This document provides an overview of decision making, including types of decisions, models of decision making, and the decision making process. It discusses programmed versus nonprogrammed decisions and well-structured versus ill-structured problems. The classical and administrative models of decision making are described. A five step decision making process is outlined: define the problem, clarify objectives, identify alternatives, analyze consequences, and make a choice. Creativity, shortcuts, and common traps in decision making are also examined.
This document provides an overview of decision making and the decision making process. It discusses different types of decisions, models of decision making, and the typical steps involved in decision making including defining the problem, clarifying objectives, identifying alternatives, analyzing consequences, and making a choice. It also covers topics like creativity, shortcuts and traps in decision making, and how to improve decision making. The overall document serves as a guide to understanding decision making concepts and how to approach the decision making process.
The document discusses decision making and provides details on:
- Types of decisions including programmed and nonprogrammed decisions.
- Models of decision making such as the classical and administrative approaches.
- The five step decision making process of defining the problem, clarifying objectives, identifying alternatives, analyzing consequences, and making a choice.
- Additional tips for making better decisions including increasing knowledge, using intuition, weighing pros and cons, and ensuring proper timing.
- The use of decision matrices and tools like brainstorming to aid the decision making process.
This document discusses problem solving and creativity. It describes analytical and creative problem solving methods. Analytical problem solving involves defining the problem, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and implementing a solution. Creative problem solving focuses on generating something new. The document outlines conceptual blocks that inhibit creativity and provides examples. It also describes four types of creativity: imagination, improvement, investment, and incubation. Finally, it discusses the four stages of creative problem solving: preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification.
1. Decision making involves choosing the best alternative to achieve objectives and can be done through various styles like collective reasoning, being data-driven, relying on intuition, or considering pros and cons.
2. Barriers to effective decision making include lack of information, context, too much information, lack of feedback, cultural and psychological factors, and using the wrong decision making theory.
3. Critical elements of good decision making are clearly defining objectives and the problem, gathering quality data, considering many alternatives, logical thinking, and acting decisively on the chosen option. Tools like decision matrices, PERT charts, and Gantt charts can aid the process.
The document discusses problem solving, creativity, and innovation. It covers analytical and creative problem solving approaches. Analytical problem solving involves 4 steps: defining the problem, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and implementing a solution. Creative problem solving aims to generate new ideas and overcome conceptual blocks like constancy, commitment, compression, and complacency that inhibit creative thinking. Various techniques are provided to improve problem definition and foster creative thought, such as making the strange familiar and familiar strange.
This document discusses different types and levels of decision making. It describes programmed decisions as routine decisions that follow established rules, while non-programmed decisions are made in novel situations without clear rules. Intuition involves quick decisions based on feelings and past experiences, while reasoned judgment requires more careful information gathering and evaluation of alternatives. The document provides steps for structured decision making, including defining the problem, clarifying objectives, identifying alternatives, analyzing consequences, and making a choice. It also discusses how to improve decision making through knowledge, intuition, weighing pros and cons, and being flexible. Various decision-making techniques are presented, such as brainstorming, nominal group technique, and checklists for creativity. Potential shortcuts and traps in decision making
This chapter discusses models of decision-making including the rational model and positive model. It covers current decision-making concerns like heuristics, biases, and escalation of commitment. Group decision-making risks like groupthink are also examined. Effective decision-making involves reducing biases through considering multiple perspectives and establishing decision thresholds. Group decisions are best for complex, long-term, or multi-skilled problems.
This document provides an overview of decision making and the decision making process. It discusses different types of decisions, models of decision making, and the typical steps involved in decision making including defining the problem, clarifying objectives, identifying alternatives, analyzing consequences, and making a choice. It also covers topics like creativity, shortcuts and traps in decision making, and how to improve decision making. The overall document serves as a guide to understanding decision making concepts and how to approach the decision making process.
The document discusses decision making and provides details on:
- Types of decisions including programmed and nonprogrammed decisions.
- Models of decision making such as the classical and administrative approaches.
- The five step decision making process of defining the problem, clarifying objectives, identifying alternatives, analyzing consequences, and making a choice.
- Additional tips for making better decisions including increasing knowledge, using intuition, weighing pros and cons, and ensuring proper timing.
