The document discusses the history of architecture from early human settlements to the first cities. It covers early shelters constructed by Homo erectus and Neanderthals, as well as structures built by early Homo sapiens such as houses and villages dated to around 5000 BC. Notable prehistoric sites discussed include Stonehenge and Skara Brae. The document then outlines the emergence of early cities, noting that by 8000 BC Jericho showed signs of being an established city, and by 3500 BC larger cities were being constructed in Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

1. (1) The Elements of
Architecture
(2) Architecture in
Civilization
Theory and History of Architecture
Afifaturrahmah
050-16001

2. The Elements
of Architecture

3. FIRMITAS
VENUSTAS
Vitruvius Pollio …
UTILITAS

4. FIRMENESS
HOW DOES THE BUILDING STAND UP?

5. STRUCTURAL
REQUIREMENTS
Durability
Stability and Equillibrium
Strength and Rigidity

6. STRUCTURAL
TYPES
POSTS AND BEAM
STRUCTURES
 Load bearing walls:
 Skeleton
 Arches:
 Vaults:
 Folded roof:
 Dome:
 Trusses:

7. COMMODITY
HOW DOES THE BUILDING FUNCTION?

8. Development of human civilization –
development of needs, requirements, spaces

10. Any building
requires a certain
amount of internal
infrastructure to
function, which
includes such elements
like heating / cooling,
power and
telecommunications,

11. DELIGHT
SEEING ARCHITECTURE

12. Is a central principle of architectural theory and an important connection
between mathematics and art. It is the visual effect of the relationships of the
various objects and spaces that make up a structure to one another and to the
whole. These relationships are often governed by multiples of a standard unit of

13. Texture plays a dual role in architecture: it expresses something of the quality of
materials, and it gives a particular quality to light. Although one absorbs both
qualities simultaneously by eye, the first has tactile, the second visual
associations.

14. We can define rhythm as a patterned repetition of elements in space. We place
elements and experienced the intervals between them. When our eyes move
from one element to the next and through this rhythm in space we can enjoy a
sense of organized movement .

15. Color is a sensory perception, and as any sensory perception, it has effects that
are symbolic, associative, synesthetic, and emotional. These being design goal
considerations that demand adherence to protect human psychological and
physiological well-being within their man-made environment.

16. In architecture and decorative art, ornament is a decoration used
to embellish parts of a building or object.

17. Architecture in
Civilization

18. TERRA AMATA
Discovered by Henry de
Lumley in October 1965
A springtime camping
ground for a group of Homo
erectus hunters who visited
the spot anually during a
period of several decades
sometime during 400.000-
300.000 years ago.

19. NEANDERTHAL BURIALS
Discovered in 1908 at La
Chapelle-aux-Saint, France,
the remains of a very elderly
man, buried carefully with
stone tools laid around the
body.
Around the male skeleton
had been interred resting on
a bed of pine boughs and
flowers, and was then
covered with blossoms.

20. HOMO SAPIENS’ HOUSES
Cro-Magnon Dwelling:
A number of dwelling sites of early Homo sapiens
sapiens have been uncovered across Europe.

21. HOMO SAPIENS’ HOUSES
In middle of stone age villages, Yugoslavia:
numerous house were built in trapezoidal plan ,
measuring from 8-11 feet lenghthwise , and had limestone
plaster floors with central stone-lined hearths.

22. HOMO SAPIENS’ HOUSES
Cro-Magnon humans had painted hundreds of images of
animals
The colours were achieved using pigments of powdered
mineralsmixed with animal fat, egg white, or other liquids

23. NEOLITHIC DWELLING
Indicated as the remains of a settlements at Lepenski Vir on
the Danube in the Iron Gates region of north-central
Yugoslavia, dating from about 5000 BC to 4600 BC.
In the remains of a Neolithic settlement of about 4500 BC
was found a clay model of a rectangular house.

24. STONEHENGE
Of all the prehistoric megalithic
constructions, the best known

25. 3 MAJOR
PHASES
• Over a period of more than 1200
years.
• 1st stage between 2950 BC and
2750 BC, consisted of marking
out the location. A circle was
drawn 320 feet in diameter. The
heelstone, erected just outside
the enterance.
• 2nd; between 2200 BC and 2075
BC, a crescent of bluestone
uprights was erected inside the
circle, including a large upright
stone aligned with two others
outside the enterance near the
heelstone.
• 3rd; the bluestone were
temporarily removed, and
immense sandstone sarsens, or
stone uprights. Finished by 1500
BC.

27. SKARA BRAE
At one village, dating from 2500 BC and abandoned about 1500 BC. Located in Orkney
Island north of Scotlands. Revealed by accidant after a lashing storm 1850 blew off the
sand that had covered the village for more than three thousand years.

28. THE FIRST CITIES
• The deliberate growing of grain begun in
southern Egypt as early as 15.000 BC to
10.000 BC as is evidence by the well-used
grinding stones found there.
• By 8000 BC, agriculture had been firmly
established in in what is called the Fertile
Crescent, along the valley of the Nile, up
to the coast of the Eastern
Mediterannean, and through the well as in
what is now southern Turkey.

29. • The ancient city of Jericho
in modern Israel have
shown that this was an
established city as early as
8000 BC.
• Covered an area of 32
acres (12,9 hectares), of
which less than quarter
was excavated during
1961-1966, an area that
turned out to be a
residential quarter.
• Entry to the houses was
by means of a hole in the
roof that also served as
the vent for the smoke of
the central hearth.

30. • By the 6000 BC,
primitive villages
were scattered
across the lower
Tigris-Euphrates
valley, and by the
3500 BC, larger
cities were being
built.
• The first of the
large cities in

31. THANK YOU