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Decision Framing
PLUS THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS12LikeLikeTweet 4.docxLeilaniPoolsy
PLUS: THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS
12LikeLike
Tweet 4
2
MAY 29, 2009
Document
We selected a six step decision making process that synthesized the decision making models
used in existing training, not just ethics training.
The model is descriptive of how people intuitively make decisions and makes the steps
explicit.
The six steps of this natural, intuitive decision-making process are:
• Step 1:
Define the problem (#1)
• Step 2:
Identify available alternative solutions to the problem (#2)
• Step 3:
Evaluate the identified alternatives (#3)
• Step 4:
Make the decision (#4)
• Step 5:
Implement the decision (#5)
• Step 6:
Evaluate the decision (#6)
Step 1: Define the problem
The most significant step in any decision making process is describing why a decision is called for and identifying the
most desired outcome(s) of the decision making process.
One way of deciding if a problem exists is to couch the problem in terms of what one wanted or expected and the actual
situation. In this way a problem is defined as the difference between expected and/or desired outcomes and actual
outcomes.
This careful attention to definition in terms of outcomes allows one to clearly state the problem. This is a critical
consideration because how one defines a problem determines how one defines causes and where one searches for
solutions.
The limiting aspect of the problem definition step is not widely appreciated. Consider this example.
Your company owns an old, downtown office building. Tenants are complaining that their employees are getting angry
and frustrated because there is always a long delay getting an elevator to the lobby at rush hour.
You are asked for a reaction on how to solve this problem. As with most problem situations there are several ways to
define the situation and several solutions that suggest themselves.
This scenario has been presented to over 200 groups in a training environment. The most common alternatives these
groups offered were:
• Flexible hours- so all the tenants' employees wouldn't be at the elevators at the same time.
• Faster elevators - so each elevator could carry more people in a given time period.
• Bigger elevators - so each elevator could carry more people per trip.
• Elevator banks- so each elevator would only stop on certain floors, increasing efficiency.
• Better elevator controls - so each eltor would be used more efficiently.
• More elevators - so that overall carrying capacity could be increased.
• Improved elevator maintenance - so each elevator would be more efficient.
• Encourage employees to use the stairs - so fewer people would use the elevators.
PLUS: The Decision Making Process | Ethics Resource Center
If you examine each alternative you will see that several different definitions of the problem must have existed.
• If the solution is "flexible hours" the problem must have been defined as, "Too many people getting off work at a
given ti.
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Decision Framing
PLUS THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS12LikeLikeTweet 4.docxLeilaniPoolsy
PLUS: THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS
12LikeLike
Tweet 4
2
MAY 29, 2009
Document
We selected a six step decision making process that synthesized the decision making models
used in existing training, not just ethics training.
The model is descriptive of how people intuitively make decisions and makes the steps
explicit.
The six steps of this natural, intuitive decision-making process are:
• Step 1:
Define the problem (#1)
• Step 2:
Identify available alternative solutions to the problem (#2)
• Step 3:
Evaluate the identified alternatives (#3)
• Step 4:
Make the decision (#4)
• Step 5:
Implement the decision (#5)
• Step 6:
Evaluate the decision (#6)
Step 1: Define the problem
The most significant step in any decision making process is describing why a decision is called for and identifying the
most desired outcome(s) of the decision making process.
One way of deciding if a problem exists is to couch the problem in terms of what one wanted or expected and the actual
situation. In this way a problem is defined as the difference between expected and/or desired outcomes and actual
outcomes.
This careful attention to definition in terms of outcomes allows one to clearly state the problem. This is a critical
consideration because how one defines a problem determines how one defines causes and where one searches for
solutions.
The limiting aspect of the problem definition step is not widely appreciated. Consider this example.
Your company owns an old, downtown office building. Tenants are complaining that their employees are getting angry
and frustrated because there is always a long delay getting an elevator to the lobby at rush hour.
You are asked for a reaction on how to solve this problem. As with most problem situations there are several ways to
define the situation and several solutions that suggest themselves.
This scenario has been presented to over 200 groups in a training environment. The most common alternatives these
groups offered were:
• Flexible hours- so all the tenants' employees wouldn't be at the elevators at the same time.
• Faster elevators - so each elevator could carry more people in a given time period.