- The use of decision matrices and tools like brainstorming to aid the decision making process.
This document discusses problem solving and creativity. It describes analytical and creative problem solving methods. Analytical problem solving involves defining the problem, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and implementing a solution. Creative problem solving focuses on generating something new. The document outlines conceptual blocks that inhibit creativity and provides examples. It also describes four types of creativity: imagination, improvement, investment, and incubation. Finally, it discusses the four stages of creative problem solving: preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification.
1. Decision making involves choosing the best alternative to achieve objectives and can be done through various styles like collective reasoning, being data-driven, relying on intuition, or considering pros and cons.
2. Barriers to effective decision making include lack of information, context, too much information, lack of feedback, cultural and psychological factors, and using the wrong decision making theory.
3. Critical elements of good decision making are clearly defining objectives and the problem, gathering quality data, considering many alternatives, logical thinking, and acting decisively on the chosen option. Tools like decision matrices, PERT charts, and Gantt charts can aid the process.
The document discusses problem solving, creativity, and innovation. It covers analytical and creative problem solving approaches. Analytical problem solving involves 4 steps: defining the problem, generating alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and implementing a solution. Creative problem solving aims to generate new ideas and overcome conceptual blocks like constancy, commitment, compression, and complacency that inhibit creative thinking. Various techniques are provided to improve problem definition and foster creative thought, such as making the strange familiar and familiar strange.
This document discusses different types and levels of decision making. It describes programmed decisions as routine decisions that follow established rules, while non-programmed decisions are made in novel situations without clear rules. Intuition involves quick decisions based on feelings and past experiences, while reasoned judgment requires more careful information gathering and evaluation of alternatives. The document provides steps for structured decision making, including defining the problem, clarifying objectives, identifying alternatives, analyzing consequences, and making a choice. It also discusses how to improve decision making through knowledge, intuition, weighing pros and cons, and being flexible. Various decision-making techniques are presented, such as brainstorming, nominal group technique, and checklists for creativity. Potential shortcuts and traps in decision making
This chapter discusses models of decision-making including the rational model and positive model. It covers current decision-making concerns like heuristics, biases, and escalation of commitment. Group decision-making risks like groupthink are also examined. Effective decision-making involves reducing biases through considering multiple perspectives and establishing decision thresholds. Group decisions are best for complex, long-term, or multi-skilled problems.
The document discusses various topics related to problem solving, decision making, and creativity. It begins by defining problems, problem solving, and decision making. It then discusses creative problem solving and the key aspects of creativity. Several techniques for enhancing creativity and creative problem solving are outlined. The document also examines characteristics of creative leaders and organizational methods for enhancing creativity. Various problem solving techniques and models of decision making are described, including the classical, administrative, incremental, and mixed scanning models.
The document discusses various aspects of decision making, including:
- Playing games can improve decision making skills by providing experience in simulated scenarios. Strategic games in particular allow practicing important skills.
- Both rational, intuitive, and other models of decision making are discussed. The rational model assumes clearly defined problems and goals, which is often not the case in reality. Intuition involves quicker judgments based on past experience.
- Decisions are categorized as either programmed, routine decisions or non-programmed, novel decisions requiring more analysis and risk taking. Higher levels of management typically face more non-programmed decisions.
- Various decision making techniques are presented, including using dice, experts, or religious texts.
Decision Making - Basic Farm Management - LeadFarm ProjectSCDF-AN
This document provides information about decision making and outlines several key points:
1. It defines decision making as choosing between two or more possible courses of action to solve a problem, which can be done through intuition, reasoning, or a combination.
2. It describes an activity where groups must decide which three objects to bring in an emergency evacuation scenario.
3. It outlines an 8-step decision making scheme involving setting a goal, defining the problem, gathering facts, brainstorming possibilities, evaluating alternatives, choosing a solution, creating an implementation plan, and determining if the goal was achieved.
4. It discusses decision making in groups, including advantages, potential quality-lowering factors, and processes that
This document discusses decision making and problem solving. It defines decision making as choosing between alternatives to solve a problem. Decision making can be done individually or in groups. Individual decision making is constrained by imperfect information and time factors, while psychological forces can influence choices. Group decision making has advantages like greater knowledge but also drawbacks like social pressure. The concept of "groupthink" is introduced, where the desire for group cohesion can undermine objective decision making. The document concludes with tips for harnessing the power of decisions, like learning from mistakes and committing to decisions while staying flexible.
