Degree and Focusing Adverbials
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This document provides information about two types of adverbials - degree adverbials and focusing adverbials. Degree adverbials are used to indicate the extent or degree of an adjective or adverb, such as "extremely", "pretty", or "slightly". Focusing adverbials focus attention on a specific word or phrase, like "only", "just", or "especially". Both types of adverbials are usually placed before the words they modify. The position of focusing adverbials can impact the meaning of the sentence.
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Present perfect and present perfect progressive 1
The document provides explanations and examples of the present perfect and present perfect progressive tenses in English grammar. It states that these tenses are used to connect a past time or action to the present when used with "for" or "since." Without these words, the present perfect indicates a finished action or repeated action in an undefined time frame. The present perfect progressive describes an action that began in the past and continues in the present. It notes that stative verbs, which describe a state of being, cannot be used in the progressive form.
2. simple past and past progressive
The document discusses the simple past and past progressive tenses in English grammar.
The simple past is used to describe completed actions or events that happened at a specific time in the past. The past progressive describes actions or events that were ongoing or in progress over a period of time in the past. Some examples are provided to illustrate using the simple past to talk about completed actions and the past progressive to talk about background activities that were happening simultaneously with the main event.
Usage note 22 on page 417
This document discusses how to change pronouns, possessive forms, time and place expressions when converting direct speech to indirect speech. It provides examples of direct speech and the corresponding indirect speech, showing how "you" becomes "I", "tomorrow" becomes "the next day", and "here" becomes "there". Pronouns, possessives, and temporal and locational expressions may need to change to be accurate in indirect speech.
Azar 11 7
This document discusses using units of measure with noncount nouns to specify quantities. Noncount nouns like tea, toast, and cake can be measured using units like cups, slices, and pieces to indicate how much is being referred to rather than just using the noncount noun alone. Units of measure make noncount nouns more specific by associating a quantity with the noncount noun.
Azar 11 7
Noncount nouns refer to things that cannot be counted individually or that are not thought of as individual units. Noncount nouns take singular verbs and are used with general quantities or amounts of measurement rather than specific counts. Common noncount nouns include types of food, liquids, abstract concepts and more.
Azar 10 11
Be supposed to is used to talk about an activity or event that is expected to happen. It expresses what is expected or intended to occur. For example, "Mike is supposed to call me tomorrow" means the speaker expects Mike to call. "We are supposed to write a composition" means the teacher expects the class to write a composition. In the past form, "was supposed to" often expresses that an expected event did not happen, such as "Alice was supposed to be home at ten, but she didn’t get in until midnight," indicating Alice did not meet the expected time of 10pm.
Azar 10 10
Used to expresses habitual past actions and is followed by the simple form of a verb, while be used to expresses being accustomed to something and is followed by a gerund. The document provides examples to illustrate the difference, showing that "I used to walk to work" refers to a past habit but "I am used to walking to work" refers to a current normal activity. Care must be taken with these similar but differently used structures.
Azar 10 9
This document discusses the verbs "to use" and "to accustom" and how they have the same meaning when used in certain sentences. It provides examples of sentences using each verb, such as "I am used to hot weather" and "I am accustomed to hot weather", and explains that they both mean living in hot weather is normal and usual. It also discusses how adding "-ing" can turn a verb into a noun and how this applies to sentences like "I am accustomed to living in a hot climate".
Azar 10 5
Modal auxiliaries such as will, can, should, ought to, must, have to, may, might, and could are often used in the passive form. To change an active sentence with a modal auxiliary into the passive voice, the modal auxiliary is placed before "be" followed by the past participle of the main verb, and the agent is introduced with "by".
Azar 10 4
The by-phrase is used in passive sentences to indicate who performs the action when it is important information. Usually there is no by-phrase in a passive sentence when the performer of the action is unknown or unimportant. The active voice is usually used when the speaker knows who performs the action and wants to focus attention on the subject. The by-phrase adds extra important information about who performed the action when used in a passive construction.
Azar 10 3
This document discusses the difference between transitive and intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs are followed by an object, while intransitive verbs are not. Common examples of transitive verbs include mailed, signed, and killed. Common intransitive verbs include agree, exist, live, and sleep. Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive voice. Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive depending on how they are used.
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Degree and Focusing Adverbials
- 1. Section A
- 2. We use degree adverbials to explain to what degree. You’re absolutely right. The bridge is extremely unsafe. DEGREE ADVERBIALS We are all working pretty hard. Notice that we usually use degree adverbials before an adjective or adverb.
- 3. Some degree adverbials make a statement stronger. absolutely completely considerably entirely extremely highly incredibly much perfectly pretty quite rather really reasonably significantly so terribly totally truly very You look really familiar. It’s rather late to go out, don’t you think? DEGREE ADVERBIALS
- 4. A few degree adverbials show an approximation. You almost hit that car. I think it’s about 50 years old. about almost approximately nearly DEGREE ADVERBIALS
- 5. Some other degree adverbials can make a statement weaker. I’m fairly certain about this. Be careful. The floor is slightly wet. DEGREE ADVERBIALS a (little) bit fairly less slightly to an extent somewhat
- 6. Section B
- 7. Sometimes we want to focus attention on one word or phrase in a sentence. When we use adverbials to do this, we call them focusing adverbials. A: Can I help you? B: No, I’m just looking. FOCUSING ADVERBIALS especially even just only particularly Adverbials used in this way include:
- 8. Focusing adverbials include: FOCUSING ADVERBIALS Smoking increases the risk of many diseases, especially heart disease and cancer. Football is known as soccer only in North America. especially even just only particularly
- 9. Focusing adverbials usually come immediately before the words they describe. Some people can communicate complicated ideas in only a few words. Some people can only communicate complicated ideas in a few words. Only some people can communicate complicated ideas in a few words. FOCUSING ADVERBIALS Changing the position of these adverbials can change the meaning of the sentence.