• Bigger elevators - so each elevator could carry more people per trip.
• Elevator banks- so each elevator would only stop on certain floors, increasing efficiency.
• Better elevator controls - so each eltor would be used more efficiently.
• More elevators - so that overall carrying capacity could be increased.
• Improved elevator maintenance - so each elevator would be more efficient.
• Encourage employees to use the stairs - so fewer people would use the elevators.
PLUS: The Decision Making Process | Ethics Resource Center
If you examine each alternative you will see that several different definitions of the problem must have existed.
• If the solution is "flexible hours" the problem must have been defined as, "Too many people getting off work at a
given ti.
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Decision Making Essays
1. Decision Making
Ques: What are the reason why two perfect individual are never two perfect couples. with the 7
decision making process solve the problem. The 7 decision making processes are: 1. Define the
problem
2. Identify limiting factors
3. Develop potential alternatives
4. Analyze the alternatives
5. Select the best alternatives
6. Implement the decision
7. Establish a control and evaluation system
Introduction
A perfect marriage may be an illusion although the people involve may be perfect individual in
their own right. This situation may arise because the two may be considered as two different
captains who have now come together to pilot a ship. Each comes on board with their own ideology
and conceptions; as such differences are...show more content...
The willingness on the part of both parties to accept that there is a problem c.
If the parties do not consent to arriving at a solution no head way will be made in resolving the issue.
Develop potential alternatives
The next step requires that the woman considers the potential alternatives available to her in
resolving the problem. Options available may be varied. They may include:
1. Courage to bring to the notice of the husband her feelings
2. Discuss the problem with a friend of the husband
3. Bring the problem to the notice of the senior minister of the gospel whom the husband respects so
much.
4. Make the parents of the husband aware of the situation
5. Seek the help of a professional counselor
Analyze the alternatives
A good analysis of the alternatives or option available has a corresponding result in arriving at a
solution. The aim is to find answers to the problem. The problem at hand for example involves
two different individual. To select the best way to resolve the issue, it is important the wife
acknowledges the nature of the husband. How well will he respond it a third party is brought in to
help resolve the problem? For instance, if the man has develop an attitude of ignoring in woman in
the house, approaching him to talk about the issue will not be the best solution. However if he is the
2. type that show regardless of his arrogant nature shows respect to the elderly then consulting a senior
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3. Essay on Decision Making Strategies
Strategic thinking is an essential leadership skill. Our learning team has learned to consider our
current decision–making strategies, and examine our options for choosing the best strategy for any
situation be it one–sided, compromise, collaboration and deciding–by–majority rule.
As a learning team we will identify any problem someone on the team may have such as being shy,
not very talkative and hesitate about having to stand in front of the class while presenting our
presentation. Being part of a well functioning learning team identifying the problem(s) and wanting
to do something about it is the first step.
Analyze all parts of the situation to figure out what is stopping a team member(s) from getting what
the team need to solve the...show more content...
This step helps you to think about the risks involved with making a decision. No matter what you try,
there is going to be some uncertainty involved.
Choose the solution that the entire learning team likes the most and try it.
Review the results. Think about what happens. Brainstorming usually works best with a group.
The purpose of brainstorming is to let everyone voice their opinions and say what is on their mind
to better identify possible solutions to a problem. When working in learning team especially a team
where everyone may or may not be working together for the first time. It is important not to make
any judgments about an idea. You want to encourage everyone to get involved no matter how far out
his or her idea seems. No put–downs. Let every team member participate. It is important not to
belittle any ideas that may be presented. Someone should write down all the ideas. Don't leave any
ideas out, no matter how crazy they seem. Keep your mind open to all ideas, both your own and
others.
When the team has tried all ideas, crazy, outlandish, and otherwise, we make a rough draft and
finally evaluate what ideas are real possibilities and what ones should be dismissed. As we narrow
down the ideas, we will consider how an idea might be seen and understood in another way that
might be useful. Eventually, we want to end up with a great number of solutions, something like 3 to
5 of them.