This document discusses various models and techniques for decision making. It describes 10 decision making models: 1) Normative model 2) Descriptive model 3) Decision tree model 4) Strategic model 5) Nursing process model 6) Intuitive decision making model 7) Econological model 8) Moral model 9) Ethical decision making model 10) Problem solving model. Each model outlines a different approach and key steps in the decision making process. The document also covers types of decisions, characteristics, stages, principles, qualities of managers, and techniques or bases for decision making.
This document provides an overview of a 2-day training program on creative problem-solving skills and the problem-solving process. It will teach participants how to master problem-solving fundamentals, apply the 6-step creative problem-solving process, and use techniques like brainstorming, fishbone diagrams and decision matrices. The training includes activities to practice key steps like defining problems, generating and evaluating alternative solutions, and implementing the optimal solution.
Coaches C.L.A.S.S. Creative Problem Solving Training Course OverviewCoachesClass
Coaches C.L.A.S.S. Creative Problem Solving Training Course Overview.
For Soft Skills course ware available by subscription only.
Email coaches.class2@outlook.com for subscription inquiries.
Top of FormBottom of FormStrategies for Decision MakingPro.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Strategies for Decision Making
Problem Solving and Decision Making
Components of a problem
· Givens: pieces of information that are provided when the problem is presented
· Goal: The desired end state – what a problem solution will hopefully accomplish
· Operations: Actions that can be performed to approach or reach the goal
Steps in Problem-Solving Process
What is Groupthink?
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that may cause a failure of a group’s performance. This is a trap that any previously successful group may get in.
The "groupthink" term was proposed by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972). It occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment” (p. 9). The alternatives are ignored and irrational actions dehumanize other groups. A group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making.
Janis, Irving L. (1972). Victims of Groupthink. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Janis, Irving L. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Second Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Symptoms of Groupthink
There are eight symptoms of groupthink:
· Illusion of invulnerability –Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks.
· Collective rationalization – Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions.
· Belief in inherent morality – Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions.
· Stereotyped views of out-groups – Negative views of the “enemy” make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary.
· Direct pressure on dissenters – Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views.
· Self-censorship – Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed.
· Illusion of unanimity – The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous.
· Self-appointed ‘mindguards’ – Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group’s cohesiveness, view, and/or decisions.
Remedies for Groupthink
Decision experts have determined that groupthink may be prevented by adopting some of the following measures:
1. The leader should assign the role of critical evaluator to each member
2. The leader should avoid stating preferences and expectations at the outset
3. Each member of the group should routinely discuss the group's deliberations with a trusted associate and report back to the group on the associate's reactions
4. One or more experts should be invited to each meeting on a staggered basis. The outside experts should be encouraged to challenge views of the members.
5. At least one articulate and knowledgeable member should be given the role of devi ...
The document discusses the key steps in the decision making process: [1] identifying the problem and criteria for evaluating alternatives, [2] developing and analyzing potential alternatives, and [3] selecting, implementing, and evaluating the alternative chosen to resolve the problem. It covers identifying structured vs. unstructured problems, programmed vs. non-programmed decisions, and models of rational vs. intuitive decision making. The document also discusses different decision making styles and criteria that may be weighted to analyze alternatives.
1. The document discusses decision making, outlining key principles, types, strategies, and processes involved.
2. Decision making involves defining problems, gathering alternatives, evaluating options, selecting a solution, and following up on outcomes.
3. Decisions can be programmed, for routine issues, or non-programmed, for unique problems, and involve varying levels of risk and uncertainty.
This document discusses decision making processes in organizations. It describes common issues in decision making like changing workplace trends, the impact of information technology, and cultural factors. The typical decision making process involves recognizing the problem, identifying alternatives, assessing risks, choosing a preferred option, implementing it, and evaluating results. Decisions vary in importance and urgency, and different strategies are appropriate depending on these factors. Intuition, heuristics, and creativity can influence decision making by aiding judgment under uncertainty. The standard decision making process involves gathering facts, identifying alternatives, assessing them, and deciding, though this may be adapted based on the situation.
