Y or B
1 0 1 Phase R or B
1 1 0 Phase R or Y
1 1 1 Phase R or Y or B
IV. Conclusion
The automatic phase selector was designed and constructed to automatically select any phase that has
current without affecting the load. The device reduces the possible of power being off completely in case of
power failure in any particular phase if users connect their electronics garget to it. This was tested and it worked
perfectly.
References
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Hazards. International Journal of Advancement in Physics. Vol 4. Number 1. Pp 55-56
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Proceedings of the conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power 3(3) 796-803
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Colloquium on three phase LV Industrial Supplies: Harmonics pollution and Recent Developments in Remedies.
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