It might be the case that we can even mix and
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4. Decision Making Thesis
Decision Making for Construction Professionals| Mini–Thesis| By Shehryar Khan & Scott
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* Sample: The sample is limited to a small proportion of working professionals in Western Sydney
and may not accurately reflect the population of working professionals. 2.0 Literature Review "It is
only in our decisions that we are important" –Jean–Paul Sartre Before commencing a discussion on
this quote it may be beneficial to gain an understanding of the key words or concepts suggested
by it. Firstly, the two key words are 'Decisions' and 'Important'. A decision can be said to be an
"opinion, position or judgement reached after consideration"1. Important is defined as "Of great
significance or value and strongly affecting the course of events or the nature of things;
significant"2 and this is exactly the message Sartre is trying to convey. Our decisions can shape
the course of our lives for the better or the worse so the decisions we make about the paths we
choose in life can determine the state of our existence and define who we are as human beings and
ultimately give us a sense of achievement or loss. A decision is a judgement reached after
"consideration" that is, 'why' do we make the decisions we make. It is important to understand this
process of decision making and various cognitive theories have helped us do this. Jean Paul Sartre
was a existentialist philosopher who like other such philosophers, attempted to characterise man by
his will, choices and decisions he makes
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5. Essay on Decision Making
Decision–making models, or the path that one would choose in his or her decision–making, is
heavily relied on the information one has received. By having all the correct information available,
decision–making becomes an easier task. The model in which one would base his or her
decision–making upon can be analyzed into six different factors: the problem at hand, the goals that
want to be reached, alternatives, pros and cons, decision(s), and reason(s) behind the decision(s).
According to Richard W. Scholl (1999), there are three components of every decision. The standards
in which decision makers assess alternatives, or the criteria. The specific courses of action or options
being considered are the alternatives. The cause and effect...show more content...
Approximating the possibility of each outcome prepares the decision maker to assess and evaluate
alternatives. The next step in the decision–making process is choosing the alternative that the
decision maker considers most effective, that is, the one who allows the opportunity to solve the
problem and accomplish all necessary objectives. This choice can be hard even when results have
been evaluated based on comparable criteria. Once a decision has been made to choose an alternative
solution, that decision must be implemented. The decision maker will have considered all
imaginable problems that may be connected with the implementation of the solution. However, the
decision–making process does not end when the decision is implemented. The decision maker
must evaluate the decision to the extent to which the solution achieved the necessary objectives.
In professional decisions that I have made in my workplace, I tend to lean more toward the pros
and cons, or the cause and effect principles. Recently, I was asked to research a new networking
and accounting system for the company, and to choose the best one, as we would be
implementing the network into our company. As I researched, I took note of the pros and cons as
they came up. The new network was certainly going to streamline our everyday work process as
well as alleviate any double entry, which would also reduce errors
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6. Decision Framing
Making good decisions is vital to living a successful and productive life. The ability to decide and
choose wisely and rightly depends on the situation. Though we try to be as logical as possible in
taking a decision, sometimes we end up making the wrong choices. So, it is important to
understand how people decide things.. The sad truth is that people, even at the highest level,
simply do not like to make good choices as every decision involves a certain amount of risk.
Decision framing is the first step in the decision making process, and it builds the plan for making a
good choice. The decision frame does not always ensure the right outcome. However, without it,
there is no structure when making a decision. Framing is all about how information is presented and
if it has an affect on the outcome. Framing is all about how we interpret the information. People
interpret things...show more content...
I knew that starting my next semester I had to choose something I wanted to study. This was one
of the hardest decisions I had to make. I was worried that if I choose something that I would
eventually lose interest and regret it. After some thinking I did some research on Health
Sciences. My doctor once talked to me about becoming a physician assistant. This is what
influenced my decision and I ended up changing from liberal arts to Health sciences. Making
decisions is something we do everyday. Some decisions are minor and others can be life changing.
The more we grow up we realize that we have to make more difficult decisions. Just realize that
everyone goes through this and things don't always go to plan. I had to make a tough decision in
my life. Sometimes you have to take risks and go with you're gut feeling. You learn from the
decisions you make and eventually get better with this
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7. Decision-Making Essay
The decision–making process occurs at all levels of management. However, the top executive
managers, middle level managers, and front line managers are responsible for guiding the decision
making process within their healthcare organizations (Liebler & McConnell, 2008,p.148). CEO's
are responsible for guiding the actions and behaviors of their employees to collectively achieve the
organization's goals. The mission and vision statement are the foundation of what direction the
healthcare agency is heading. The CEO and top level executives are responsible for developing
code of ethics and code of conduct to align with accreditation, licensing, and federal and state laws.