The document discusses critical thinking and decision making skills. It defines critical thinking as objective analysis and evaluation of evidence to form judgments. Critical thinking involves skills like curiosity, skepticism, and humility. Decision making is choosing between alternatives with uncertain outcomes. It discusses factors that influence decision making, different types of decisions, and models for the decision making process. The nursing process is presented as a method for decision making and problem solving in healthcare.
This document discusses computing core skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, creative thinking, strategic thinking, and decision-making. It provides details on each skill, including definitions, characteristics, components, and steps. Problem-solving is described as a multi-step cognitive process involving higher-order thinking. Critical thinking involves examining evidence objectively before making judgments. Creative thinking explores ideas and alternatives. Strategic thinking assesses programs in relation to goals and the external environment. Decision-making identifies and chooses the best alternative based on values and preferences. Various problem-solving techniques are also outlined.
The document outlines a workshop on creative problem solving. It aims to help participants develop skills in creative thinking and problem solving. The workshop covers defining creative problem solving, common blocks to creativity, ways to be more creative, and tools like brainstorming, mind mapping and multivoting. It details the creative problem solving process of stating the problem, gathering facts, restating the problem, identifying alternatives, evaluating options, implementing a decision and evaluating results. The goal is for participants to apply these tools and techniques to creatively solve problems.
This document discusses decision making and problem solving. It defines key terms like performance deficiency, problem solving, and decision. It describes different problem solving approaches, thinking styles, and managerial decision types. It also outlines the five steps of the decision making process - identify the problem, generate solutions, choose an action, implement, and evaluate. Finally, it covers individual versus group decision making.
The document discusses various aspects of decision making including:
1. The decision making process involves 7 stages - identifying the problem, criteria, alternatives, analysis, selection, implementation and evaluation.
2. There are different models of decision making like the rational model which uses optimization and bounded rationality which uses satisficing.
3. Decision styles can be reflexive, reflective or consistent. The consistent style balances rushing and wasting time.
4. Key steps in organizational decision making involve outlining goals, gathering data, brainstorming alternatives, analyzing pros and cons, making the decision, taking action and learning from the process.
Solving problems Analytically and creatively.pdfssusercbae26
This document discusses problem solving and creativity. It presents a 4-step model for analytical problem solving: 1) define the problem, 2) generate alternatives, 3) evaluate and select an alternative, and 4) implement and follow up. It also discusses conceptual blocks that can inhibit creativity, such as constancy, commitment, compression, and complacency. Techniques are provided for overcoming blocks, improving problem definition, generating more alternatives, and fostering creativity overall. The key is using different thinking approaches and both left and right brain thinking.
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
You may be stressed about revealing your cancer diagnosis to your child or children.
Children love stories and these often provide parents with a means of broaching tricky subjects and so the ‘The Secret Warrior’ book was especially written for CANSA TLC, by creative writer and social worker, Sally Ann Carter.
Find out more:
https://cansa.org.za/resources-to-help-share-a-parent-or-loved-ones-cancer-diagnosis-with-a-child/
The document discusses various topics related to problem solving, decision making, and creativity. It begins by defining problems, problem solving, and decision making. It then discusses creative problem solving and the key aspects of creativity. Several techniques for enhancing creativity and creative problem solving are outlined. The document also examines characteristics of creative leaders and organizational methods for enhancing creativity. Various problem solving techniques and models of decision making are described, including the classical, administrative, incremental, and mixed scanning models.
The document discusses various aspects of decision making, including:
- Playing games can improve decision making skills by providing experience in simulated scenarios. Strategic games in particular allow practicing important skills.
- Both rational, intuitive, and other models of decision making are discussed. The rational model assumes clearly defined problems and goals, which is often not the case in reality. Intuition involves quicker judgments based on past experience.
- Decisions are categorized as either programmed, routine decisions or non-programmed, novel decisions requiring more analysis and risk taking. Higher levels of management typically face more non-programmed decisions.
- Various decision making techniques are presented, including using dice, experts, or religious texts.
Decision Making - Basic Farm Management - LeadFarm ProjectSCDF-AN
This document provides information about decision making and outlines several key points:
1. It defines decision making as choosing between two or more possible courses of action to solve a problem, which can be done through intuition, reasoning, or a combination.
