Lumbar spinal stenosis perhaps is understood best as a clinicopathologic disorder: narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal and the nerve root canals (causing central and lateral recess stenosis respectively) typically is brought about by the process of osteoarthritis and leads to compression of the contents of the canals the neural and vascular structures, causing neurologic symptoms (typically low back and leg pain and lower limb numbness and weakness) that are intermittent, characteristically triggered by ambulation (ameliorated by pausing), and generally positional (aggravated by standing and eased by trunk flexion).
Do you have low back pain and it does not go away?Then be careful.It may be Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. The term lumbar spinal stenosis refers to a narrowing of the an individual's spinal canal. This happens when the growth of bone or other tissue (or possibly the combination of the two) reduces the size of the opening in the spinal bones. Our website spinalstenosis.org can help you to provide more information about Lumbar Spinal Stenosis,its treatment and about the surgery .
MRI anatomy of ankle radiology ppt pk is nice presentation that covers cross sectional anatomy as well as relevant anatomy from standard radiology book like CT MRI whole body by Hagga . cross section of mri is taken from mrimaster.com. This will help for radiology resident as well radiographers.
Lumbar spinal stenosis perhaps is understood best as a clinicopathologic disorder: narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal and the nerve root canals (causing central and lateral recess stenosis respectively) typically is brought about by the process of osteoarthritis and leads to compression of the contents of the canals the neural and vascular structures, causing neurologic symptoms (typically low back and leg pain and lower limb numbness and weakness) that are intermittent, characteristically triggered by ambulation (ameliorated by pausing), and generally positional (aggravated by standing and eased by trunk flexion).
Do you have low back pain and it does not go away?Then be careful.It may be Lumbar Spinal Stenosis. The term lumbar spinal stenosis refers to a narrowing of the an individual's spinal canal. This happens when the growth of bone or other tissue (or possibly the combination of the two) reduces the size of the opening in the spinal bones. Our website spinalstenosis.org can help you to provide more information about Lumbar Spinal Stenosis,its treatment and about the surgery .
MRI anatomy of ankle radiology ppt pk is nice presentation that covers cross sectional anatomy as well as relevant anatomy from standard radiology book like CT MRI whole body by Hagga . cross section of mri is taken from mrimaster.com. This will help for radiology resident as well radiographers.
GENU VALGUM & VARUM
Concise presentation on,
Etiology
Clinical Features
Clinical Assessment
Treatment
Osteotomy
Ref : Essential orthopaedics by Maheswari
Textbook of orthopedics by Ebnezar
Apley's System of Orthopaedics and Fractures
Prepared by Binisha Sebby
Final MBBS student,
Dr SMCSI MC,
Karakonam
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
3. Causes
Idiopathic
Post-traumatic
• Fractures of the lateral femoral or tibial condyles.
• Damage to the lat. Side of the lower femoral or upper
tibial epiphysis or epiphyseal plates.
Post-inflammatory – damage to the lateral side of the
lower femoral or upper tibial epiphyses or epiphyseal
plates by infection.
Neoplastic causes – a tumour causing a growth disparity
at the epiphyseal plate e.g. chondroblastoma.
Bone softening
• Rickets and osteomalacia
• Bone dysplasias
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Causes
Stretching of joints
• Charcot’s disease
• Paralytic disease
Cartilage thinning
• OA of the lateral compartment of the knee.
5. Clinicalfeatures
Physiological genu valgum appears at the age of 2-3
years and nearly always corrects by the age of 6 years.
It may be associated with flat feet. The degree of
deformity is estimated by measuring the intermalleolar
distance, with the child lying supine, with the knees in
contact. In genu valgum secondary to a disease such as
rickets, there will be findings suggestive of the primary
disease.
6. Treatment
Spontaneous recovery occurs in most idiopathic cases.
A medial shoe raise (3/16 inch) is sometimes
prescribed. It has no proven scientific rationale but
does help in satisfying anxious parents. It the
intermalleolar distance is 10 cm or more by the age 4,
the child may need an operation. A supracondylar
closed wedge osteotomy is performed.
8. Causes
Idiopathic is the commonest type. In others, causes
similar to those for genu valgum can be identified,
except that the defective growth is on the medial side
of the epiphyseal plate. Blounts’s disease is a special
type of genu varum where the postero-medial part of
the proximal tibial epiphysis fails to grow during the
first 3 years of life.
9. Clinicalfeatures
An ugly deformity is the main complaint. Severity of
deformity can be estimated by measuring the distance
between the two knees with the ankles held together. If
the distance is more than 8 cm, further investigations
for an underlying cause are required.
10. Treatment
Idiopathic type usually corrects spontaneously. Shoes
with an outer raise (3/16 inch) are usually prescribed.
If bowing persists beyond childhood, surgical
corrections may be required.
11. Genu
recurvatum
This means hyperextension at the knee joint. It may be
congenital or acquired. Polio is the commonest cause of
acquired genu recurvatum. Other causes are
i) Diseases known to produce lax ligaments. (Marfan’s
syndrome, Charcot’s arthropy)
ii) Epiphyseal growth defects
iii) Malunited fractures
12. Treatment
It is difficult. Generally, support with braces is
required. It some cases, upper tibial corrective
osteotomy may be required.
13. Poplitealcyst
This follows a synovial rupture or its herniation in the
popliteal region. It may be osteoarthritic (Morrant-
Baker’s cyst) or secondary to rheumatoid arthritis.
The lump is in the midline and fluctant, but is not
tender. It may shrink following knee aspiration if it is
connected to the knee, or may leak or rupture so that
the fluid tracks down the calf. Arthroscopic excision is
the treatment of choice for symptomatic cases not
responding to conservative treatment.
14. Loosebodiesin
joints
This is a common problem, seen most frequently in the
knee joint. A fractured osteophyte, becoming loose in
an osteoarthritic, is the commonest cause. Other
causes are knee osteochondritis, osteochondral
fractures, synovial chondromatosis, etc. in synovial
chondromatosis, the number of bodies is more than 50-
60. The complaint of the patient with a loose body in
the joint is sudden locking of the joint. Often he can
feel the loose body within the joint. Most loose bodies
are radiopaque and can be seen on plain X-rays. In
some, an arthroscopic examination may be required.
Treatment is removal of the body arthroscopically or by
opening the joint.