9. 2 work gangs in Valley of the Kings:
Gang of the left side of tomb.
Gang of the right side of tomb.
10.
11.
12. Vizier appointed a scribe
Who kept a tally of attendance
By workers at work site.
Illness permitted
Absence for special holidays
Special permission for absence
for family problems
Workers:
-Gang leader & assistant (R & L)
-Quarrymen
-Plasterers
-Outline draftsmen
-Painters
-Each worker responsible for his
state-issued tools
Workmen’s attendance roster:
13. DYN. 18:
Thutmose III
Ramesside
(Dyn.19-20):
(Reocc. Yr. 7 Horemheb)
-Ramesside kings
enlarged the village
-Ramesses IV
doubled size of
village to complete
his tomb.
-R.IV state turned
administration of the
village over to High
Priest of Amun in Thebes
-Ramesses XI village closed
down after it = found to be
robbing tombs during
a rebellion ( Medinet Habu).
15. New Kingdom salaries for the work force:
• The payment data for the tomb workers
at Deir el-Medineh is more detailed:
• The workers in this privileged community
received:
- Housing
- Various living requirements
- 150 kg of wheat per month
- 56 kg of barley per month
- Fish
- Vegetables
- Pottery
- Firewood
- Finished products such as linen (usually
paid annually, or on special visits)
• However, as Dyn.20 drew to a close, the
workers faced ration & supply delays
and shortages.
• They went on strike several times, going to
Medinet Habu to demand payment (Vizier)
17. Tell el-Amarna:
Meat and bread supplied as
Salaries to workmen’s village
Workmen’s village ink labels
(5 = meat labels)
Large quantities of unlabelled
“meat” jars
(Village supplemented its diet
with its own raising of pigs, etc.)
18. Ostrakon Berlin 11238
The Mayor of West Thebes Ramose
informs the two chief workmen and their
crews that he has
received a message from the Vizier
Paser, saying
Please let the wages be delivered to
the crew of the necropolis, consisting
of:
vegetables, fish, firewood, beer in small
vessels, small cattle and milk.
Let nothing of it be postponed, so that I
would be in arrears with their wages.
Be at it and pay heed!
The chief
workman
2 sacks
(barley)
5 ½ sacks
(emmer)
The scribe 2 5 ½
17 men, each 1 ½ 4 that is 25 ½
+ 68
2 young men,
each
½ 1 ½ that is 1 + 3
The guardian 1 ½ 3 ¼
The slave
women /
1 ½ 1 ¼
The doorkeeper ½ 1
The doctor / ¼ 1
Total / 32 ½ 84 ¾
Ostracon Cairo 25608
Giving rations for the second month of summer /:
19. Ramesses III.
Troubles at end of R-III's reign:
- Removes disloyal & corrupt vizier
from office; exiles him toAthribis.
- Year 29: previously regular rations
and payments made to royal tomb
workers become sporadic.
- Worker’s go on strike!
- Vizier had to intervene directly,
but could only provide half the
required rations and supplies.
= extreme economic hardships
21. Village: - Wealthier, larger houses near entrances to village
- had a doctor & carpenter
- had a local court (knbt) dealing with local crimes
Village Court: - village elders, foremen, senior workmen.
e.g. property disputes, complaints, etc.
Theban court: - Vizier dealt with serious crimes
e.g., theft from tomb, shrine, state property.
Cultic court: - appeal to oracle (statues of village patron deities; processions)
- verdict could not be contested normally
(second opinions could be sought)
24. General Patterns of Domestic
Space at Deir el-Medina
Room 2:
Ritual fixtures
Cultic objects
Male imagery
Ancestor busts
(Bierbrier: rm.1)
Divan
Male space
26. Deir el- Medineh: General
patterns of domestic space
• Ovens, cooking area
• No cultic objects
• No imagery
• Undecorated
• Processing tools
• Working space
Modern village oven
near Deir el-Medina
27. TfEET OUTER H Ll MA.IN HALL
CELLAR
0---==---===--s===============:2"0m
KITCHEti CfllARHTE
40. Deir el-Medineh: Papyrus ‘library’
Papyrus Chester Beatty 1, sole copy of the Tale of Horus and Seth, and of a group of love
songs (preserved in Dublin)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 2, sole copy of the Tale of Truth and Falsehood (British Museum ESA
10682)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 3, sole copy of a Dream Book, on other side a copy of the Battle of
Qadesh (British Museum ESA 10682)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 4, hymns and didactic excerpts (British Museum ESA 10684)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 5, copy of the Hymn to the Nile flood, and didactic excerpts (British
Museum ESA 10685)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 6, prescriptions and incantations for good health (British Museum ESA
10686)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 7, incantations for good health (British Museum ESA 10687)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 8, incantations for good health (British Museum ESA 10688)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 9, copy of the Offering Ritual for king Amenhotep I, and on other side
incantations for good health (British Museum ESA 10689)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 10, aphrodisiacs (British Museum ESA 10690)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 11, incantations for good health including the Tale of Isis and Ra, and a
hymn to Amun (British Museum ESA 10691)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 12, incantations for good health (British Museum ESA 10692)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 13, incantations for good health (British Museum ESA 10693)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 14, incantations for good health (British Museum ESA 10694)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 15, incantations for good health (British Museum ESA 10695)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 16, incantation for purity (British Museum ESA 10696)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 17, excerpts from the 'Satirical Letter' (British Museum ESA 10697)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 18, didactic excerpts and incantations for good health (British Museum
ESA 10698)
Papyrus Chester Beatty 19, copy of the Teaching of Khety (British Museum ESA 10699)
Papyrus Ashmolean, Will of Niutnakht (completed by Papyrus IFAO Deir el-Medina 2, part of
the Will of Niutnakht)
51. Tell el-Amarna: Workmen’s Village --Stairway to upper floor
- Lower part built in mudbrick
- Upper part have support beam under
brickwork steps.