2. It describes an activity where groups must decide which three objects to bring in an emergency evacuation scenario.
3. It outlines an 8-step decision making scheme involving setting a goal, defining the problem, gathering facts, brainstorming possibilities, evaluating alternatives, choosing a solution, creating an implementation plan, and determining if the goal was achieved.
4. It discusses decision making in groups, including advantages, potential quality-lowering factors, and processes that
This document discusses decision making and problem solving. It defines decision making as choosing between alternatives to solve a problem. Decision making can be done individually or in groups. Individual decision making is constrained by imperfect information and time factors, while psychological forces can influence choices. Group decision making has advantages like greater knowledge but also drawbacks like social pressure. The concept of "groupthink" is introduced, where the desire for group cohesion can undermine objective decision making. The document concludes with tips for harnessing the power of decisions, like learning from mistakes and committing to decisions while staying flexible.
This document discusses various models and techniques for decision making. It describes 10 decision making models: 1) Normative model 2) Descriptive model 3) Decision tree model 4) Strategic model 5) Nursing process model 6) Intuitive decision making model 7) Econological model 8) Moral model 9) Ethical decision making model 10) Problem solving model. Each model outlines a different approach and key steps in the decision making process. The document also covers types of decisions, characteristics, stages, principles, qualities of managers, and techniques or bases for decision making.
This document provides an overview of a 2-day training program on creative problem-solving skills and the problem-solving process. It will teach participants how to master problem-solving fundamentals, apply the 6-step creative problem-solving process, and use techniques like brainstorming, fishbone diagrams and decision matrices. The training includes activities to practice key steps like defining problems, generating and evaluating alternative solutions, and implementing the optimal solution.
Coaches C.L.A.S.S. Creative Problem Solving Training Course OverviewCoachesClass
Coaches C.L.A.S.S. Creative Problem Solving Training Course Overview.
For Soft Skills course ware available by subscription only.
Email coaches.class2@outlook.com for subscription inquiries.
Top of FormBottom of FormStrategies for Decision MakingPro.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Strategies for Decision Making
Problem Solving and Decision Making
Components of a problem
· Givens: pieces of information that are provided when the problem is presented
· Goal: The desired end state – what a problem solution will hopefully accomplish
· Operations: Actions that can be performed to approach or reach the goal
Steps in Problem-Solving Process
What is Groupthink?
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that may cause a failure of a group’s performance. This is a trap that any previously successful group may get in.
The "groupthink" term was proposed by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972). It occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment” (p. 9). The alternatives are ignored and irrational actions dehumanize other groups. A group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making.
Janis, Irving L. (1972). Victims of Groupthink. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Janis, Irving L. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Second Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Symptoms of Groupthink
There are eight symptoms of groupthink:
· Illusion of invulnerability –Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks.
· Collective rationalization – Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions.
· Belief in inherent morality – Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions.
· Stereotyped views of out-groups – Negative views of the “enemy” make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary.
· Direct pressure on dissenters – Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views.
· Self-censorship – Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed.
· Illusion of unanimity – The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous.
· Self-appointed ‘mindguards’ – Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group’s cohesiveness, view, and/or decisions.
Remedies for Groupthink
Decision experts have determined that groupthink may be prevented by adopting some of the following measures:
1. The leader should assign the role of critical evaluator to each member
2. The leader should avoid stating preferences and expectations at the outset
3. Each member of the group should routinely discuss the group's deliberations with a trusted associate and report back to the group on the associate's reactions
4. One or more experts should be invited to each meeting on a staggered basis. The outside experts should be encouraged to challenge views of the members.
5. At least one articulate and knowledgeable member should be given the role of devi ...
The document discusses the key steps in the decision making process: [1] identifying the problem and criteria for evaluating alternatives, [2] developing and analyzing potential alternatives, and [3] selecting, implementing, and evaluating the alternative chosen to resolve the problem. It covers identifying structured vs. unstructured problems, programmed vs. non-programmed decisions, and models of rational vs. intuitive decision making. The document also discusses different decision making styles and criteria that may be weighted to analyze alternatives.
1. The document discusses decision making, outlining key principles, types, strategies, and processes involved.
2. Decision making involves defining problems, gathering alternatives, evaluating options, selecting a solution, and following up on outcomes.
