This is about Dell hymes and B.F Skinner

1. DELL HYMES
B.F. SKINNER
ADELUISA G. SANTIAGO

3. (June 7, 1927, – November 13,
2009)

4. •linguist,
•sociolinguist,
•anthropologist, and
•folklorist

5. He was one of the first to call the
fourth subfield of anthropology
"linguistic anthropology" instead of
"anthropological linguistics".

6.  Hymes helped to pioneer the
connection between speech and social
relations and this started the speaking
model.

7. Hymes formulated a response
to Noam Chomsky's competence
vs. performance
“What we know cannot be equated with
what we do”

8. Linguistic competence is not
post natal, but innate.
Linguistic competence underlies linguistic
performance.
(A speaker still has his linguistic
competence even he does not speak.)

9. D.H. extends the idea of competence to
communicative competence.
Linguistic competence is only part of
communicative competence.
CC is what the speaker needs to know in
order to be communicatively
competent on a speech community.

10. Example:
Linguistic competence tells you whether a
sentence is grammatical or not,
communicative competence tells you
whether an utterance is appropriate or
not within a situation.

11. THEORY OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
1. Possibility –able to produce
2. Feasibility-can be decoded
3. Appropriateness-use of correct form
4. Performance-utterance is completed

12. “Learning a language is
learning to perform certain
function.”

13. THE "S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G" MODEL
 Hymes developed a valuable model to assist the
identification and labeling of components of
linguistic interaction THAT in order to speak a
language correctly, one needs not only to learn its
vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in
which words are used.

14.  SPEAKING MODEL

26. Burrhus Frederic (B. F.) Skinner
(March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990)

27.  an American psychologist,
 behaviorist,
 author,
 inventor, and
 social philosopher.
 invented the operant conditioning chamber, also
known as the Skinner Box.

28. SKINNER BOX

29.  He was a firm believer of the idea that human free
will was actually an illusion and any human action
was the result of the consequences of that same
action. If the consequences were bad, there was a
high chance that the action would not be repeated;
however if the consequences were good, the
actions that led to it would be reinforced.[8] He
called this the principle of reinforcement

31. OPERANT CONDITIONING
 Operant conditioning

32. BEHAVIORIST THEORY &
LANGUAGE LEARNING
Core to all of behaviorism is the
assumption that human and animal
behaviors are determined by learning
and reinforcement.
A basic assumption of his was that all
language, including private, internal
discourse, was a behavior that
developed in the same manner as
other skills.

33.  The probability of a verbal response
was contingent on four things:
reinforcement, stimulus control,
deprivation, and aversive
stimulation. The interaction of these
things in a child’s environment would
lead to particular associations, the
basis of all language.

34. TYPES OF SPEECH
He claimed that there were four general
types of speech: echoic
behavior, mand, tact, interverbals and a
utoclitic.

35. ECHOIC BEHAVIOR
Echoic behavior is the primary form of verbal behavior of
language learners. These verbalizations include repeated
utterances, as in

36. MAND
 Mands (short for deMANDS) are defined as
utterances that are reinforced by the elevation of
deprivation. So for instance, if a child were hungry
or cold, her requests (as in (2))
 (2) Cookie.
 Directives such as “Stop,” “Go,” and “Wait” also
count as mands.
 However, in (3), the child may be simply naming the
object or stating what she likes. (3) Cookie

37. UTTERANCES
 tact (short for conTACT). Tacts are verbalizations
that the speaker produces to provide information
instead of attending to states of deprivation.
 tacts and mands may seem similar, their underlying
motivations (stimuli) and their reinforcements are
different.
 When a mand is reinforced, the need is
sated. When a tact is reinforced, there is no need
to sate.

38. INTERVERBAL
 The fourth type of utterance is the
interverbals. These include such things as “Please”
and “Thank you.” for example, in (4), the second
utterance, the response to the question, is an
interverbal. Likewise, the associative response in
number (5) is also an interverbal.
 (4) SPEAKER A: Who’s your favorite
graduate student?
SPEAKER B: You
 (5) WORD: CAT
RESPONSE: Dog

39. AUTOCLITICS
 Autoclitics, will influence not only current and future
thought but also current and future verbal behavior.
 Differences among the four types

42. Thank you for
listening!