Decision–making is a commitment of time, human resources and...show more content...
Top–level executives and key managers are at the helm of the decision–making process with the
focal point being selecting the best choice. Selecting the best choices or alternative of choices derive
from assessments, interviews, surveys and audits that evaluates the strategic position of the selected
choices. Consequently, the chief executive officer at some point should show how the
middle–managers, front–line managers, employees and client fit into the decision–making process.
Decision–making concerning staffing and work performance are part of the healthcare mid–level
and front–line managers' job functions. The following scenario will reveal a healthcare manager
deciding to use the option of procrastination which is exercising the no–decision option. Liebler and
McConnell (2008) argues, "Whether by conscious act or unconscious act (genuinely forgetting), the
effect of the no–decision option is to decide not to decide...and often it is the decision of the most
potentially serious and far–reaching consequences"(167). The healthcare manager must avoid the
no–decision option in this scenario because there is a lack of considering the alternatives in the
decision–making process. Also, the healthcare manager allows a platform for negligence and liability
in selecting the no– decision option. In the scenario, "The
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8. Decision Making Models Essay example
Rational Decision–Making Model
Most individuals are faced with situations that necessitate excellent decision–making abilities.
Determining the suitable course of action to take when faced with a difficult dilemma can be a
challenge. Due to the importance of the decision–making process, decision–making models can be
used to establish a systematic means of developing effective decision making. One of the models has
been called the "rational model" of decision making (Stoner & Freeman, 1989). The
steps laid forth below are listed as the seven steps of the rational model.
The first step of the rational decision–making model is to define the problem, the need, or the
opportunity. Although this may seem either petty or apparent,...show more content...
This can happen because the technology decision is dictated from a higher organizational level or
because the new technology is perceived as the latest "thing" being used by
"everyone." It is at this point in the process that technological gatekeepers become
valuable. Information must be gathered from vendors and other users, at trade shows and from the
trade and more academic publications. If you do not fully explore and become aware of your
options, you cannot make an optimal decision.
After having clearly defined the problem, need, or opportunity and then gathering and exploring all
of the relevant information and alternatives, you must then evaluate the information and the
alternatives and anticipate the consequences of the various options open to you. It is very helpful at
this point to establish objective criteria against which to compare the alternatives. This is also the
point at which you need to establish the operational criteria against which you will measure the
success or failure of the choice once implemented.
The fourth step is to select the best solution based on the evaluation and analyses conducted in step
3. Once the first three steps have been completed, this step should be relatively straight–forward.
These four steps form the core of the rational decision–making method.
The last three steps are implement the chosen
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9. Essay on Decision Making
Decision making can be described as a process of making a decision or decisions, based on
choices made amongst two or more competing course of actions. The 'Decision making' also
requires making a define choice between two or more alternatives course of actions that are
available. In every decision making, there is said to be a positive and negative outcome as future
consequence(s). The importance of decision making in individual daily life and in organization level
was demonstrated by two scientists, Arkes and Hammond (1992), in 'Judgment and Decision
making' indentified the four types of information which decision maker requires constructing a
decision tree. 1.What are the available courses of action(s)? 2.What are the...show more content...
Psychologist Herbert Simon further established and categorized decisions into two categories;
Programmed Decisions and Non–Programmed Decision. Programmed decisions are type of
decisions which are routine and repetitive, of which are within the frame work of organization
policies and rules. Such polices rules are established in advance to solve a re– occurring problems
within the organization. Such programmed decisions are usually taken at lower management level
and tends to have a short–run impact on organization. In contrast, the Non– Programmed decisions
which are type of decisions which are non–routine and deployed to resolve non–routine problems,
they are relevant in solving unique and unusual problems that arises, of which the alternatives cannot
be decided in advance. Non–Programmed decisions are usually of high importance and significance
with long–term consequences on organizations, such decisions are decided at the top management
level. A model of decision making known as the Rational Decision Making Model arises from
organization behavior. This includes working through series of five stages path from problem
identification and to the solutions. 1.Define the problem. 2.Identify the decision criteria. 3.Compare
each option against pre–determined criteria. 4.Select the best option 5.Implement the best chosen
option. The Rational Decision Making Model
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