3. Decisions can be programmed, for routine issues, or non-programmed, for unique problems, and involve varying levels of risk and uncertainty.
This document discusses decision making processes in organizations. It describes common issues in decision making like changing workplace trends, the impact of information technology, and cultural factors. The typical decision making process involves recognizing the problem, identifying alternatives, assessing risks, choosing a preferred option, implementing it, and evaluating results. Decisions vary in importance and urgency, and different strategies are appropriate depending on these factors. Intuition, heuristics, and creativity can influence decision making by aiding judgment under uncertainty. The standard decision making process involves gathering facts, identifying alternatives, assessing them, and deciding, though this may be adapted based on the situation.
The document discusses critical thinking and decision making skills. It defines critical thinking as objective analysis and evaluation of evidence to form judgments. Critical thinking involves skills like curiosity, skepticism, and humility. Decision making is choosing between alternatives with uncertain outcomes. It discusses factors that influence decision making, different types of decisions, and models for the decision making process. The nursing process is presented as a method for decision making and problem solving in healthcare.
This document discusses computing core skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, creative thinking, strategic thinking, and decision-making. It provides details on each skill, including definitions, characteristics, components, and steps. Problem-solving is described as a multi-step cognitive process involving higher-order thinking. Critical thinking involves examining evidence objectively before making judgments. Creative thinking explores ideas and alternatives. Strategic thinking assesses programs in relation to goals and the external environment. Decision-making identifies and chooses the best alternative based on values and preferences. Various problem-solving techniques are also outlined.
The document outlines a workshop on creative problem solving. It aims to help participants develop skills in creative thinking and problem solving. The workshop covers defining creative problem solving, common blocks to creativity, ways to be more creative, and tools like brainstorming, mind mapping and multivoting. It details the creative problem solving process of stating the problem, gathering facts, restating the problem, identifying alternatives, evaluating options, implementing a decision and evaluating results. The goal is for participants to apply these tools and techniques to creatively solve problems.
This document discusses decision making and problem solving. It defines key terms like performance deficiency, problem solving, and decision. It describes different problem solving approaches, thinking styles, and managerial decision types. It also outlines the five steps of the decision making process - identify the problem, generate solutions, choose an action, implement, and evaluate. Finally, it covers individual versus group decision making.
The document discusses various aspects of decision making including:
1. The decision making process involves 7 stages - identifying the problem, criteria, alternatives, analysis, selection, implementation and evaluation.
2. There are different models of decision making like the rational model which uses optimization and bounded rationality which uses satisficing.
3. Decision styles can be reflexive, reflective or consistent. The consistent style balances rushing and wasting time.
4. Key steps in organizational decision making involve outlining goals, gathering data, brainstorming alternatives, analyzing pros and cons, making the decision, taking action and learning from the process.
Solving problems Analytically and creatively.pdfssusercbae26
This document discusses problem solving and creativity. It presents a 4-step model for analytical problem solving: 1) define the problem, 2) generate alternatives, 3) evaluate and select an alternative, and 4) implement and follow up. It also discusses conceptual blocks that can inhibit creativity, such as constancy, commitment, compression, and complacency. Techniques are provided for overcoming blocks, improving problem definition, generating more alternatives, and fostering creativity overall. The key is using different thinking approaches and both left and right brain thinking.
Understanding of Self - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
You may be stressed about revealing your cancer diagnosis to your child or children.
Children love stories and these often provide parents with a means of broaching tricky subjects and so the ‘The Secret Warrior’ book was especially written for CANSA TLC, by creative writer and social worker, Sally Ann Carter.
Find out more:
https://cansa.org.za/resources-to-help-share-a-parent-or-loved-ones-cancer-diagnosis-with-a-child/
Covey says most people look for quick fixes. They see a big success and want to know how he did it, believing (and hoping) they can do the same following a quick bullet list.
But real change, the author says, comes not from the outside in, but from the inside out. And the most fundamental way of changing yourself is through a paradigm shift.
That paradigm shift is a new way of looking at the world. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People presents an approach to effectiveness based on character and principles.
The first three habits indeed deal with yourself because it all starts with you. The first three habits move you from dependence from the world to the independence of making your own world.
Habits 4, 5 and 6 are about people and relationships. The will move you from independence to interdependence. Such, cooperating to achieve more than you could have by yourself.