- Cupboard placed beneath stairs
53. NILE VALLEY BUILDING STONES from adjacent deserts:
-Limestone (common)
(common)
(Aswan)
(Aswan)
(Aswan)
-Sandstone
-Granite
-Diorite
-Basalt
-Dolerite
-Quartzite sandstone
-Greywacke
-Alabaster/calcite
-Serpentine
-Steatite
(Aswan)
(E. Desert)
(E. Desert)
(E. Desert)
(E. Desert)
(E. Desert)
56. Sawing
stone
Using quartz
sand as an
abrasive
Traces of
sawing on basalt
paving of Khufu pyramid temple.
Hypothetical
copper saw
cutting stone
57. Quarrying talatat blocks:Building entirely new city & other temples in 5 years:
using $$$, 1000s of workers, and “talatat” blocks
- Sandstone
- Smaller blocks
- Easy to cut and handle by
1 person.
- Allowed rapid construction
of new temples.
- Plastered and incised
decoration.
- Another idea: the blocks
replicate Djoser’s Dyn.3
Step Pyramid stones
(i.e., with solar affiliations)
59. East tower of Horemheb’s Ninth Pylon,
Karnak. The interior core is composed of much
smaller talatat blocks from Akhenaten’s
monuments at Karnak.
A late Eighteenth Dynasty relief reused
in the Twentieth Dynasty pylon of the Temple of
Khons, Karnak.
60. Widan el-Faras basalt quarry
Old Kingdom sandstone quarry road:
Sandstone-paved
10 km quarry roa
Basalt
outcrops
61. Ancient Egyptian
• Materials and resources
Buildings:
• Mud brick Silt & straw (floodplain)
• Reeds
• Timber
Local (e.g., huts, roofing)
Local palm & acacia
Imported cedar, etc.
• Mud & gypsum wash (local-regional)
• Stone Igneous stones
(e.g., granite)
Sedimentary stones
(e.g., limestone)
Conglomerate stone
(e.g., breccia)
Furnishing & decoration (“art”):
• Statuary
• Fittings
• Surfaces
Wood, stone, metal, etc.
Various materials & items
(e.g., False door stelae)
Relief decoration
Painted decoration
• Furnishings (e.g., mobile items)
67. Decorative techniques in tombs:
Colours/pigments:
- The Egyptian colour palette was
relatively limited, but they achieved
a broader range by increasing
or decreasing water content.
Iron oxides produced red-brown &
yellow
Copper frit produced blue & green
Whitewash produced white
Soot/charcoal produced black.
The % of water added created broad
changes in tone.
- The Egyptian artists could use tone
variation/shading to indicate shadowing
on the body, shading, giving some
indication of depth.
.
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83. Presentation of Food to the Dead Pair by Their Children.
Courtesy Digimom-Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon–France.
84. Ipuy Receives Award from King Ramesses II.
Courtesy Digimom-Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon–France.
85. Burial of Ipuy. His House & Garden. His Functions
as Priest of the Cult of a Dead King.
Courtesy Digimom-Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon–France.
86. Ipuy's House & Garden (Drawing Water from the Pond).
Courtesy Digimom-Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon–France.
87. Burial of Ipuy. His House & Garden. His Functions
as Priest of the Cult of a Dead King.
Courtesy Digimom-Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon–France.
88. Agricultural Operations with an Aquatic Scene.
Courtesy Digimom-Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon–France.
89. Goats Led to Pasture.
Courtesy Digimom-Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon–France.
90. Agricultural Operations with an Aquatic Scene.
Courtesy Digimom-Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon–France.