The last habit, habit number 7, focuses on continuous growth and improvement.
ProSocial Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Aggression - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. 2
Roadmap
• Types of decisions
• Models of decision making
• The decision making process
• Creativity
• Shortcuts and traps
3. 3
Connecting the Dots
• “Making warning systems more sensitive
reduces the risk of surprise, but
increases the number of false alarms,
which in turn reduces sensitivity”
• “The Chief of Staff has to make
decisions, and his decisions must be
clear… To be sure, the clearer and
sharper the estimate, the clearer and
sharper the mistake..”
4. 4
Understanding Decision Making
• Puzzles, Problems, and Wicked Problems
– A discrepancy between a desirable and an actual
situation.
– Well structured, ill-structured, and complex
problems.
• Decision
– A choice made between available alternatives.
• Decision Making
– The process of developing and analyzing
alternatives and choosing from among them.
• Judgment
– The cognitive, or “thinking,” aspects of the
decision-making process.
5. Wicked Problems
• Proposed by H.J. Rittel and M. Webber of UC Berkeley in 1973.
• Wicked problems do not have an exhaustive set of potential solutions.
• Every wicked problem can be considered to be a symptom of another
problem.
• Discrepancies in representing a wicked problem can be explained in
numerous ways--the choice of explanation in turn determines the nature
of the problem's resolution.
• Every wicked problem is essentially unique--lessons-learned are hard to
transfer across to other problems.
• Wicked problems are often "solved" through group efforts.
• Wicked problems require inventive/creative solutions.
• Every implemented solution to a wicked problem has consequences,
and may cause additional problems.
• Wicked problems have no stopping rule(s).
• Solutions to wicked problems are not true-or-false, but instead better,
worse, or good enough.
• There is no immediate and no ultimate test of a solution to a wicked
problem.
• The planner or designer (solving the problem) has no inherent right to
solve the problem, and no permission to make mistakes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_problems
6. Types of Decisions
• Programmed Decision
– A decision that is repetitive and routine and can be made by
using a definite, systematic procedure.
• Nonprogrammed Decision
– A decision that is unique and novel.
• The Principle of Exception
– “Only bring exceptions to the way things should be to the
manager’s attention. Handle routine matters yourself.”
Programmed
Decisions
Nonprogrammed
Decisions
Top
Level in
Organization
Bottom
Ill-structured
Type of
Problem
Well-structured
8. Decision-Making Models
• The Classical Approach
– Have complete or “perfect” information about the situation.
– Distinguish perfectly between the problem and its
symptoms.
– Identify all criteria and accurately weigh all the criteria
according to preferences.
– Know all alternatives and can assess each one against
each criterion.
– Accurately calculate and choose the alternative with the
highest perceived value.
– Make an “optimal” choice without being confused by
“irrational” thought processes.
The problem
is clear and
unambiguous
A single, well-
defined goal
is to be
achieved
All alternatives
and
consequences
are known
Preferences
are clear
Preferences
are constant
and stable
No time or
cost
constraints
exist
Final choice
will maximize
economic
payoff
9. Decision-Making Models (cont’d)
• The Administrative Approach
– Bounded Rationality (Herbert Simon)
• The boundaries on rational decision making
imposed by one’s values, abilities, and limited
capacity for processing information.
– Satisfice
• To stop the decision-making process when
satisfactory alternatives are found, rather than
to review solutions until an optimal alternative
is discovered.
10. Checklist 3.1
The Decision-Making Process
Define the problem.
Clarify your objectives.
Identify alternatives.
Analyze the consequences.
Make a choice.
11. Step 1. Define the Problem
1. Start by writing down your initial
assessment of the problem.
2. Dissect the problem.
– What triggered this problem (as I’ve
assessed it)?
– Why am I even thinking about solving this
problem?
– What is the connection between the
trigger and the problem?
12. Step 2. Clarify Your Objectives
1. Write down all the concerns you hope to
address through your decision.
2. Convert your concerns into specific,
concrete objectives.
3. Separate ends from means to establish
your fundamental objectives.
4. Clarify what you mean by each objective.
5. Test your objectives to see if they capture
your interests.
13. Step 3. Identify Alternatives
1. Generate as many alternatives as you
can yourself.
2. Expand your search, by checking with
other people, including experts.
3. Look at each of your objectives and
ask, “how?”
4. Know when to stop.
14. Step 4. Analyze the
Consequences
1. Mentally put yourself into the future.
– Process Analysis
• Solving problems by thinking through the process
involved from beginning to end, imagining, at each step,
what actually would happen.
2. Eliminate any clearly inferior alternatives.
3. Organize your remaining alternatives into a
table (matrix) that provides a concise,
bird's-eye view of the consequences of
pursuing each alternative.
16. Step 5. Make a Choice
• Analyses are useless unless the right
choice is made.
– Under perfect conditions, simply review the
consequences of each alternative, and
choose the alternative that maximizes
benefits.
– In practice, making a decision—even a
relatively simple one like choosing a
computer—usually can’t be done so
accurately or rationally.
17. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 17
How To Make Better Decisions
1. Increase Your Knowledge
– Ask questions.
– Get experience.
– Use consultants.
– Do your research.
– Force yourself to recognize the facts when you
see them (maintain your objectivity).
2. Use Your Intuition
– A cognitive process whereby a person instinctively
makes a decision based on his or her
accumulated knowledge and experience.
G.Dessler, 2003
18. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 18
Are You More Rational or More
Intuitive?
FIGURE 3–2
Source: Adapted and reproduced by permission of the Publisher, Psychological Assessment Resources. Inc., Odessa FL 33556,
from the Personal Style Inventory by William Taggart, Ph.D., and Barbara Hausladen. Copyright 1991, 1993 by PAR, Inc. G.Dessler, 2003
19. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 19
How To Make Better Decisions
(cont’d)
3. Weigh the Pros and Cons
– Quantify realities by sizing up your options, and
taking into consideration the relative importance
of each of your objectives.
4. Don’t Overstress the Finality of Your
Decision
– Remember that few decisions are forever.
– Knowing when to quit is sometimes the smartest
thing a manager can do.
5. Make Sure the Timing Is Right
G.Dessler, 2003
20. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 20
FIGURE 3–3
Decision Matrix
• Use weights to provide adjustments for
importance of criteria
• Often subjective, but helps to prioritize
G.Dessler, 2003
21. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 21
Creativity and Decision Making
• Creativity
– The process of developing
original, novel responses to
a problem.
• Brainstorming
– A creativity-stimulating
technique in which prior
judgments and criticisms are
specifically forbidden from
being expressed in order to
encourage the free flow of
ideas which are encouraged.
• Nominal group technique
– A decision-making technique
in which group members are
physically present but
operate independently
G.Dessler, 2003
Creativity
Task motivation
Creativity
skills
Expertise
22. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 22
Nominal Group Technique
• Each participant contributes individual
ideas
• Ideas are then ranked individually
• Totals are summed for final rank
http://www.ryerson.ca/~mjoppe/ResearchProcess/841TheNominalGroupTechnique.htm
23. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 23
Checklist 3.4
How to be More Creative
Create a culture of creativity.
Encourage brainstorming.
Suspend judgment.
Get more points of view.
Provide physical support for
creativity.
Encourage anonymous input.
G.Dessler, 2003
24. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 24
Decision-making Shortcuts and
Traps
• Using a Heuristic
– Applying a rule of thumb or an approximation as a
shortcut to decision making.
• Anchoring
– Unconsciously giving disproportionate weight to
the first information available.
• Adopting a Psychological Set
– The tendency to rely on a rigid strategy or
approach when solving a problem.
• Perception (Personal Bias)
– The unique way each person defines stimuli,
depending on the influence of past experiences
and the person’s present needs and personality.
G.Dessler, 2003
25. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 25
Source: Applied Human Relations, 4th ed., by Benton/Halloran cW 1991.
Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
FIGURE 3–6
Using Creativity to Find a Solution
G.Dessler, 2003
26. April 4, 2006 LIS580- Spring 2006 26
Next Time
• We’ll talk about planning basics
• Read Chapter 4 and assigned articles
• For discussion article, think about these
questions:
– Do you think EMP used a well-defined planning
process prior to opening?
– Since the opening?
– If any planning has been done, who do you think
has been involved in it?
– Does planning matter in this situation?
– What steps might EMP take to provide more
success in the future?